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In 313 A.D. an imperial rescript, commonly known as the Edict of Milan, acknowledged the Christians' right to religious freedom and restored to their cult places which had previously been confiscated. Between 320 and 350 A.D. there rose a great church on the grave of Peter the apostle; in order to erect this edifice, an entire burial ground, which had been expanding on the slopes of the Vatican Hill near Nero's and Caligula's Circus, was covered and leveled.
The pilgrim or tourist who today arrives in this square has difficulty imagining the period during which the small homes of the guards, shelters for pilgrims and those lodgings (dating from the 5th century) given to the Pope, resident of the Lateran, so that he might stay overnight for the liturgical celebrations, neighbored the then recently-erected basilica. All so very modest and precarious that the simple drippings of rain water from the roof of the basilica caused these buildings serious damage! It was not until the Jubilee of 1600 that the pilgrims saw, for the first time, the dome of the new church which was triumphantly enlarged, crowned by a bronze ball and a cross, blessed by Clement VIII in 1597.
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