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WORKING THE ROUGH STONE: FREEMASONRY AND SOCIETY IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY RUSSIA

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With a wealth of archival sources previously unavailable, this first study of eighteenth-century Russian Freemasonry to appear in English examines the Masonic lodges and their meaning for the men who were drawn to them. As some of the earliest organizations in Russia to open membership beyond social class, the lodges offered the opportunity for social interaction, personal discipline, and a free exchange of ideas. Teaching new standards of civility and politeness, they helped to prepare the way for the birth of a civil society in Russia. WORKING THE ROUGH STONE reveals the private world of Masonic lodges and the significance of the brothers' rituals and practices. By "working the rough stone" of their inner thoughts and feelings, the social and intellectual leaders who belonged to the lodges sought to distinguish themselves as champions of moral enlightenment. As men of conscience and superior moral worth, many envisioned a future of social action that could bring about change without challenging the social and political precepts on which Russia's stability depended. In addition to exploring the inner workings of the Masonic lodges, WORKING THE ROUGH STONE shows how Freemasonry became part of a larger social transformation that saw the development of salons, literary circles, and learned societies. As quiet shelters for men of learning and conscience, these institutions offered a social alternative to life at the tsarist court. The lodges thus played an important role in fashioning personal and social identities at a time when questions of identity were widely debated in Russia. During the reign of Catherine the Great, the lodges were perceived as havens for democratic ideas dangerous to the aristocracy, and many of them were forced to close their doors. Freemasonry would eventually flourish again in Russia, although the lodges' fortunes have fluctuated with history's upheavals. For Smith, Freemasonry is a prism through which to view changes in Russian society Anyone interested in Russia, Europe during the Enlightenment, and the history of Freemasonry will find WORKING THE ROUGH STONE rich with insight into the hidden social nexuses that created cultural politics in the 18th century.

This is a very rich and detailed book, which makes one meditate on how varied Russian Freemasonry was, while in a sense being somewhat imported (from Sweden). It doesn't raise the more foundational question of whether Russian society at the time could have actually supported Freemasonry as a phenomenon, at least in the same form it existed in the rest of Europe. But it brings one into fascinating corners of endeavor that are often overlooked in relation to Russian history, if one looks at the major histories. At any rate it all seems very elegant and refined, so unlike all the nutty, pathetic and lunatic fringe of anti-Masonic conspiracy theorists operating in Russia today imagining Masonry behind every bush. Where there is ignorance and lack of education, and lack of personal integrity people will create whatever they want. It all has nothing to do with Freemasonry or its humane goals in the world.