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What Genes Can't Do (Basic Bioethics)
 
 
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What Genes Can't Do (Basic Bioethics) [Hardcover]

Lenny Moss (Author)
3.8 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (4 customer reviews)


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Book Description

026213411X 978-0262134118 August 1, 2002
The idea of the gene has been a central organizing theme in contemporary biology, and the Human Genome project and biotechnological advances have put the gene in the media spotlight. In this book Lenny Moss reconstructs the history of the gene concept, placing it in the context of the perennial interplay between theories of preformationism and theories of epigenesis. He finds that there are not one, but two, fundamental—and fundamentally different—senses of "the gene" in scientific use—one the heir to preformationism and the other the heir to epigenesis. "Gene-P", the preformationist gene concept, serves as an instrumental predictor of phenotypic outcomes, while "Gene-D", the gene of epigenesis, is a developmental resource that specifies possible amino acid sequences for proteins. Moss argues that the popular idea that genes constitute blueprints for organisms is the result of an unwarranted conflation of these independently valid senses of the gene, and he analyzes the rhetorical basis of this conflation.

In the heart of the book, Moss uses the Gene-D/Gene-P distinction to examine the real basis of biological order and of the pathological loss of order in cancer. He provides a detailed analysis of the "order-from-order" role of cell membranes and compartmentalization and considers dynamic approaches to biological order such as that of Stuart Kauffman. He reviews the history of cancer research with an emphasis on the oncogene and tumor suppressor gene models and shows how these gene-centered strategies point back to the significance of higher level, multi-cellular organizational fields in the onset and progression of cancer. Finally, Moss draws on the findings of the Human Genome Project, biological modularity, and the growing interest in resynthesyzing theories of evolution and development to look beyond the "century of the gene" toward a rebirth of biological understanding.


Editorial Reviews

Review

"The traditional, empiricist view is that everything in the mind got there through the senses. Jesse Prinz has written a feisty defense of this idea, thoroughly grounded in contemporary psychology and cognitive neuroscience. He sets out to undermine well-known and widely accepted arguments against the view that mental contents represent things by resembling them. He defends the equally radical view that mental representations in the form of prototypes are an adequate basis for such mental operations as the formation of composite concepts and logical inference. Prinz combines these radical elements with more widely accepted resources--such as a causal-history account of reference fixing--to create an ambitious and wide-ranging account of the furnishings of the mind."--Paul E. Griffiths, Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of PittsburghPlease note: Endorser gives permission to excerpt from quote.



"Lenny Moss's book helps us think more realistically about the applications of genetic and cell engineering. It demystifies the role of the genome in determining the properties of living matter and provides a philosophical framework for evaluating the impact of human interventions in heredity. Moss facilitates a sophisticated twenty-first century approach to asking whether we are improving the quality, or fundamentally changing the nature, of life."--James A. Shapiro, Professor of Microbiology, University of Chicago



"This is an interesting, informative, and important work. Moss raises significant questions about the impact of the metaphors we choose to use to aid our understanding of nature. He provides a nice blend of conceptual analysis, rhetorical analysis, and empirical information. And he nicely summarizes the 'phylogentic turn' away from ontogeny. All of this is couched in the context of a 'new naturalism' that weaves together biological and socio-cultural threads."--Bruce H. Weber, Professor of Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, and Robert H. Woodworth Professor of Science and Natural Philosophy, Bennington CollegePlease note: Endorser gives permission to excerpt from quote.



"This important book reviews the history that led to the gene-centered orientation of contemporary biology, provides a compelling critique of this perspective, and suggests an alternate, more satisfying approach to understanding biological phenomena. The author's expertise in both philosophy and biology make him uniquely equipped to write this book. No other book presents such a comprehensive history and critique of modern biological thought."--Robert Perlman, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, and Editor of Perspectives in Biology and MedicinePlease note: Endorser gives permission to excerpt from quote.



"Today's biotechnologies employ manipulations of DNA and cells to confront us with momentous practical and ethical decisions about topics such as gene therapy, the use of stem cells, and human cloning. Lenny Moss's book helps us think more realistically about the applications of genetic and cell engineering by demystifying the role of the genome in determining the properties of living matter. By providing a richer philosophical framework for evaluating the impact of human interventions in heredity, Moss facilitates a sophisticated 21st-century approach to ongoing questions about whether we are improving the quality or fundamentally changing the nature of life."--James A. Shapiro, Professor of Microbiology, University of Chicago



"Lenny Moss breaks up the dominant image of the gene as a magic molecule in which our traits and our fates are written. Moss goes about his iconoclastic work by deploying a unique combination of philosophical analysis, rhetorical criticism, and a profoundly intimate knowledge of cell biology. The result is an important and, I hope, prophetic book."--David Depew, University of Iowa



"Forty years ago it seemed to me that the fledgling field of Artificial Intelligence had taken over from philosophy a mistaken computational/representational model of human being and made it into a research program. Besides setting unrealistic research goals, this misunderstanding was gaining the dignity of a new 'scientific' social self-understanding. What Computers Can't Do was meant to call attention to this problem and suggest a more promising approach.In this important and original book, Lenny Moss draws on his experience as both a molecular cell biologist and a philosopher to criticize--historically, scientifically, and philosophically--our current model of living beings as the product of pre-formed representations embedded in genes. His work provides a perspective from which a new philosophical anthropology can weave together biological and phenomenological insights into a realistic non-reductionist understanding of life and of human being."--Hubert Dreyfus, Department of Philosophy, University of California, BerkeleyPlease note: Quote may not be excerpted or altered. Thank you.



"Moss's combination of philosophical, historical and scientific understanding produces a rich and multi-faceted treatment of the gene concept. His vision of the role of the DNA molecule in living systems is challenging and original. And his writing is urgent and immediate, conveying a sense of passionate intellectual engagement with his topic."--Paul E. Griffiths, Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh



"Sarkar stands out amongst philosophers of science for his ability to combine conceptual, historical and technical considerations in compelling perspectives on the philosophical questions raised by contemporary biology."--Paul E. Griffiths, Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh

--This text refers to the Paperback edition.

About the Author

Lenny Moss is Associate Professor of Philosophy and a Senior Fellow at the ESRC Center for Genomics in Society, University of Exeter, UK.

Product Details

  • Hardcover: 258 pages
  • Publisher: The MIT Press (August 1, 2002)
  • Language: English
  • ISBN-10: 026213411X
  • ISBN-13: 978-0262134118
  • Product Dimensions: 9.4 x 6.3 x 0.7 inches
  • Shipping Weight: 1.1 pounds
  • Average Customer Review: 3.8 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (4 customer reviews)
  • Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #1,821,868 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

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Average Customer Review
3.8 out of 5 stars (4 customer reviews)
 
 
 
 
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3 of 4 people found the following review helpful:
5.0 out of 5 stars Exposing the gene myth, December 30, 2005
It is very hard to properly grasp the history of evolutionary biology, in part because of the complexity of developmental questions that lurk behind, and aren't explained by, the reductionist account of the twentieth century genetics paradigm. Most biologists don't seem to grasp the point, and the histories of the subject simply delete anything not part of the standard narrative.
I have long suspected this situation, since reading Lenoir's book on the teleomechanists, along with Lovtrup's book on Darwinism, et al. But it is hard to get a grip on such a vast and marginalized subject. This work actually gives some clues to how the confusion arose and persists.
More remarkably it traces the whole history of biology back to eighteenth century, with an excellent account of Kant and Blumenbach, and the insights of Kant's Critique of Judgment.
Very interesting and important material.
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5 of 8 people found the following review helpful:
4.0 out of 5 stars Important things to say, good though not a light summer read, July 21, 2003
This review is from: What Genes Can't Do (Basic Bioethics) (Hardcover)
Note: I asked a professor who researches cell membranes and genetics to read the book, and he did not feel that it was helpful. Too much philosophy, he says, and too little useful science.

From July, 2003: Not for the faint of heart, this book is dense and challenging, though only 199 pages. Nevertheless, Moss makes a case and seems to defend it pretty well. I have read nothing before from Moss or others of the epigenetic programme, nor am I a professional biologist, but I have new respect for the context within which the DNA text is read. At the end of the introductory chapter, I thought that Moss was deeply into the bogus scientist critic wannabe camp of "Science Studies". But in Chapter 2, he examines Doyle and his science studies and finds them shallow and lacking in an explanatory programme. Thumbs up. Then I thought he was going to use Stuart Kauffman and his non-linear dynamics as a order-developing crutch to hobble away from the genome, but he examines Kauffman and concludes that that's no help either. Second thumbs up.

So if I were Moss, I would have been clearer in the intro about not being in those camps. Also his polemics border on strident, but what he ends up saying is "Look, genes can't do it in a vacuum. And there are heritable structures that provide the context around DNA which also shape DNA expression based on the environment and the signals from the rest of the multicellular organism." So he is only attacking people who look at the gene to the exclusion of all else biological. And who really does that? Even Daniel Dennett, the grand philosopher of "Darwinism all the way down" acknowledges that the text is only good in its context.

Maybe Dawkins in his own polemic frenzies gets too extreme.

Nevertheless, Moss shows how a too strict adherence to a "gene uber alles" viewpoint has prevented researchers from seeing other explanatory possibilities. Good examples of where in cancer research theoreticians have had to back away from sweeping claims in the 1980s in the face of contradictory evidence. I haven't gotten to the last chapter yet, but a good read so far.

As far as the other reviewer who will assign this book for his classes, most of his students will hate the big words and deep ideas, but the serious thinkers will say, hey, he's got some good points here.

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0 of 3 people found the following review helpful:
1.0 out of 5 stars obscure & obsolete, December 24, 2010
In 2003, the same year that this book was written, scientists at Advanced Cell Technology created two bantengs by inserting banteng DNA into domestic cow eggs and placing the resulting embryos in cows. They didn't create a banteng-cow hybrid or a cow. No, the cow gave birth to a banteng. Why? Because of the banteng DNA. And because of the banteng DNA alone. So yes: the whole banteng lays somehow encoded in banteng DNA. The cow egg was manipulated by the banteng nucleus in creating a banteng. Inside a cow womb. That simple experiment blows this whole, obscure anti-genecentric and even anti-gene book out of the water.

Tant mieux. For it implies that you don't have to (try to) read horrible phrases like: "My Gene-D is not denied a special template (coding if we must) function, but the scope of this function is limited to within an always phenotypically indeterminate molecular level. Advocates of genetic preformationism, by contrast, argue (by conflationary sleight of hand, I argue) for a large-scale scope of coding, described as a genetic program, book of life, and so forth, that determines the phenotype. In either case this debate looks at DNA qua coding, which is to say DNA qua gene. At this latest biological fin de siecle, DNA has come to burst the bounds of the gene itself. On the threshold of the "postgenomic" era it is has (sic) become possible to glimpse ahead to the nature of molecularized biology after the gene."
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Inside This Book (learn more)
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First Sentence:
The gene, to say the very least, is a most peculiar member of our current molecular menagerie. Read the first page
Key Phrases - Statistically Improbable Phrases (SIPs): (learn more)
instrumental reductionism, chromatin marking, chromosome marking, somatic mutation hypothesis, somatic mutation model, own instructions for use, exon modules, cellular autonomy, epigenetic inheritance systems, tumor suppresser genes, idea that cancer, aperiodic crystal, tumor virology, autonomous cell, biological order, developmental morphology, particulate theory, gene for blue eyes, extracellular field, developmental resource, gene concept, cancer causation, cellular states, malignant phenotype, cell theory
Key Phrases - Capitalized Phrases (CAPs): (learn more)
Human Genome Project, United States, Critique of Judgment, Harry Rubin, Howard Temin, Johannes Muller, Stuart Kauffman, Peyton Rous, Tie Club
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