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Worshipping Walt: The Whitman Disciples
 
 
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Worshipping Walt: The Whitman Disciples [Hardcover]

Michael Robertson (Author)
5.0 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (3 customer reviews)

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0691128081 978-0691128085 March 3, 2008 First Edition

Despite his protests, Anne Gilchrist, distinguished woman of letters, moved her entire household from London to Philadelphia in an effort to marry him. John Addington Symonds, historian and theorist of sexual inversion, sent him avid fan mail for twenty years. And volunteer assistant Horace Traubel kept a record of their daily conversations, producing a nine-volume compilation. Who could inspire so much devotion? Worshipping Walt is the first book on the Whitman disciples--the fascinating, eclectic group of nineteenth-century men and women who regarded Walt Whitman not simply as a poet but as a religious prophet.

Long before Whitman was established in the canon of American poetry, feminists, socialists, spiritual seekers, and supporters of same-sex passion saw him as an enlightened figure who fulfilled their religious, political, and erotic yearnings. To his disciples Whitman was variously an ideal husband, radical lover, socialist icon, or bohemian saint. In this transatlantic group biography, Michael Robertson explores the highly charged connections between Whitman and his followers, including Canadian psychiatrist R. M. Bucke, American nature writer John Burroughs, British activist Edward Carpenter, and the notorious Oscar Wilde. Despite their particular needs, they all viewed Whitman as the author of a new poetic scripture and prophet of a modern liberal spirituality.

Worshipping Walt presents a colorful portrait of an era of intense religious, political, and sexual passions, shedding new light on why Whitman's work continues to appeal to so many.


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Editorial Reviews

From The New Yorker

For some devoted readers in the late nineteenth century, Walt Whitman was a "man magnified to the dimensions of a god," and "Leaves of Grass" a divinely inspired gospel. In a series of entertaining and acutely observed biographies of the "Whitman disciples," Robertson situates their fervor in a complex religious landscape. At a time when orthodox religious interpretations were struggling to find footing in an increasingly scientific and pluralistic milieu, "Leaves" offered a sort of synthesis, its appeal similar to that of Transcendentalism, a few decades earlier. The poem’s endless lists were read as "inventories of the sacred," while Whitman represented the end result of humankind’s moral evolution. But, though Whitman "cast himself as a poet-prophet from the start of his career," Robertson writes, he never fully embraced the role of spiritual leader: the intense relationships he maintained with his followers seem to have been motivated largely by a love of flattery.
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Review

For some devoted readers in the late nineteenth century, Walt Whitman was a 'man magnified to the dimensions of a god,' and Leaves of Grass a divinely inspired gospel. In a series of entertaining and acutely observed biographies of the 'Whitman disciples,' Robertson situates their fervor in a complex religions landscape. -- New Yorker

Michael Robertson's Worshipping Walt...introduces us to a handful of the 'hot little prophets' who made a cult of Whitman, and also reminds us of the religious purpose of his poetry--with Leaves of Grass as gospel. -- Adam Begley, New York Observer

Robertson's collection of reflective biographies brilliantly illuminates Whitman's life and the wider life of his poetry. It is a book of the physical, intellectual and spiritual adventures, and the author's own adventures with Whitman are not the least of its pleasures. -- Michael Schmidt, Financial Times

Robertson brings [Whitman's] devotees to life without the scorn that earlier critics placed on them, and the effect is like seeing a negative image of Whitman. Their lives take shape around his. Whitman's poetry shines brighter as a result. By studying these 'hot little prophets,' Robertson indirectly puts Leaves back into this original context, and by doing so he makes the poet easier to grasp. -- Tom DePoto, Newark Star-Ledger

...[t]he biographical chapters are fascinating portraits written in an accessible style. Robertson covers the historical, religious, sexual, and social movements in the United States and England during the 19th century in great detail, and he successfully illuminates not only Whitman's life but the lives of those whom he influenced. -- Morris Hounion, Library Journal

While Whitman's work has been studied exhaustively, this book brings the people around him to life and gives a voice to these ghosts of his spiritual surrounding. Based upon large amounts of correspondence and diaries, Michael Robertson very ably demonstrates the influences that Whitman had on people on two continents. -- Philadelphia Gay News

Thoroughly researched, gracefully written, Worshipping Walt represents literary scholarship at its best. -- Frank Wilson, Philadelphia Inquirer

In this enchanting book, Robertson presents an original, provocative look at 19th-century America's most colorful poet. Looking at Whitman through the eyes of a range of acquaintances--from Anne Gilchrist and Horace Traubel to John Burroughs and Oscar Wilde, all of whom regarded the poet as a spiritual guide--the author meticulously examines the seductive qualities of Whitman and his verse. . . . This deft portrait provides an illuminating look at the almost-worshipping respect of some of Whitman's staunchest devotees, who regarded him as a religious prophet, a mystic poet, and a sexual libertarian. -- D.D. Knight, Choice

It is a singular accomplishment of Robertson's unusual but compelling study, blending the academic and the personal, that not only does it recover for this century the life-altering impact of Whitman's poetry on a fascinating group of his first generation of readers, but it also reminds readers of all poetry--not just Whitman's--that more can be at stake in the reception of a poem than intellectual satisfaction. -- David E. Anderson, Religion and Ethics Newsweekly

One impression that becomes stronger as one reads Worshipping Walt is that little was perfunctory, hyped, or rose-colored in the discipleship Robertson lays before us. Intelligence plus genuine and heartfelt personal conviction always seem to shine through, banishing any temptation to dismiss these disciples as cranks. The same can be said of this book itself. Robertson fully earns the right to reveal himself, on the last page of his afterword, as a disciple too. -- Gary Schmidgall, Quarterly Review

Robertson's writing is compellingly clear, without sacrificing complexity. . . . Worshipping Walt has appeared at a moment when questions about fundamentalism and democracy are being debated worldwide; it has much to contribute to those debates, and to understanding one of that world's best-known poets. -- Matt Cohen, Biography

Robertson's examination of the evolution of the disciples' ideas, and how they reflect their indebtedness to Whitman's poems, makes for a detailed, concise, and elegantly written account of the scene's intellectual history. -- Nicholas Sabloff, Common Review

Robertson offers a valuable analysis of the troubled relationship between Whitman worshippers and literary critics who, in canonizing Whitman, reduced 'the eagle to a songbird.' -- Jason Stacy, American Literature

Michael Robertson has written a fascinating book on those who thought of themselves as nearest and dearest to Walt Whitman--incontestably 'America's greatest poet'. We've seen quite a few substantial biographies of Whitman, and they score the various points their authors intended to score, but Mr. Robertson's book takes a new and altogether refreshing direction by introducing us, in some depth, to Whitman's true-blue disciples. Mr. Robertson illuminates...the poet's enduring appeal over the generations [and] has written a rich, memorable book. He wears his considerable erudition lightly, and he writes like a dream. -- Michael Redmond, Princeton Packet

The temptation to irony must have been overwhelming in the writing of this book, but Robertson's critical sympathy and generosity are impeccable. -- Ellis Hanson, Victorian Studies

Product Details

  • Hardcover: 368 pages
  • Publisher: Princeton University Press; First Edition edition (March 3, 2008)
  • Language: English
  • ISBN-10: 0691128081
  • ISBN-13: 978-0691128085
  • Product Dimensions: 9.2 x 6 x 1.1 inches
  • Shipping Weight: 1.4 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
  • Average Customer Review: 5.0 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (3 customer reviews)
  • Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #475,644 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

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14 of 15 people found the following review helpful:
5.0 out of 5 stars A turning point for the field, April 1, 2008
This review is from: Worshipping Walt: The Whitman Disciples (Hardcover)
This is an innovative group portrait of Whitman's impassioned "disciples" (there is really no other word for them). It is restricted in scope to familiar figures who left us "copious letters and diaries and memoirs. . . All the disciples in this book are writers." Unfortunately, important allies who have gone begging in the existing Whitman biographies continue to go begging here--for example, Walt's right-hand man, Henry Clapp. With keen insight and a dedication to historical nuance, Robertson reassembles these ensemble actors against a freshly delineated backdrop. I must say, I learned something new and deeply satisfying in every chapter.

The key to the author's clarity is a willingness to avoid equivocation and to make concise assertions. That he succeeds for page after page is a measure of his uncommonly good judgment, and indeed, for the most part, the book runs like a well-kept engine firing on all cylinders. But the risk of being concise is to be reductionist. Take the treatment of spiritualism on page 10: "Unlike Spiritualism or Theosophy, Whitman's verse rejected all forms of supernaturalism, offering instead a pantheistic affirmation of the sacredness of the everyday." Obviously Robertson is essentially right about Walt's staunch insistence on the sacredness of the everyday. But Leaves of Grass was also a love letter to his potential allies in the abolitionist, free love, and suffragist movements, crafted to appeal to their spiritualist yearnings. One cannot succeed by seizing only one horn of the dilemma; we are constantly called to respond to Walt's own insistence that he contained contradictory multitudes.

Indeed, scholars in this field need to resist a rush to declare, "But Whitman was never X." Over the years, the various values of "X" have included "gay," "a Quaker," "a free lover," "a Bowery b'hoy," "a reformer," and, amazingly enough, even "a transcendentalist." On page 186, Robertson asserts that Whitman "steered clear of the American 'free love' movement." This may well have been true in 1889, but Whitman's famous Boston Commons debate with Emerson in 1860 can only be understood as Whitman's decision to throw his lot in with the antebellum Free Love movement--over the objections of his "Master."

Whitman's latter-day denunciations of the Free Love and Spiritualist movements are properly viewed as one among countless instances of his circle's deliberate historical revisionism. As shown by Ann Braude in Radical Spirits, the same kind of historical revisionism was simultaneously being conducted by that one historical figure whom I believe Whitman most resembles--the lesbian Quaker human-rights champion, Susan B. Anthony.

The ultimate test of the book is whether Robertson can fully portray the intense passion of these disciples without committing character assassination. (Even Walt was regularly, and deeply, embarrassed by Richard Maurice Bucke's view of the reformer-poet as a cosmic messiah.) This can be done, as shown by Artem Lozynsky in 1977; likewise, Worshipping Walt shows Robertson to have that singular degree of empathy and sophistication needed to do justice to this history.

What could possibly be more gripping than the mixture of eroticism, mysticism, scandal, faith, and ardent activism which characterized the nineteenth-century Whitman movement--heady passions which still motivate Whitman's partisans today, as Robertson shows. (In the interest of full disclosure, this writer is one of those mentioned as the modern equivalent of the "Whitmaniacs.")

The breathtaking climax of Worshipping Walt is actually tucked away as something of a throwaway in the middle of the chapter on Horace Traubel. Traubel, the bookish boy who grew to be Walt's principal torch-bearer, spent part of his life writing bad poetry. But his entire wrongheaded poetic career was redeemed by the single impassioned prayer-poem he wrote the day Walt died. It may be a minor criticism, but I regret that Robertson did not reserve this ecstatic utterance as his book's spectacular valedictory.

I view Worshipping Walt as a welcome turning point for the entire field--I see it as just that vital. Whether your interest is in the power of poetry, American Studies, the sociology of religion, radical reform, gay history, or Walt Whitman himself, start here; you'll be rewarded.
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6 of 7 people found the following review helpful:
5.0 out of 5 stars Whitman's New Religion, September 22, 2010
By 
Steven B. Herrmann, PhD, MFT
Author of "Walt Whitman: Shamanism, Spiritual Democracy, and the World Soul"

As Michael Robertson points out in his wonderful Introduction to "Worshiping Walt" the Whitman disciples, who consisted of a large, diverse, international group of poets, scholars, and writers--William O'Connor, John Burroughs, Anne Gilchrist, Richard Maurice Bucke, John Addington Symonds, Edward Carpenter, Oscar Wilde, J. W. Wallace, and Horace Traubel-- insisted that the essential unity of "Leaves of Grass" has to be taken as a whole (5). To all of the disciples who knew Whitman personally his presence appears to have been spell-binding. Many spoke of his personal magnetism, his powerful force as a religious teacher and prophet, and more than a few compared him to Christ, or the Messiah. "Why did the disciples think that Whitmanism might become an organized religion, possibly rivaling Christianity?" (9) asks Robertson. His answer is that it has to do with the nineteenth-century "crisis of faith" with which the West was wrestling, following the shocks that were delivered, in successive blows, to Judeo-Christian belief by the spiritual liberalism of Emersonian Transcendentalism (10). The comparisons with Christ are not without a basis in Whitman's own writing, as he identified with the Crucified Christ at the beginning of his oeuvre in 1847, following his bout with the "Fierce Wrestler!" "I remember my crucifixion and bloody coronation / ... I remember the mockers and buffeting insults / I am alive in New York and San Francisco, / Again I tread the streets after two thousand years / ... I can easily build as good, and so can you" (NUPM, 1: 78, 79). "Really," Whitman wrote in the early 1860's, "what has America to do with all this mummery of prayer and rituals and the rant of exhorters and priests?" (NUPM, 6: 2095) For any perceptive reader of Whitman the aim of his work was indisputably religious. Robertson cuts to the chase and exposes Whitman's mission like few other scholars, as when he quotes Whitman saying in "Democratic Vistas" that both "individualism" and "adhesiveness" are part of his religious vision: "Both [individualism and adhesiveness]" says Whitman, "are to be vitalized by religion, (sole worthiest elevator of man and State,) breathing into the proud, material tissues, the breath of life. For I say at the core of democracy, finally, is the religious element" (21).

Whitman solved the problem of religion, Robertson says, by replacing priests with poets (21). Despite the tendency of the disciples to Christianize Walt, holding him up as a God, or turning him into a second Christ, Robertson keeps a level head and sticks with the facts about the poet, which for the most part proves his modesty. Robertson shows how Whitman discouraged his disciples from projecting the God-image onto him by revealing his ordinariness, one who had achieved divinization amongst the many, but who resisted the temptation to spiritual power, celebrating the Divine in all people. Clearly the disciples went overboard in their adulations of Whitman, and Whitman was quick to point out his criticisms. Bucke, for instance portrayed Whitman in 1883 as "the Savior, the Redeemer of the modern world" (115), and he was ridiculed later in a private conversation with Horace Traubel, where Walt complained: "What I quarrel with is the Doctor's damned definiteness--and it is very damned! ... I, the author, am in constant doubt about it" (119). Despite these misgivings about his disciple's tendency to deify him, Whitman asserted: "it is my dream to devote the rest of my life... to the study and promulgation of the new religion" (122).

One of Robertson's best chapter's concerns the question of same-sex passion, where he says that the prominent question in Whitman scholarship, in the 1970's was: "was Walt Whitman gay?" (140). The entire book, up to this point, reads seamlessly and this chapter is certainly no exception, and the chapter on Horace Traubel reads better than a good novel. There are quotes that are new to me, such as the following jewel: "It is queer how the whole world is crazy with the notion that one book, one ism... is to save things" (252). Whitman had his doubts that Leaves of Grass, the Bible, the Upanishads, Koran, or any other spiritual text, could save the world.

I finished Robertson's book wondering whether it might be high time for the field of Whitman scholarship to offer an answer to what Whitman actually meant by the "new religion." Robertson is to be congratulated for breaking new ground. He cites the reasons for the suppression of the deification of Whitman following the publication of an important biography on the poet in 1906, a book that became problematic to Whitman's disciples and shifted the focus to his poetry.

It is clear from historical documents that some of the early disciples tried to make a Messiah out of him, because they failed to read the message of his "New Bible" correctly. Today, even while we can only be grateful to the disciples for advancing Whitman's poetic project and religious vision, any enlightened reader must part company with the mistaken notion of discipleship.
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4 of 5 people found the following review helpful:
5.0 out of 5 stars Disciples is an Accurate Term, May 2, 2009
This review is from: Worshipping Walt: The Whitman Disciples (Hardcover)
There seems to be no other word to describe the coterie that formed around Walt Whitman. The devotees were more than fans, they saw Whitman as a prophet, and framed his impact in terms usually reserved for religion. Each feels their life was totally changed by having read Whitman. I had not thought of his prose as it compares to the content and sound of the Psalms, but the disciples have a point.

Writing in the exact middle of the Victorian era, his words were surely a tonic to those tired of the prudishness of the times. Whitman gave those surrounded by a culture of guilt and shame permission to be natural, free and have some self-esteem. For some, this may have been their first exposure to ideas we take for granted today.

Whitman, who must have had enormous charisma, is portrayed as aloof from all this adoration. He is slow to answer mail. He does not encourage visits, but once the visitors come, he develops deep friendships. Unlike Frank Lloyd Wright who developed discipleship into a business Fellowship, The: The Untold Story of Frank Lloyd Wright and the Taliesin Fellowship Whitman asks nothing of these worshippers.

This is a fascinating little volume. Well placed photos help to tell the story. It is not only the story of these disciples, but also a story of the times. The people profiled are not exactly average, but they are not the heroes in the history books. Through their profiles we also learn something of everyday life of the time.

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Inside This Book (learn more)
First Sentence:
No one will get at my verses who insists upon viewing them as a literary performance, or attempt at suck performance, or as aiming mainly toward art or aestheticism. Read the first page
Key Phrases - Statistically Improbable Phrases (SIPs): (learn more)
democratic vistas, modern ethics, intermediate sex, sexual inversion
Key Phrases - Capitalized Phrases (CAPs): (learn more)
Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass, Horace Traubel, Anne Gilchrist, United States, Edward Carpenter, New York, Eagle Street College, John Burroughs, Whitman Fellowship, Song of Myself, Towards Democracy, Mickle Street, Ethical Culture, Great Britain, John Addington Symonds, Confession of Faith, Civil War, New Jersey, The Good Gray Poet, Oscar Wilde, William O'Connor, Fred Wild, Children of Adam, William Michael Rossetti
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Front Cover | Front Flap | Table of Contents | First Pages | Index | Back Flap | Back Cover | Surprise Me!
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