Charlotte Perkins Gilman, an American short story author, writes "The Yellow Wallpaper." In this literary work Gilman illustrates the unfortunate injustices women are forced to accept. Gilman portrays a woman who needs to escape societies pressures, yet seeking her true identity she finds only insanity. This is a sad story that outlines the repression of the women in the late 1800's due to male supremacy. Furthermore, Gilman expresses these three over arching themes: gender, struggle for identity, and survival. These three issues question the position and role of women in a male dominated society. For many years Gilman suffered from a severe and continuous nervous breakdown tending to Melancholia. In stir of hope she sought the best specialist in nervous disease, Dr. S. Weir Mitchell. He applied a "rest cure" treatment at once; this treatment involves total bed rest, isolation and confinement. Unfortunately his directions of bed rest, two hours of intellectual life a day and not touching a pen again, led Gilman to the border line of total mental breakdown. Using her remnants of intelligence she discontinued this treatment. She was so inspired by her escape and regained enough power to write "The Yellow Wallpaper." This piece was not only controversial, but helped stop other women from being driven to insanity themselves. The narrator in the story is also diagnosed as having a temporary nervous depression, which is later know as postpartum depression--a depression caused by a hormonal imbalance after giving birth. The narrator's husband, John, prescribes the same "rest cure" treatment Gilman was subjected to. Obviously the narrator loves her husband and trusts him but she too has some underlying feeling that maybe his prescription of total bed rest is not working for her. Gender segregation is completely outlined within this short story. The men, seen through the eyes of the narrator, are capable and stable. For example the narrator writes, "John is practical in the extreme. He has no patience with faith, an intense horror of superstition, and he scoffs openly at any talk of things not to be felt and seen and put down in figures." Here she is clearly portraying the male chauvinism and unreasoning within this male character. Her husband's role also plays a big part in her spiritual suicide. Although she may disagree with John and her brother she still states, "But what is one to do" (726). This clearly portrays that women, although they held an opinion, must learn to keep it to themselves. Even though, John had his wife placed in a big airy room the room did not help her much. Instead the yellow wallpapered room subjected her to total loneliness and tormented her with this distinct odor and a hideous view. While the men are perceived one way the women are perceived as the weak sex, that depend on men for strength. For example Mary, her sister-in-law, is the expected ideal woman of the 1800's. For instance, she writes, "She is a perfect and enthusiastic housekeeper, and hopes for no better profession" (729). So one can see how women are displayed in the Victorian period. The narrator is also treated like a child or as having the same mentality of a child. For example John say's, "What is it, little girl...Don't go walking about like that you'll get cold" (732). It is clear throughout the short story that women are looked upon as illiterate children, not adults. The men clearly think women are to irrational to make dissuasions of their own, which means they are not even close to being at the same level as men. A common misrepresentation at that time. The second theme portrayed is search for identity. This is when the narrator starts to question her position in a male dominated world. Although she has yet to figure it out she knows there is a hidden motive in the wallpaper that may be a link to her true identity. For example; the narrator, with absolutely nothing else to do, is reduced to staring endlessly at a pattern in a wallpaper, thus creating some image that she feels is necessary to find out. The narrator says, "I didn't realize for a long time what the thing was that showed behind, that dim sub-pattern, but now I am quite sure it is a woman" (733). Once the narrator determines that the image is in fact a woman struggling to become free, she some how aligns herself with the woman. She continues to persue this project of getting the woman out. This woman becomes her sanity and that's the only one thing in her life she can control. The narrator soon develops this burst of curiosity, because the wallpaper becomes even more and more mysterious. She tells how the women tries to get through, but the pattern seems to strangle her and hold her back (735). The narrator finds herself reflected in this picture. It is as though she's letting herself know that she is not the only one trapped in a dominating world. She begins to tear off the layers of the wallpaper in order to help the women escape, just as she too would love to escape. Throughout the short story the narrator slowly starts to fit parts of her controlled life together and form a voice of her own. The third theme, survival, shows the narrator reaching out and setting an end to this miserable repeating female reformatory. She now realizes her place in this society and decides she to wants to escape. But although she's ready to move on, she is still to terrified to let go of reality altogether. For example she writes, "But here I can creep smoothly on the floor, and my shoulder just fits in that long smooch around the wall, so I cannot lose my way" (737). And although she is scared she still finds enough strength to begin her new freedom. She exemplifies this by saying, "And then I said it again, several times, very gently and slowly, and said it so often that he had to go and see, and he got it of course, and came in" (737). Although she had to repeat herself, John had no choice but to listen to her. And even when he fainted she continued to go over him in her circle, but never did she once stop for him. She even went on to say, "I've got out at last...in spite of you and Jane...And I've pulled off most of the paper, so you can't put me back in" (737). Ironically it took insanity for a woman to finally gain courage and learn how to survive off of it. John laying on the floor symbolizes male dominance; and the narrator going over her husband symbolizes female's overcoming this male prevalence. Without a doubt, Charlotte Perkins Gilman makes it hard for the reader not to not understand the "young wife" passing from a slight mental unbalancement to a deranged lunacy in "The Yellow Wallpaper." She supports her aggression thoroughly by the conclusion of the narrators search for the truth and the discovery that the injustice is reality. To begin, gender is portrayed through the eyes of the narrator. She sets a role most women can relate with, a need to escape from a male dominated world. Secondly, through a search for identity, the narrator is able to depict the clues that significantly relate to the narrators role's in society and justify them to her standards. Lastly, survival helps the narrator depict the difference between realism and fallacy and learn how to survive off of this new knowledge. Gilman literally acknowledged a bias many women were to intimidated to approach. This short story clearly confronted the sexual politics of the male-female, husband-wife relationship. Although it raised controversy it did help change the woman-man relationship there after.
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