Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory (The Samuel and Althea Stroum Lectures in Jewish Studies) [Paperback]

Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi (Author)

Book Description

Publication Date: January 1, 1982 | Series: The Samuel and Althea Stroum Lectures in Jewish Studies

"Mr. Yerushalmi's previous writings, on the Spanish and Portuguese Jews . . . established him as one of the Jewish community's most important historians. His latest book should establish him as one of its most important critics. Zakhor is historical thinking of a very high order--mature speculation based on massive scholarship." --New York Times Book Review

"Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi is an exemplary Jewish historian of the Jews, and with Zakhor he becomes an exemplary theorist of the troubling and possibly irreconcilable split between Jewish memory and Jewish historiography. . . [Zakhor] may well be a permanent contribution to Jewish speculation upon the dilemmas of Jewishness, and so it may join the canon of Jewish wisdom literature." --New York Review of Books

"[A] remarkable book that discusses the millennial tension between the age-old Jewish commandment--and tradition--of remembrance and the relatively new Jewish interest in history." --American Historical Review

"A brilliant and fundamentally new appraisal of collective Jewish historical memory. . . . It opens up new horizons of thinking in a style that is beautiful and a scholarship that is overwhelming."--Gerson D. Cohen, former chancellor of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America

Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi is Salo Wittmayer Baron Professor of Jewish History, Culture, and Society, and director of the Center for Israel and Jewish Studies at Columbia University.

Editorial Reviews

Review

"Mr. Yerushalmi's previous writings, on the Spanish and Portuguese Jews ... established him as one of the Jewish community's most important historians. His latest book should establish him as one of its most important critics. Zakhor is historical thinking of a very high order - mature speculation based on massive scholarship."-New York Times Book Review "Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi is an exemplary Jewish historian of the Jews, and with Zakhor he becomes an exemplary theorist of the troubling and possibly irreconcilable split between Jewish memory and Jewish historiography... [Zakhor] may well be a permanent contribution to Jewish speculation upon the dilemmas of Jewishness, and so it may join the canon of Jewish wisdom literature."-New York Review of Books "[A] remarkable book that discusses the millennial tension between the age-old Jewish commandment-and tradition-of remembrance and the relatively new Jewish interest in history."-American Historical Review "A brilliant and fundamentally new appraisal of collective Jewish historical memory... It opens up new horizons of thinking in a style that is beautiful and a scholarship that is overwhelming."-Gerson D. Cohen, former chancellor of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America

Product Details

• Paperback: 154 pages
• Publisher: University of Washington Press (January 1, 1982)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0295975199
• ISBN-13: 978-0295975191
• Product Dimensions: 5.5 x 0.5 x 8.7 inches
• Shipping Weight: 1.6 ounces (View shipping rates and policies)
• Average Customer Review: 5.0 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (5 customer reviews)
• Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #594,192 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

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32 of 34 people found the following review helpful

5.0 out of 5 stars A classic March 31, 2000

By A Customer

Format:Paperback

This book enjoys a well-deserved reputation as a classic in the field of Jewish studies. The author maintains that "Only in Israel and nowhere else is the injunction to remember felt as a religious imperative to an entire people." What follows is a brilliant discussion of the meaning and selectivity of memory in Jewish religious tradition. Yerushalmi then shows how secularization radically transformed the meaning of memory and history for Jews. Writing of the rise of Jewish historiography in early 19th century Germany, he notes: "For the first time it is not history that must prove its utility to Judaism, but Judaism that must prove its validity to history, by revealing and justifying itself historically."

18 of 20 people found the following review helpful

5.0 out of 5 stars Review of Zakhor July 25, 2008

By Ultimate Language Store

Format:Paperback

A great many Jewish holidays and practices in their earliest understanding reflect the great innovation of Biblical religion which placed the emphasis on "historic events" in contrast to other ancient Near Eastern religions which stressed nature. As Abraham Joshua Heschel noted, faith is memory. The observances of Jewish holidays and of various Jewish practices ritually articulate theological ideas reflective of a collective Jewish memory.

That being said, one might assume that Jews and Judaism naturally place a great emphasis on the history of the Jewish people. Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi in his work Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory, however, argues that what has been understood as history in Jewish circles from the Biblical era until fairly recent times is considerably different that what the modern reader might expect in light of the importance of and emphasis placed on memory. Until recently as Yerushalmi notes, a general lack of interest in historical events that were disconnected to the theological concerns of the Jewish community existed, so much so that an interest in history was as Solomon Ibn Verga writing in the Middles Ages, seen as a "Christian" custom.

The seeming disconnect between memory, history, and histiography according to Yerushalmi is surprising given the fact that beginning with the Tanakh, an emphasis, or better said a command to remember is given. For Yerushalmi, the principal goal of Zakhor is to understand the relationship of Jews to their past and the place of the historian in that relationship. What Jews remembered, or chose to remember is the subject of Yerushalmi's quest. As he notes correctly, the actual recording of historical events has been anything but the primary vehicle through which the Jewish people have preserved their collective memory. Yerushalmi highlights the distinction between Jewish memory and Jewish histiography.

Herein lays one of the weaknesses of Zakhor. Yerushalmi does not sufficiently compare the nature of non-Jewish histiography during the various periods he addresses. While it is sufficiently clear from Yerushalmi's review of Jewish attitudes and the apologetically natured tone of many "Jewish historians" when introducing their works that general history was at best something interesting, but of little real value, the manner in which "general" history was perceived by non-Jews is a much needed comparison. He does not provide a view of how Frenchman, Spaniards, Italian, etc. understood their own sense of history.

Yerushalmi divides his study of Jewish history into four broad eras. The first is the Biblical and Rabbinic eras reaching until the early medieval period. The sources here include Biblical texts and selections from rabbinic literature through the redaction of the Talmud. Yerushalmi points to a variety of Biblical texts (e.g. Deuteronomy 25:5-9; Deuteronomy 6:10-12; Joshua 4:6-7, etc.) to note that while the Biblical texts are focused on remembering the "historic" acts of G-d's providence on behalf of Israel, they are nevertheless often connected to the lives of individuals in all of their fullness.

This reflects a seeming contradiction of the Biblical text and of a Biblical worldview and supports Yerushalmi's assertion that Jewish memory is selective, where kings and great events do not necessarily merit attention. This stands simultaneously with so much of the Biblical text that focuses on none other than great events and great individuals presented in historical narratives.

For Yerushalmi, the nature of Judaism's uneasy relationship with history is further seen by an almost wholesale dismissal of historical works after the writing of Josephus' Jewish War and Jewish Antiquities at the end of the 1st century of the Common Era. Yet here Yerushalmi does not address the very process of canon formation which in part might explain the paucity of certain historical events being retained among the sacred texts of Israel.

While he briefly mentions the three Jewish rebellions against Rome, he does not I believe sufficiently address the trauma these unsuccessful bids for freedom produced. Yerushalmi notes the almost wholesale dismissal of "the comings and goings of Roman procurators, the dynastic affairs of Roman emperors...even the convolutions of the Hasmonean dynasty...were largely ignored." The intensity and ramifications of the destruction of the Temple and in particular Bar Cochba's failed revolt surely dictated the manner in which many events were to be understood and remembered, out of a political necessity if nothing else. Here the significance of the events that Yerushalmi notes as being ignored may instead reflect pressures stemming from issues internal to the Jewish community as well as concerns stemming from Roman hegemony. He does not sufficiently address the fact that the "dismissal" of these events may lay instead in an agenda to place at a distance any memories such as the Maccabean struggle (where Yerushalmi notes, the Talmud places emphasis on the miracle in contrast to the battles) and other events of Jewish history that might lead to future disastrous consequences. Neither is the possible concern of Roman oversight of such documents mentioned.

The second era is primarily focused on the Middle Ages. The source material here largely consists of penitential prayers, fasts, the observance of "Second Purims," and memorial books. What follows in the realm of "Jewish history" until the early Middle Ages are largely composed of various works attempting to establish the legitimacy of the chain of tradition dating back to Sinai, or the challenge of "striving to interpret it [the history bequeathed to them] in terms of their own later generations." Here again, the lack of comparison with other contemporary non-Jewish attitudes on history are insufficient.

The third era of concern is that following the Expulsion from Spain and a flurry of texts written on Jewish history, many of which were influenced by the hope of messianic redemption. The last deals with Modern era from its roots in the Haskalah and more importantly in the rise of the "Scientific" study of Judaism beginning in Germany and spreading throughout academia. It is perhaps the last section which stands out as one of the most meaningful of Yerushalmi's book. In short, for Yerushalmi, the scientific study of Judaism and Jewish history has seen history replace Scripture as the arbiter of Jewish ideologies.

To understand the reason for the disconnect between history and memory, Yerushalmi contends that part of this may lie, in the complicated nature of history as drawn from none other than the Greeks, with Herodotus credited as the father of history. Yet the Greeks themselves appear to have failed to achieve a sense of the meaning of history as a whole. Herein lays, according to Yerushalmi, the great contribution of Jews to the subject of histiography.

The meaning of Jewish history, then, is Yerushalmi's principal concern. Yerushalmi argues for the inextricable nature of Jewish religion with memory, and yet its simultaneous selectiveness in what events it records. Yerushalmi argues for the delineation between meaning in history, memory of the past, and the writing of history. In contrast to the Greeks who were inspired to "know" if for nothing else out of curiosity, the sacred text of Israel establishes the religious imperative of remembering to the entire Jewish community. This I believe is the most important contribution of Yerushalmi's work. It is perhaps a simple statement, but reinforces the difference between "Athens and Jerusalem" on yet another point.

17 of 19 people found the following review helpful

5.0 out of 5 stars A profound exploration of Jewish History and Jewish Memory February 11, 2006

By Shalom Freedman HALL OF FAMETOP 1000 REVIEWER

Format:Paperback

This work has four major chapters each of which deals with a certain period of Jewish history, and its approach to Jewish Memory. In the first chapter Yerushalmi explores the Biblical and Rabbinic Foundations for writing history, and remembering it. This is the stage when the process of remembering is connected with the recording of, and participation in history.

In the second phase, the Middle Ages Yerushalmi outlines the major division which dominates the work, between processes of collective memorization through ritual and religious practice which are not connected with everyday historical happening- and between the writing of history which is connected with historical happening. Yerushalmi says that from the time of the fall of the Second Temple and most especially in this period of the Middle Ages, the Jews remember without remembering historical events. The 'collective Zakhor' or command to collective remembrance ( which he says distinguishes the Jewish Religion) is done without writing the history of the people. The history of the people is avoided. The writing of history is considered by Rambam a low form of intellectual endeavor. The process of collective remembering is done through the living of the Jewish holidays each of which connects up with some historical memory. It is done through Memorbuchs of communities which have suffered in the Crusades.

In the third period which comes immediately after the expulsion from Spain i.e. in the beginning of the sixteenth century there is somehow a return to looking at the actual events of contemporary history but this by framing them in world- historical narratives.

The last period Yerushalmi writes about is the modern one in which there is a return to attending to the events of Jewish history. Here the writing of history, what he calls 'historiography' becomes once again a subject of Jewish interest. And this as certain other processes of collective memorization are breaking down i.e. as the Jews are moving away from being a 'faith- community' in the fullest sense of the word.

Yerushalmi here does not go into the question of conflicting narratives of Jewish history. And the very interesting question of the way different kinds of Jews today construct different kinds of narratives of Jewish history as a whole.

This work has a brilliant introduction by Harold Bloom.

The work itself is recognized as a classic of modern Jewish scholarship.

I conclude with one small piece of Yerushalmi 's writing.

"When I spoke earlier of the coincidence of the rise of modern Jewish histiography and the decay of Jewish memory, I had in mind the specific kind of memory of the past, that of Jewish tradition. But hardly any Jew today is without some Jewish past. Total amnesia: is still relatively rare. The choices for Jews , as for non- Jewsis not whether or not to have a past, but rather-what kind of past shall one have."