Moral Discourse and Practice: Some Philosophical Approaches (Hardcover)

by Stephen Darwall (Editor), Allan Gibbard (Editor), Peter Railton (Editor)

Editorial Reviews

Review
"An outstanding text for a graduate-level course on contemporary metaethics. A collection such as this has been needed for some time now and will quickly replace the bulky course-packs that (up to now) professors have had to assemble on their own."--Jordan J. Lindberg, Central Michigan University

"An excellent collection, with a very helpful introductory essay by the editors. [The] book as a whole is challenging."--Carol Tauer, College of St. Catherine

"Nice selection of topics and author."--O. A. Robinson, Central Methodist College

"Excellent selections that span theories and a nice theoretical overview of ethical studies."--Emily Dial-Driver, Rogers University

"A first rate and wide-ranging collection of classic contemporary writings in metaethics, introduced by an essay that nicely puts the whole thing in context."--Mark van Roojen, University of Nebraska-Lincoln

"Almost ideal. Includes most all of the main articles I want to assign in an upper-level metaethics class."--James Dreier, Brown University

"This text would fit in well with my senior ethics seminar readings because it presents an array of interesting metaethical issues."--William Hannaford, Champlain College

"An excellent selection--extremely useful for upper-level courses on moral theory."--Troy Jollimore, California State University, Chico --This text refers to the Paperback edition.

Product Description
The past two decades have witnessed a resurgence of interest in metaethics, placing questions about the nature and status of ethical judgment at the very center of contemporary moral philosophy. What are ethical judgments about? And what is their relation to practice? How can ethical judgment aspire to objectivity and have an intrinsic relation to feelings or the will? Moral Discourse and Practice collects important recent work on these core metaethical issues. Reinvigorated naturalist moral realism and the various versions of moral realism, as well as irrealist, expressivist and neo-Kantian constructivist theories are all represented in this fine collection, testifying to the author's attempt to objectively approach moral philosophy's fundamental debates.

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Product Details

• Hardcover: 432 pages
• Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA (September 12, 1996)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0195107497
• ISBN-13: 978-0195107494
• Product Dimensions: 9.6 x 6.8 x 1.3 inches
• Shipping Weight: 1.7 pounds
• Average Customer Review: 4.0 out of 5 stars See all reviews (2 customer reviews)
• Amazon.com Sales Rank: #6,092,057 in Books (See Bestsellers in Books)

Customer Reviews

Most Helpful Customer Reviews

11 of 11 people found the following review helpful:

5.0 out of 5 stars First-Rate Anthology of Contemporary Meta-Ethics, February 21, 2004

By	ctdreyer (NY USA) - See all my reviews

This review is from: Moral Discourse and Practice: Some Philosophical Approaches (Paperback)

This volume--edited by Darwall, Gibbard, and Railton (hereafter "DGR")--may be the best anthology for the reader looking to survey contemporary meta-ethics. One strength of this anthology is its breadth. It covers influential work concerning apparent problems for the objectivity of morality; responses to these problems provided by realists, noncognitivists, sensibility theorists, and constructivists; and, unlike many anthologies covering meta-ethics, it includes a section devoted the practical dimension of morality. Another strength is the quality of the work represented here. Nearly every paper included is a contemporary classic that should be read by everyone interested in meta-ethics. Finally, the paper includes a top-notch introduction to the issues.

The anthology opens with that introduction--DGR's "Toward Fin de siecle Ethics: Some Trends," which originally appeared in the centennial edition of the Philosophical Review. This long paper, published in 1993 and intended to give readers an overview of the then-current state of debate in meta-ethics, is an excellent introduction to the issues covered in the anthology. Indeed, the rest of the volume is built around this paper. The paper opens with a very helpful, albeit short, introduction to the history of meta-ethics in the twentieth century. G. E. Moore's Open Question Argument sets the process of twentieth-century meta-ethics in motion; noncognitivism appears as a response to the perceived inadequacies of Moorean realist intuitionism; and the various contemporary views in meta-ethics arise in response to a renewed interest in normative ethics in the last quarter of the twentieth century. Following this historical introduction, the majority of the paper is devoted to the contemporary scene in meta-ethics. It includes brief sketches of the basic ideas of most of the competitors available: reductive naturalistic realism, non-reductive naturalistic realism, Foot's neo-Aristotelianism, practical reasoning theories, noncognitivism, constructivism, and sensibility theories. DGR don't go into detail about all these competitors, but their paper provides a useful taxonomy of views and a sense of their relations to one another.

The first part of the anthology covers certain putative problems with understanding morality as objective. In particular, the focus is on the relation between facts and values. The section opens with the sections from Moore's Principia Ethica in which he develops the OQA; this selection, it seems, is presented as a way to draw out our intuitions about a fact/value gap. Moore wants to retain the view that value claims are factual, though they're a very special sort of fact. Wittgenstein, in the next paper, develops his intuitions about the fact/value gap in a direction that moves him closer to the view that value judgments aren't really factual judgments at all. Then we see these intuitions about the relations between facts and values taken up and transformed into noncognitivism by Charles Stevenson in his "The Emotive Meaning of Ethical Terms." According to the noncognitivists, not only is there a fact/value gap, but those who think value claims purport to describe value facts are the ones who are confused about the nature of morality. This section concludes with two more recent arguments against the objectivity of ethics by J. L. Mackie and Gilbert Harman. Unlike the noncognitivists, they take moral language at face-value and argue that moral claims do purport to describe special value facts. However, they think there is a metaphysical problem with value claims--namely that we have good reason to think that the value facts they purport to describe simply don't exist. So their worries about ethics are metaphysical: the world isn't the way it would need to be for moral claims to be true.

The anthology's next section covers various contemporary responses to these problems; it includes responses by realists, noncognitivists, sensibility theorists, constructivists. Realists deny the existence of an important fact/value gap. They argue that morality is objective: that our moral language purports to describe moral facts, that there are moral facts with a mind-independent existence that our moral claims (at least) sometimes successfully describe, and that we can come to know that (at least) some moral claims are true. The book include includes two very important wide-ranging papers by contemporary realists: Peter Railton's "Moral Realism" and Richard Boyd's "How to Be a Moral Realist." Noncognitivists accept that there is a fact-value gap, but they deny that its existence shows that there is something problematic about ethics. There aren't any value facts, but this isn't problematic since ethical language doesn't even purport to describe facts. Instead, ethical language is used to express certain emotional or attitudinal states. The work of two contemporary nocognitivists, Simon Blackburn and Allan Gibbard, is represented here. (The Gibbard paper, which is a detailed summary of the argument of his book Wise Choices, Apt Feelings, is especially interesting, and I'm not sure that it has appeared anywhere else.) Constructivists and sensibility theorists both argue that there are moral facts but that they are not mind-independent in the way realists claim. Sensibility theorists argue that there are moral facts but that they are somehow dependent on the operation of special human sensibilities. John McDowell, in one of the papers included here, draws an explicit analogy with facts about colors. While it may be the case that things are not colored independently of our human experience of the world, it's still the case that there are facts about what colors certain things are. Similarly, sensibility theorists argue, while there may not be moral values in the world independently of our special human ways of interacting with the world, it's still the case that there are value facts. Constructivists argue that there are moral facts but that they are fixed by human beliefs or attitudes in some properly described situation. That is, moral facts are constructed by people's moral opinions in some idealized situation, or by people's moral opinions that are arrived at through some appropriate process. The anthology includes work from John Rawls, T. M. Scanlon, and Jurgen Habermas in which this central idea is developed

The book's final section is concerned with the practical dimension of morality. What is the relation between moral demands and reasons for actions, between moral demands and motivation? These issues are discussed in important work by Philippa Foot, David Gauthier, Christine Korsgaard, Thomas Nagel, and Bernard Williams. Honestly, I don't know this material very well, but I'm familiar enough with the issues to know that all of these papers are ones that should be read by any student of meta-ethics.

0 of 2 people found the following review helpful:

3.0 out of 5 stars Solid Collection of Contemporary Meta-Ethical Essays, February 28, 2006

By	Reader From Aurora - See all my reviews

This review is from: Moral Discourse and Practice: Some Philosophical Approaches (Paperback)

Published in 1993, Moral Discourse and Practice is an anthology of approximately two dozen twentieth century essays discussing meta-ethics. The material in the text has been previously published in either journal or book format.

The collection starts with an excellent overview by the editors that is helpful in sensitizing the reader to contemporary questions in meta-ethical thought. As opposed to normative ethics which is focused on the rightness or wrongness of action; meta-ethics generally examines the meaning of moral terminology and whether morals are subjective or objective.

Although not really my area of expertise this is the best anthology of contemporary meta-ethics that I have come across (I may be unaware of other comparable collections). It has excellent contributions from influential and well respected writers. Despite the quality of these essays some background in philosophy, particularly ethics, may be required to fully appreciate this discussion. Most of this work with few exceptions can be classified as philosophy written for philosophers and assumes a degree of background knowledge.

From a personal perspective I find the essays discussing moral realism to be the most interesting. Though I appreciate the intellectual discourse and find attempts to leverage the growing support for scientific realism intriguing - they do not strike me as compelling. I think for moral realism to have much hope, any construct will need to employ either a platonic or a theistic approach. The former would seem difficult to envision and the latter does not appear to have much popularity with many contemporary commentators. As a result all of the naturalists attempts to develop a view of moral realism seem to ultimately be relativistic in nature.

Overall, I found the collection of a high quality if a bit repetitive. The essays from Moore and Rawls are particularly helpful - whereas, the essays by Habermas and Scanlon of lesser value. In particular, I find Habermas a prime example of the empty sophistry that many non-philosophers find so frustrating about philosophy.

Overall, I recommend the book, however, probably just for folks with a developed interest in meta-ethics.