Two Lives: Gertrude and Alice (Hardcover)

by Janet Malcolm (Author)
Key Phrases: Gertrude Stein, Have Seen, The Making of Americans (more...)

Editorial Reviews

From Publishers Weekly
Starred Review. In this startling study of Stein and her partner, Alice B. Toklas, acclaimed journalist Malcolm (The Journalist and the Murderer) puts their relationship in a new light, demonstrating that lives and biographies are not always self-evident. Through careful readings of Stein's writing, Malcolm makes the case, quoting English professor Ulla Dydo, that Stein's lifting words from the lockstep of standard usage was indeed, the work of a (granted, self-described) genius. Malcolm gets into more controversial territory in exploring Stein and Toklas's stormy and complicated relationship—fraught with sadomasochistic emotional undercurrents—and their energetic sex life. But her real discovery is that Stein and Toklas—two elderly Jewish women—survived the German occupation of France because of their close friendship with the wealthy, anti-Semitic Frenchman Bernard Faÿ, a collaborator responsible for the deaths of hundreds of Freemasons. Faÿ continually intervened with the authorities on the pair's behalf. This friendship was so deep that after the war Toklas helped the imprisoned Faÿ escape. Malcolm's prose is a joy to read, and her passion for Stein's writing and life is evident. This is a vital addition to Stein criticism as well as an important work that critiques the political responsibility of the artist (even a genius) to the larger world. Photos. (Sept.)
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

From The Washington Post
Reviewed by Meryle Secrest

Gertrude Stein wrote monstrously unreadable prose on the theory, in vogue circa 1905, that she could bypass her conscious mind and write directly from the subconscious. Her great love, Alice B. Toklas, was a cookbook author prone to instructions such as: "First, catch your goose." Both women might seem bound to a fading era, with little to offer modern audiences. Why, then, has a talented writer such as Janet Malcolm become passionately interested in them?

In Two Lives, Malcolm offers not so much a joint biography as a meditation on literature and morality, built around the disquieting fact that Stein and Toklas, both Jewish, remained in Europe throughout World War II without either hiding or being swept up in the Holocaust.

Stein and Toklas are in some respects akin to Bernard Berenson, the expert in Italian Renaissance art, who also remained in Europe during World War II, fixed in the belief that Hitler was bluffing and that the menacing rise of the Third Reich could not possibly affect him personally. So, as war loomed and although given ample warning and opportunity, Stein and Toklas were unable to decide whether to leave their country house in France until the matter was decided for them.

In lucid and elegant prose, Malcolm charts the course of this dilemma with its feints and starts, its sudden shifts of mood and the rationalizations that went into a horrendously wrong choice. Miraculously, the ladies stayed out of danger, but it was a close thing.

In the same way, Malcolm goes on the hunt for the possible reasons why Stein and Toklas made friends with the odious Bernard Faÿ, a French university professor and author. His particular specialty was American history and culture, and since he was also head of the Bibliothèque Nationale, the fact that he translated into French Stein's The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, as well as other works, meant he was culturally and politically influential.

In a memoir written after the war, Faÿ claimed to have protected Stein and Toklas, pleading their cause personally to Marshal Pétain. Since neither woman ever alluded to this incident, it seemed doubtful, but according to Edward M. Burns, a Stein scholar cited by Malcolm, it turned out to be true. As a collaborator during the German occupation, Faÿ denounced others and was directly responsible for many deaths. His overwhelming allure to Stein and Toklas seems to have been a capacity for flattery. When he was imprisoned after the war, Toklas continued to defend him and eventually helped him to escape. Others found him "detestable." Neither Stein nor Toklas comes off particularly well in this account. Stein was a person of great charm and good humor with a gift for getting what she wanted. Her "playful egomania" found its mirror image in the dour and unlikable Toklas, who acted as her friend's "worker bee," taking that role "almost to the point of parody." A great part of that self-imposed task involved tending to Stein's literary ambitions. Stein's method was to compose in a semi-trance and then go to bed, leaving the results for Toklas to decipher.

The ministering Toklas fed Stein's "self-admiration and self-assurance," but there was a price to be paid just the same. Toklas could be insanely jealous and her tongue lashings "part of a regular repertoire of sadomasochistic games the couple played." When Toklas discovered that Stein had fallen in love with a woman named May, in a frenzy of rage she destroyed May's letters, which had served as raw material for one of Stein's early novels. By Toklas's own admission, she became irrational about the very word "may." In Stein's poem "Stanzas," every "may" becomes "can," adding illogic to what one critic called "perhaps the dreariest long poem in the world."

Malcolm sees Stein as a 20th-century modernist innovator and gamely tries to follow the inner logic of her rhapsodically elliptical style; still she occasionally throws up her hands in despair at such works as The Making of Americans, an impenetrable 925 pages. In the end, the lovable Stein, with her blithe expectation that the reader will find her as endlessly fascinating as she does herself, loses out to her recessive and morose companion, who wrote with such authority about the things in life that really matter.

Speaking of her early discovery, with friends, of The Alice B. Toklas Cookbook, Malcolm writes, "Her de haut en bas footnote pointing out that 'a marinade is a bath of wine, herbs, oil, vegetables, vinegars and so on, in which fish or meat destined for particular dishes repose for specified periods and acquire virtue' filled us with ecstasy."

It is almost axiomatic nowadays that bad prose is enshrined between the covers of beautifully published books. Janet Malcolm's experience is the reverse, a consummate stylist let down by her publisher. A group of first-rate pictures has been destroyed by foggy and monochromatic reproductions on the same paper used for the text. The discrepancy seems to point up the myopia of some publishers and the need, in this day and age of cheap messaging, for a small perfect keepsake of a small, perfect book.

Copyright 2007, The Washington Post. All Rights Reserved.

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Product Details

• Hardcover: 240 pages
• Publisher: Yale University Press; illustrated edition edition (September 27, 2007)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0300125518
• ISBN-13: 978-0300125511
• Product Dimensions: 7.8 x 5.4 x 1 inches
• Shipping Weight: 12.8 ounces (View shipping rates and policies)
• Average Customer Review: 3.7 out of 5 stars See all reviews (9 customer reviews)
• Amazon.com Sales Rank: #403,867 in Books (See Bestsellers in Books)

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Customer Reviews

Most Helpful Customer Reviews

12 of 12 people found the following review helpful:

4.0 out of 5 stars The Essence of a Relationship, October 28, 2007

By	Smosbird "Smosbird" (Jersey City, NJ United States) - See all my reviews

Concisely told biographical work of Stein and Toklas. If you are looking for a definitive biography, this is not the book for you. If you want to understand the essence of their relationship and enjoy good writing and insightful phrasing, pick this up.

26 of 30 people found the following review helpful:

4.0 out of 5 stars A new side of Stein, September 12, 2007

By	Edward Aycock (New York, NY United States) - See all my reviews (TOP 1000 REVIEWER)    (REAL NAME)

I've been waiting and waiting for this book since I read Malcolm's article "Gertrude Stein's War" in a June 2003 issue of "The New Yorker." The article, which took up a large part of the issue, was fascinating and prompted me to look up more on Stein. I bought "The Alice B. Toklas Cookbook" and tried the recipe for mousse. (It was a disaster: a misreading of fractions caused this former English major to add too much baker's chocolate and then a distracted moment had me pick up the electric beaters while they were going and mousse spattered all over the kitchen walls.)

Over the next few years, Malcolm wrote a few more article for "The New Yorker," whetting my appetite even more, so it was with great joy when I saw this book was finally ready.

The wall of reality was hard.

True, I have nobody to blame but myself for my expectations but this book is little more than the three "New Yorker" articles put together. There isn't much here that I hadn't read before. Once I swallowed my disappointment, I'm happy to have the book. It's easier than trying to dredge up the old magazine articles again; I've no idea where I even put them.

The book is well written and readable, possibly one of the most accessible biographies ever written about Stein and Toklas in Malcolm's friendly prose. Malcolm's biography also reveals some very unsavory things about Stein that may change one's perception of her. Is Stein a feminist, lesbian hero or a right-wing figure who just falls short of being a collaborationist? Malcolm gives us the facts and we have to be the ones who make of them what we will. After I read the book, I only had one real question, one that cannot be answered by Malcolm: what exactly DID Hemingway hear Toklas screaming at Stein? We may never know.

11 of 11 people found the following review helpful:

5.0 out of 5 stars Are you looking for a conventional biography?, October 31, 2007

By	Mini Driver - See all my reviews

Then don't read Janet Malcolm. Malcolm is not the kind of biographer who delivers more than you ever wanted to know about a subject. But if you want to know how biographers do their sleuth work, how one wrong date can determine whether we think Stein horrid or not, and how the personalities of Stein scholars have shaped what we do and don't know about this writer, then read Malcolm. Along the way, you will be treated to delectable prose and delicious literary gossip. And you will get to know the personalities of Stein and Toklas in all their lively and quirky splendor.