A World Without Time: The Forgotten Legacy Of Godel And Einstein (Hardcover)

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Key Phrases: capturing intuitive concepts, objective lapse, intuitive time, Vienna Circle, Kurt Gödel, Von Neumann (more...)

Editorial Reviews

From Publishers Weekly

What if time is only an illusion, if it doesn't actually exist? Yourgrau, a Brandeis professor of philosophy, explains that Einstein's general theory of relativity may allow for this possibility, first realized by the great logician Kurt Gödel. Gödel is best known for his incompleteness theorem, one of the most important theorems in mathematical logic since Euclid. In a typically brief paper written for a Festschrift to honor his friend and Princeton neighbor Einstein, Gödel theorized the existence of what have come to be called Gödel universes: rotating universes in which time travel is possible. But if one can travel through time, how can time as we know it exist in these other universes, since the past is always present? And if time doesn't exist in other universes, then it may not exist in ours either. Yourgrau (The Disappearance of Time) writes that Gödel's paper was almost universally ignored, and he claims that since the logician's death, philosophers have gone out of their way to try to denigrate his work in fields other than logic. This book will appeal to fans of Douglas Hofstadter's Gödel, Escher, Bach and to Einstein junkies, and makes a fascinating companion to Rebecca Goldstein's Incompleteness (Forecasts, Dec. 20), but all readers who enjoy a good thought experiment or having basic preconceptions about their world challenged will enjoy this. (Jan.)
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From Booklist

*Starred Review* During the half-dozen years before his death, Einstein's best friend was the Austrian logician Kurt Godel. Famous for his incompleteness theorems demonstrating that formal mathematical systems could not fully describe reality, Godel was spurred by Einstein's theories of relativity to discover that, in any universe fully described by those theories, time doesn't exist. He did this by proving the possibility of time travel, the catch being that if a past point in time can be reached, then it cannot have passed, which contradicts intuitive understanding of time. Einstein died before he could respond to Godel's revelation. Since then, except for troopers such as Yourgrau (this is his third and most popularly pitched book on Godel), philosophers have ignored the implications of time not existing in physical reality, which are that time must be an ideal and that philosophically long-discounted Platonism, which asserts the reality of the ideal, needs reconsideration. Such studied ignorance springs, Yourgrau says, from philosophers' disdain for Godel as a mere logician. He was also powerfully, pathetically eccentric--different from but not unlike Einstein in that respect--and Yourgrau relieves and arguably also informs demanding passages on Godel's work by sketching his life and personality as well as his thought. Ray Olson
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Product Details

• Hardcover: 224 pages
• Publisher: Basic Books; export ed edition (December 28, 2004)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0465092934
• ISBN-13: 978-0465092932
• Product Dimensions: 9.3 x 6.5 x 1 inches
• Shipping Weight: 1 pounds
• Average Customer Review: 4.3 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (32 customer reviews)
• Amazon.com Sales Rank: #112,633 in Books (See Bestsellers in Books)

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Customer Reviews

Most Helpful Customer Reviews

95 of 104 people found the following review helpful:

4.0 out of 5 stars 2 books on Kurt Gödel; the authors should have collaborated, May 19, 2005

By	Jesse Steven Hargrave (Silver City, NM) - See all my reviews

It seems to me that, more and more frequently, two books on the same or closely related subjects come out from different publishers almost simultaneously. I suspect an epidemic of corporate espionage. In 2003/4, did we really need two books with the identical title "Lincoln at Copper Union" about a pre-campaign speech in New York by the eventual president? Why was "The Empire of Tea" published within 6 months of "Tea: Addiction, Exploitation, and Empire"? (Perhaps they were tied to an epic mini-series that I missed.)

Kurt Gödel and his work have been largely ignored of late, yet now we suddenly have two books attempting to resurrect interest. Palle Yourgrau's "A World Without Time: The Forgotten Legacy of Gödel And Einstein" was published in January 2005, and "Incompleteness: The Proof and Paradox of Kurt Gödel" by Rebecca Goldstein just one month later.

Both are small-format books, and thus both attempt to squeeze already dense subject matter into unreasonably constricted space. Both use Gödel's personal and intellectual friendship with Einstein as a systematizing motif. Each author dedicates considerable time to rehearsing the history of The Vienna Circle, where Gödel spent formative years, and the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton, where Gödel and Einstein completed their careers. And both Goldstein (a mathematician and novelist) and Yourgrau (a professor of philosophy) attempt to give a summary of Gödel's important theorems that would make them accessible to the non-specialist.

However, the two books differ in important respects.

Goldstein, when dealing with Gödel's professional work, focuses almost exclusively on that concerned most directly with mathematical logic: his Incompleteness Theorems. That means Gödel's more cosmological exertions, which came after he joined the Institute, are left untreated. And Goldstein has a theorem or two of her own: that the implications of Gödel's work in mathematical logic and metaphysics were seriously misconstrued even in his own day, that such misunderstanding was a gnawing disturbance to the logician, and that it contributed greatly to his increasingly pathological alienation from his colleagues and the world at large.

Yourgrau is more interested in the validity and implications of Gödel's later philosophical (or cosmological) work on the nature of time. Yourgrau published an earlier monograph which the book jacket claims "sparked a resurgence of interest in Gödel's ideas about time and relativity." Yourgrau comes across as Gödel's self-appointed apologist, armed to defend the logician against claims that these later philosophical applications were amateurish and easily dismissed.

Both books, I felt, succeeded in gaining the reader's sympathy for their respective perspectives. But neither could be suitably comprehensive in the relatively few pages allotted them. For me, Goldstein did the slightly better job of explaining the Incompleteness Theorems.

(It would be beyond the skills of even the most accomplished popularizer to fit a truly satisfying explanation into these abbreviated books. The reader is subjected in both to sentences such as this one from Yourgrau: "The representation occurs via the arithmetization of the syntax of FA, so corresponding to a given syntactical truth Bew(x,y) of MFA, there is an arithmetical truth Bew(x,y) of IA that corresponds to a formula Bew(x,y) in FA that can be interpreted as saying that the sequence of formulas with Gödel number x is a proof of the formula with Gödel number y, and this formula, Bew(x,y), is a theorem of FA.")

You thus get from Goldstein a better grounding in what is considered Gödel's true legacy. But you have to look to Yourgrau to get even a basic sense of what Gödel later had to say about cosmology. In that sense, Yourgrau's book is the more thought-provoking.

Both authors are gifted writers, although Yourgrau seems to loose some control over his metaphors as he gets increasingly worked up about the lack of respect given to Gödel's cosmological contributions. As Yourgrau tells of a 1995 symposium on "Gödel's General Philosophical Significance", readers may feel they have stumbled into a metaphysical food-fight.

The fact that these two books were published at almost the same time shows that there must be a significant audience of non-specialist readers interested in an updated accounting of Gödel's life and work. It's unfortunate that such readers have to buy both these books and navigate through so much redundant material to get even the beginnings of a complete perspective.

33 of 38 people found the following review helpful:

5.0 out of 5 stars Two of a kind--with a difference, December 28, 2004

By	John C. Landon "nemonemini" (New York City) - See all my reviews (TOP 500 REVIEWER)

Terrific vignette history, heretofore little known, of the friendship and mutual discourse of Goedel and Einstein after their exile from the Germany of the thirties to the Institute for Advanced Study. Interspersed with biographical data not found elsewhere is a tale of two eccentrics, and of the philosophical asides and unpublic views of this duet, from Kant, and idealism, to much else. The central story is of Goedel's work on relativity and the discovery of solutions to the general equations that opened up the possibility of time travel and the illusion of time. This finding, unwelcome in mainstream physics, and the object of a posited 'chronology postulate' by Hawking to rule out its implications for cosmology, had lurked in the underground of physics history--until now, perhaps.
This is not only important info on the state of physics but scuttlebutt of the highest order. Be sure to check it out...

17 of 18 people found the following review helpful:

5.0 out of 5 stars It's about time., March 23, 2006

By	A. R. Cellura (Abbeville, SC) - See all my reviews (REAL NAME)

Beyond the apocalyptic sense, we might be running out of time; not the 'time' handed down from a Homeric Chronos or from Ecclesiastes (For everything there is a season...) or Prufrockian events (There will be time, there will be time. To prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet...).

Einstein's General Theory of Relativity (GTR) introduced a much more elemental, modern and, at least for some of us, counter-intuitive idea of 'time' that melded a constant (the speed of light) and a mass-curved geometry into spacetime, whose effect was, nevertheless, relative! In GTR, the temporal space from "here" to "there," from "now" to "then," massively complicated, shrinks and expands in the tangled warp. At least it did until Kurt Godel, in his searing analysis, added new, astonishing gyrations befitting his place as a preeminent mathematician, erstwhile physicist and most celebrated logician since Aristotle.

Palle Yourgrau, the Henry A. Wolfson Professor of Philosophy at Brandeis University has devoted a great deal of his academic career to understanding Godel and particularly what most of us take for granted - the concept of time - which Godel believed was THE key issue of philosophy (p. 111). In A World Without Time, Yourgrau continues the explication of Godel's insights into GTR that he explored earlier with his Godel Meets Einstein: Time Travel in the Godel Universe (Open Court Press, 1999).

Godel and Einstein were colleagues and close friends at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton, NJ, where both had been given safe haven from the Nazi scourge of the 1930s. Together, they walked to and from their offices talking philosophy, politics and especially relativity theory. As Yourgrau describes it, on one of these walks Godel pushed beyond Einstein's particular and arbitrary example of a relativistic universe, which Godel detailed later in an Einstein Festschrift [P.A. Schilpp (Ed.), Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, Open Court, 1949/1988]. In GTR there could be alternative universes including one whose rotation on its axis would make time stand still.

Yourgrau provides fascinating detail about the lives of both men, describing their academic roots in mathematics, physics and philosophy with particular emphasis on the cross currents between Kantian (epistemological) and Leibnitzian (ontological) fundaments; Newtonian theory; the ideas of Frege, Husserl, Russell and Whitehead, Wittgenstein and Hilbert; the development of Positivism in the heady atmosphere of Viennese culture; the Einstein-Godel preference for the Platonic tradition; the elements in the development of GTR; Godel's logical system and incompleteness theorems; the vexing concept of time in the history of philosophy from Parmenides to Heidegger; the Einstein-Godel special relationship in Princeton.

Yourgrau does a wonderful job of presenting this rich intellectual background while, at the same time, bringing Einstein and Godel, 20th Century titans, down to earthy, everyday circumstance. Particularly, there is Einstein's loosey-goosey lifestyle and the pathetic contrast between Godel's soaring intellectual achievements and life-long paranoiac fears resulting in delusional, fatal self-starvation. In this connection, see also A.R. Cellura's The Genomic Environment and Niche-Experience, Cedar Springs Press, 2005. Rebecca Goldstein's recently published Incompleteness: The Proof and Paradox of Kurt Godel, W.W. Norton, 2005, is also well worth reading.

But, A World Without Time's denouement is the exegesis of a Godelian universe where time freezes, like winter's ice, into a place one might visit just as possibly as a trip you might take to Chicago, if you could go fast enough! In a rarely recognized subtlety, Godel's idea also challenges the bedrock of science - the concept of causality.

As Yourgrau points out, Godel preferred fairy tales (his favorite: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs) to prosaic accounts of experience. Yet, a Godelian universe of closed causal loops that permit time travel, or more accurately a universe that does away with time, though obviously controversial, is not so easily dismissed. In fact, Einstein commented that it was an "important contribution to the general theory of relativity..." (p. 116). For related treatments of the time concept, see physicist Julian Barbour's The End of Time, Oxford Univ. Press, 2000; philosopher Steven F. Savitt's (Ed.) Time's Arrows Today, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1995 that includes the Horwich and Earman critiques of Godel's time travel arguments cited by Yourgrau (pp. 176-80); and mathematician Amir Aczel's Entanglement (Four Walls Eight Windows, 2001). For a survey of the meaning of time in its phenomenological context try Kisiel's translation of Martin Heidegger's History of the Concept of Time, Indiana Univ. Press, 1985.

Palle Yourgrau's A World Without Time is a tour de force inviting the reader to wonder what a world that can escape the pitfalls of continuing scientific advance will be like a thousand years from now - a world far beyond the flat earth of Homer and the Ptolemaic beliefs of earlier times, or our own era's conventional certainties. Will it be a world without time?