America and the Islamic Bomb: The Deadly Compromise (Hardcover)

by David Armstrong (Author), Joseph J. Trento (Author)

Editorial Reviews

From Publishers Weekly
This chilling exposé from National Security News Service bureau chief Armstrong and author Trento (The Secret History of the CIA) chronicles American foreign policy in relation to nuclear weapons development worldwide, and particularly in Pakistan. Beginning with Truman's Atomic Energy Act of 1946 and ending with George W. Bush's hunt for nonexistent WMDs in Iraq, the history is as interesting as it is infuriating. Operating under Cold War paranoia in the 1960s and '70s, the U.S saw Pakistan as a conveniently located ally and so, in addition to providing hundreds of millions of dollars in military aid, helped jumpstart the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, which gave the country its nuclear capabilities. What followed was decades of mismanagement, culminating in the revelation that Pakistani national hero A.Q. Khan was deeply involved in the nuclear black market; the authors contend that the U.S government knew all about Khan's negotiations with Libya, Iran and North Korea, but ignored it to keep Pakistan an ally, first against the Communists and now in the "War on Terror." This accessible history should raise awareness of the many devil's bargains that the U.S. has struck in the seemingly vain hope of keeping control over perhaps the greatest man-made threat to humanity.
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Review
"Provide[s] essential information for understanding the nuclear dangers posed by Pakistan." — The New York Review of Books

"A chilling account of the political calculus that led five successive US presidents to turn a blind eye" to Pakistan's nuclear smuggling. — The Christian Science Monitor

"This chilling exposé chronicles American foreign policy in relation to nuclear weapons development worldwide, and particularly in Pakistan. Beginning with Truman's Atomic Energy Act of 1946 and ending with George W. Bush's hunt for nonexistent WMDs in Iraq, the history is as interesting as it is infuriating. Operating under Cold War paranoia in the 1960s and '70s, the U.S. saw Pakisatn as a conveniently located ally and so, in addition to providing hundreds of millions of dollars in military aid, helped jumpstart the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, which gave the country its nuclear capabilities. What followed was decades of mismanagement, culminating in the revelation that Pakistani national hero A.Q. Khan was deeply involved in the nuclear black market; the authors contend that the U.S. government knew all about Khan's negotiations with Libya, Iran and North Korea, but ignored it to keep Pakistan an ally, first against the Communists and now in the 'War on Terror.' This accessible history should raise awareness of the many devil's bargains that the U.S. has struck in the seemingly vain hope of keeping control over perhaps the greatest man-made threat to humanity." — Publishers Weekly

Learn more at www.islamicbomb.org

"Armstrong and Trento argue convincingly that Pakistan's leaking and selling of atomic secrets across the region have increased nuclear proliferation by 'small, weak states' and the likelihood of 'terrorists or unfriendly regimes getting their hands on an atomic device.' The United States 'aided and abettted' this exchange by remaining allied to Pakistan, which harbored one of the worst culprits, A.Q. Khan, leader of a nuclear smuggling ring, and by not taking a stronger stance against nuclear proliferation. . . . Written by experienced journalists . . . combines research with a journalistic flair. . . . and invites a wide readership from a lay audience." — Library Journal

“ . . . a ground-level look at the operational failures of U.S., British and other intelligence services in assessing the Khan network. . . . David Armstrong and Joseph Trento reveal multiple scuttled investigations and chronicle the infighting within several U.S. administrations, beginning under Reagan in the 1980s, over what to do about Khan and, more broadly, Pakistan, whose cooperation was deemed vital in fighting the Soviets in Afghanistan. Rivetingly, Armstrong and Trento also recount the deals that Khan made . . . to supply uranium centrifuges to several countries. And they tell the story of . . . a successful British effort to uproot the tentacles of Khan's illicit purchasing network from Malaysia to Spain and France.”
— Washington Post Book World

See all Editorial Reviews

Product Details

• Hardcover: 288 pages
• Publisher: Steerforth (October 23, 2007)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 1586421379
• ISBN-13: 978-1586421373
• Product Dimensions: 9.1 x 6.5 x 0.9 inches
• Shipping Weight: 1.1 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
• Average Customer Review: 5.0 out of 5 stars See all reviews (2 customer reviews)
• Amazon.com Sales Rank: #868,734 in Books (See Bestsellers in Books)

Customer Reviews

Most Helpful Customer Reviews

10 of 10 people found the following review helpful:

5.0 out of 5 stars America's Role in Nuclear Proliferation, November 1, 2007

By	Loyd E. Eskildson "Pragmatist" (Phoenix, AZ.) - See all my reviews (TOP 100 REVIEWER)    (REAL NAME)

Pakistan, where Osama bin Laden is far more popular than George Bush, possesses a nuclear arsenal built with technology from the U.S. and Europe, and financed with the help of one of America's allies (eg. Saudi Arabia; also Iran and Libya) in the Muslim world. America's supportive role began with President Carter, and has continued through President Bush. We turned a blind eye to gain Pakistan's cooperation in the Cold War and the War on Terror.

Pakistan began its nuclear work in the 1970s, pursuing the use of plutonium chemically reprocessed from spent reactor fuel. The re-processor was to be courtesy of France, the reactor and technical assistance from the U.S. and Canada. This initial effort foundered on technical difficulties and international wariness.

Alternatives included gaseous diffusion (used by the U.S., France, China, and Russia in their initial work - involves passing gaseous uranium through a series of thousands of membranes), and centrifugal enrichment using newly developed 70,000 rpm centrifuges within a consortium in Holland. Pakistan was under considerable pressure at the time, having just lost its foray into Kashmir and India's demonstration of a successful A-bomb. Thus, the timing was perfect for A.Q. Khan, a Pakistani working at the Holland site who had made copies of all the technical material and was anxious to lead a Pakistani nuclear effort. Pakistan welcomed him back; the timing was fortuitous for him as well - Holland had just figured that he was a spy, and was watching him closely after the CIA talked them out of arresting him.

Clearly, the U.S. was aware of Khan's interests and potential even before he began working in Pakistan, and President Carter had restricting nuclear access high on his agenda. Brezezinski, however, convinced Carter to ignore Pakistan's nuclear efforts to gain their cooperation against Russia's push into Afghanistan, and ultimately through Pakistan to an Indian Ocean port. Eventually the Pakistanis also obtained considerable financial and military assistance from the U.S., as well as control over which militant Islamic sects received U.S. funding for their anti-Russian efforts in Afghanistan. (Guess who received the most funding, and got the most credit for it? The most fanatic Muslim militants, and Pakistan - despite the fact that it was U.S. money.)

Pakistan's leverage over Carter was increased further by candidate Reagan's assertion that we should not get involved in others' efforts to build nuclear weapons - "It was none of our business." Thus, Pakistan's leaders knew they could likely get a better deal if Reagan was elected. (President Reagan falsely certified Pakistan as "bomb-free" several times to permit further aid - even after Pakistan was bragging that it had one, to impress India.)

Sophisticated electronic inverters (very high-speed on-off switches) were required to control the centrifuges - Pakistan obtained them from the U.S. Other important components came from a world-wide network that included England, Holland, and Germany. Technical assistance came from China and Russia, though the Clinton administration tried to limit this. Pakistan also went to North Korea for help on a missile delivery system, and ultimately helped them with their nuclear program in '93.

Then the proliferation began. Iran bought parts and designs for centrifuges in '87 from Pakistan, and then designs for newer models and 500 of the older ones in '94. It also built a partially underground facility in the mid-90's to house a planned 50,000 centrifuges. Armstrong also reports that Khan's group approached Iraq as a possible customer in '90, but was turned down for fear that it was a U.S. sting operation. Libya became another customer in '97.

Armstrong's book ends by relating the boarding of a German freighter carrying centrifuge parts to Libya. The U.S. acted as though this was a new development - actually, our leaders had been aware and supportive from the beginning, over thirty years ago. The question now is, "Who else has been shopping at the Pakistani nuclear bazaar?"

"America and the Islamic Bomb" is very similar to another recent book (Deception: Pakistan, the United States, and the Secret Trade in Nuclear Weapons"). They both are excellent, quite similar, and complement each other. I'm hard pressed to select one or the other as "the best." Regardless, it is clear that the U.S. has played a major role in today's nuclear proliferation problems.

3 of 3 people found the following review helpful:

5.0 out of 5 stars The New Balance of Terror, June 6, 2008

By	Elizabeth Harris (Boston) - See all my reviews

This timely book is the only full account you'll find of the US role in what has become our greatest security threat, nuclear terrorism.

Reading this has helped me better understand the complicated situation in the Middle East, not an easy feat. And despite the heavy subject, it's so well written that it's an enjoyable read.

The authors clearly document how a series of failed US policies have led to our current situation. Every US administration since Eisenhower has placed short-term foreign policy concerns ahead of a commitment to curbing nuclear weapons. This has allowed Pakistan to first develop, and then sell, weapons of mass destruction. It began as part of a Cold War effort to counter the Soviet Union's influence. The US actually armed Islamic extremists; since these extremist groups later became the Taliban and Al Qaeda, we're partly responsible for their existence.

Our world today is far more dangerous than in the Cold War. Despite President Bush's claim to have stopped the AQ Khan network, most of its members are now free. There is evidence that Pakistan's nuclear proliferation and smuggling continue, so opportunity exists for religious extremists and rogue regimes to acquire WMD.

Because of misguided US strategies, we now live in a world where terrorists can acquire nuclear weapons. This, Armstrong concludes, is "the new balance of terror."