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Jefferson's War: America's First War on Terror 1801-1805 (Hardcover)

~ (Author) "Nothing in Thomas Jefferson's inauguration speech March 4 had foreshadowed his decision to embark the United States on its first war on foreign soil, in..." (more)
Key Phrases: super frigates, corsair captains, squadron commodore, United States, New York, George Washington (more...)
3.9 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (19 customer reviews)

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Product Description

Two centuries ago, the ostensibly pacifist president Thomas Jefferson launched America’s first war on foreign soil—a war against terror. The enemy was Muslim; the war was waged unconventionally, with commandos, native troops, encrypted intelligence, and foreign bases under short-term alliances. For nearly two hundred years, Barbary pirates had haunted the Mediterranean, enslaving infidels and extorting millions of dollars from European countries in a holy war against Christendom. Newly independent, American ships became a target of piracy. Instead of paying tribute, after his inauguration Jefferson chose to fight. With telling illustrations, Jefferson’s War traces the events surrounding his resolute belief that peace with the Barbary States, and the attainment of Europe’s respect, could be gained only through the "medium of war." Jefferson ordered the new U.S. Navy to Tripoli in 1801, starting the Barbary War that ended in 1805. The war proved that ship-for-ship the U.S. Navy was the equal of any navy afloat. William Eaton’s bold frontal assault on Derna with a fractious army of Arabs, disaffected Tripolitans, European mercenaries, and eight U.S. Marines punctuated the American victory as the marines ran up the Stars and Stripes over the city—the first flag-raising on hostile shores by U.S. troops.


About the Author

Joseph Wheelan, a graduate of the University of Wyoming and University of Colorado–Denver, was for 26 years an editor and reporter for the Associated Press and the Casper (Wyo.) Star-Tribune . He and his wife Pat live in Cary, North Carolina. His next book will be Jefferson’s Trial, on the treason trial of Aaron Burr.
--This text refers to the Paperback edition.

Product Details

  • Hardcover: 336 pages
  • Publisher: Carroll & Graf Publishers (July 2003)
  • Language: English
  • ISBN-10: 0786712325
  • ISBN-13: 978-0786712328
  • Product Dimensions: 9.1 x 6.2 x 1.6 inches
  • Shipping Weight: 1.6 pounds
  • Average Customer Review: 3.9 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (19 customer reviews)
  • Amazon.com Sales Rank: #935,991 in Books (See Bestsellers in Books)

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Joseph Wheelan
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Front Cover | Front Flap | Table of Contents | First Pages | Index | Back Flap | Back Cover | Surprise Me!
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Nothing in Thomas Jefferson's inauguration speech March 4 had foreshadowed his decision to embark the United States on its first war on foreign soil, in Moslem Northwest Africa. Read the first page
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super frigates, corsair captains, squadron commodore, enemy gunboats, pint spirits, bomb vessels, mortar boats, ounces bread, three frigates
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United States, New York, George Washington, Stephen Decatur, Revolutionary War, William Eaton, Murad Reis, Naval Historical Center, Navy Secretary Smith, Barbary War, North Africa, West Indies, Melli Melli, Bobba Mustapha, Richard O'Brien, Marine Corps, Thomas Jefferson, Edward Preble, Henry Wadsworth, Royal Navy, Tobias Lear, Don Joseph, George Davis, Hamouda Pacha, Isaac Hull
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43 of 50 people found the following review helpful:
3.0 out of 5 stars Deserves a read, November 1, 2003
The major reason to read this book is that there simply aren't enough books that try to give a reasonably comprehensive history of the the Tripolitan War and US policy at the time. A lot of books focusing on the war are more concerned with the naval history, and "the birth of the US Navy." That is all well and good, but the politics, policy, and financial aspects of the war deserve a lot of attention in a single volume as well as the remarkable achievements of the young Navy in the Mediterranean. Important lessons can be drawn from our experience and applied today.

However, the subtitle: "America's First War on Terror" is hyperbolic. This is understandable, though, since it will augment the book's sale, and there is nothing wrong with a book out there on this topic that is accessible to us laymen. Also, the heavy use of "The Terror" in the early chapters in referring to the piracy gets a little worn. On the other hand, Roger Albin's vituperative response to the book is totally over the top, since author Wheelan barely discusses September 11 in the preface, and nowhere in the text (see the index). It is left to the reader to draw direct (or indirect) parallels. The Barbary states weren't terrorists as we understand them today. Tactics of terror were used by these mercenary states, as were "liberal" justifications of their piracy through Koranic verse, but we should be careful about blurring those vile and venal potentates with the far more sophisticated and apocalyptic terrorists of al-Qaeda. Al-Qaeda's global political vision is far scarier, far more dangerous, and warrants a far more unrelenting and thorough destruction than the Barbary states did.

However, important lessons can be gained from studying this early naval war: (1) It was an expeditionary war that depended on mobility, improvisation, and unorthodox tactics; (2) Some enemies cannot be engaged with dialogue, or speech as we know it, but only through force and violence; (3) American domestic politics (Congress particularly) heavily favors half-measures and mediocre solutions while allowing domestic partisan fights to obscure our understanding of the enemy; and, (4) A confused domestic response undermined the country's diplomatic capital, allowing opponents to infer weakness and exploit us, compromising the military response.

Also, the inexplicable silliness of the Navy's first cruise in the Med should also be a major lesson about keeping objectives clear and firmly in mind.

Currently, those weaknesses are highly instructive, and not as some sort of validation of current policies. Addressing them reduces the country's vulnerability, and allows us to exercise power abroad more coherently and more successfully. We can also draw lessons from the great strength's of this war via this book, which were the personalities of its heroes. William Eaton, with his brazeness, creativity, and unrelenting spirit, is a great example of the American creatively making the best out of a confusing situation with the limited resources he's been allowed. For all of his often sad flaws, he should be studied by everyone.

I think JEFFERSON'S WAR merits three-and-a-half stars, mainly from the uninspiring writing, and a tendency towards a style that favors really breathless and overwritten narrative. What I really like about this book, though, is he gives a succinct, yet accurate history of the Barbary states' relations to Europe up to Tripoli's war with America, which I think is really important. Europe was tolerating the piracy in the Mediterannean for hundreds of years, so claiming that the Napoleonic Wars explains the lack of European puissance is inadequate to say the least.

Also, you will see from reading excerpts of Adams', Jefferson's, and Eaton's, letters 'et al' that the pride and dignity of a young nation being extorted by pirates was just as important to them as was its economic health; both of which were explicitly being fought for with Jefferson's policies and the US Navy's actions, and both of which are thoroughly explored in Wheelan's text, any reviewers' arguments about Wheelan's "implications" to the contrary.

A more rigorous, and I think an equally readable book, is Michael Kitzen's TRIPOLI AND THE UNITED STATES AT WAR, which is sadly out of print. It's primarily based on U.S. documents, and does a great job with William Eaton's letters.

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10 of 11 people found the following review helpful:
4.0 out of 5 stars Standing up to pirates, October 15, 2005
By R. W. Levesque (Germany) - See all my reviews
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Wheelan is a journalist who has written a "popular" history of the US war against the Barbary Pirates in the early 19th century. It is a straightforward, non-Academic narrative history that provides context and describes the war against, primarily, Tripoli. He points out that after the Europeans had spent hundreds of years bribing and placating these north African Muslims, the US refused to play the game. At first, due to a lack of resources and the fact that the US was a confederation with a powerless central government, it had to pay tribute. However, after the central government was given the right to levy taxes, one of the first things it did was raise a Navy, and the primary threat was the Barbary Coast. One of Jefferson's first actions as president was to send the Navy in harms way. Although the first two Navy commanders were too timid for the mission, Preeble put teeth to the threat. Later, an overland expedition led by former Army officer William Eaton drove Tripoli to sue for peace. Of note are the similarities between the way today's Islamic terrorists behave when compared to the Islamic pirates of the time.
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6 of 6 people found the following review helpful:
3.0 out of 5 stars A competent and detailed account of a largely forgotten war, January 15, 2007
By M. Reid "ExSoldier-HarvardGrad" (Cambridge, MA United States) - See all my reviews
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This book competently highlights "America's first global war on terror." It is the fascinating story of America's early interaction and conflict with the Barbary states in North Africa. It is a complex story that contains the whole range of diplomacy and war; courage and cowardice; brilliance and incompetence. A brief synopsis of the events covered can be found in the publisher's blurb above, and need not be repeated here. This review will serve mainly to highlight strengths and weakness of the work. The author tells the story very well but perhaps with a few too many tangents and largely irrelevant details and stories as well as the rather annoying habit of making somewhat forced comparisons between the situation at the start of the 1800s and today.

First the author has a lovely narrative flow that is perhaps necessarily hindered by a superabundance of names and places. This may well be the nature of the beast as there were four Barbary States, each with its own Deii, Bey, Pasha, Sultan, or Emperor let alone the other regional powers which will include many that the layman may find unfamiliar. Unless you have previously studied the Napoleonic Mediterranean, you may find it useful to keep a small cheat-sheet on your bookmark and a small map handy. However, this is not a serious hindrance to the serious reader.

More annoying is the author's tendency to "period hop." That is to say that he has decided to structure his work only in the most loose chronological format. Mostly he wants to follow people and places. At times this makes for a disjointed narrative. Additionally, and perhaps because of this, he also has a tendency to repeat himself. At times one can be grateful for the reminder, while at others it is annoying and slightly insulting.

Another problem with the narrative is the author's desire to tell you EVERYTHING about many of the main players. For example, in tracking the unhappy life of a US Marine officer after the events at the heart of the book he consumes a surprising number of pages when most readers would be satisfied with a simple "he became increasingly embittered and died in near disgrace." A fair bit of judicial "skimming" is indicated here.

The final issue I have with this generally good book is the Author's desire to make comparisons to the current Global War on Terror. In many cases, the comparisons are worthy and real, however, in the vast majority they are either: 1) Obvious, eliciting a "Duhhh, I could see that myself before the blinding flash of the obvious" response; 2) needling and insignificant or 3) rather forced. In a well written history, the comparisons to modern times should be self evident to the reasonably educated reader. Pointing them out seems akin to having to explain the punch line of a joke, either unnecessary or simply pointing out the inadequacy of the joke.

All that said, these are relatively minor criticisms of a well researched book. It is a very comprehensive coverage of America's first major foreign adventure and first war against an Islamic power. This is probably one of the three books I would recommend for anyone making a study of the Early US Navy and foreign policy. The other two, FYI are Barbara Tuchman's "The First Salute" and a book of the first few naval wars in American History entitled "Six Frigates".

Jefferson's War is a comprehensive and interesting account full of detail (although sometimes too much detail) of America's first "war on terror" from the halls of Washington to the Shores of Tripoli.
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Most Recent Customer Reviews

4.0 out of 5 stars The navy coming of age
On the surface, the Tripolitan wars seem to be a close parallel to Bush's "War on Terror". Terrorist Arab 'quasi-states' are terrorizing the transportation sector. Read more
Published 6 months ago by J. Hubble

4.0 out of 5 stars Intriguing Record of a (Mostly) Forgotten War
First, let me say that I really enjoyed this book. I knew very little about the subject matter going in, but I could barely put it down. Read more
Published 16 months ago by A. Dunn

3.0 out of 5 stars A little bit dry
This book just never seemed to get going for me and the writing style a little bit dry.
Published 16 months ago by Joe

4.0 out of 5 stars Readable account of America trying (literally) to get its sea legs
Joseph Wheelan tackles the story of America fighting (occasionally) a war in the early 19th Century against Tripoli for its habit of attacking U.S. Read more
Published on December 6, 2005 by M. Strong

5.0 out of 5 stars Good book, worth reading
No long-winded review, just praise for a book I enjoyed. The author illuminated a part of American history I knew little about and I'm pleased I read the book and learned from... Read more
Published on May 9, 2005 by Jonathan A. Titus

5.0 out of 5 stars A Tour de Force!!!!
This is an excellent and enlightening work!
For those seeking to understand the bigger picture of America post 911 and Operation Iraqi Freedom, this is a must have, and more... Read more
Published on March 13, 2005 by Terry Tucker

5.0 out of 5 stars Eye-opening account of a forgotten conflict
I really enjoyed reading this book. As a break from the Aubrey/Maturin novels, it was nice to read a fast paced, straight forward non-fiction account. Read more
Published on January 12, 2005 by mike esposito

4.0 out of 5 stars In addition to *Jefferson's War*...
---
...readers are strongly encouraged to seek out Fletcher Pratt's *Preble's Boys: Commodore Preble and the Birth of American Sea Power* (1950). Read more
Published on August 15, 2004 by Dr. van der Linden

3.0 out of 5 stars Stick to the History!
I did not know much about this time in history and found this book fascinating. However, the book's narrative was disrupted in several places by the author's personal thoughts... Read more
Published on July 23, 2004 by B. C. Messick

4.0 out of 5 stars Readable History
Joseph Wheelan has put together a comfortably readable narrative history of the United States involvement with the Barbary Corsairs. Read more
Published on June 25, 2004 by David Stapleton

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