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935 Lies: The Future of Truth and the Decline of America’s Moral Integrity Hardcover – June 24, 2014
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For those wielding power, whether in the private or the public sector, the increasingly sophisticated control of information is regarded as utterly essential to achieving success. Internal information is severely limited, including calendars, memoranda, phone logs and emails. History is sculpted by its absence.
Often those in power strictly control the flow of information, corroding and corrupting its content, of course, using newspapers, radio, television and other mass means of communication to carefully consolidate their authority and cover their crimes in a thick veneer of fervent racialism or nationalism. And always with the specter of some kind of imminent public threat, what Hannah Arendt called "objective enemies.'"
An epiphanic, public comment about the Bush "war on terror" years was made by an unidentified White House official revealing how information is managed and how the news media and the public itself are regarded by those in power: "[You journalists live] "in what we call the reality-based community. [But] that's not the way the world really works anymore. We're an empire now, and when we act, we create our own reality . . . we're history's actors . . . and you, all of you, will be left to just study what we do." And yet, as aggressive as the Republican Bush administration was in attempting to define reality, the subsequent, Democratic Obama administration may be more so.
Into the battle for truth steps Charles Lewis, a pioneer of journalistic objectivity. His book looks at the various ways in which truth can be manipulated and distorted by governments, corporations, even lone individuals. He shows how truth is often distorted or diminished by delay: truth in time can save terrible erroneous choices. In part a history of communication in America, a cri de coeur for the principles and practice of objective reporting, and a journey into several notably labyrinths of deception, 935 Lies is a valorous search for honesty in an age of casual, sometimes malevolent distortion of the facts.
- Print length392 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherPublicAffairs
- Publication dateJune 24, 2014
- Dimensions6.5 x 1.25 x 9.5 inches
- ISBN-101610391179
- ISBN-13978-1610391177
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Editorial Reviews
Review
Katrina vanden Heuvel, Editor and publisher of The Nation
Though people in Washington lie all the time, the word lie' is very rarely used. In 935 Lies, veteran investigative journalist Chuck Lewis reminds us, in vivid detail, of the many times government leaders and corporations have lied to us and sought to muscle the news business to keep it from exposing the truth. Don't read it and weep ... read it and get angry!”
Ray Suarez, Host, Inside Story, Al Jazeera America
Charles Lewis probably did more than anyone else to launch institutional nonprofit journalism in America. So it is worth paying attention to what he has to say His reflections, especially on network television, point up the inherent limits of our largest legacy news organizations and embody the hope that new entrants will fill the gaps in newsgathering and, thereby, enlarge the public's capacity for democratic governance.”the Wall Street Journal
935 LIES provides a powerful survey of the quest for truth amid an explosion of mis-information and misinterpretations in everything from news reporting by traditional TV media to paid lobbyists, advocates, the Internet, and more. The truth becomes even more confusing and impossible under such an onslaught, and 935 Lies explores the many ways truth is manipulated by business and political interests alike. Any college-level reader concerned with the evolving world of disinformation will find this a powerful revealing study.” Midwest Book Review
About the Author
Product details
- Publisher : PublicAffairs (June 24, 2014)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 392 pages
- ISBN-10 : 1610391179
- ISBN-13 : 978-1610391177
- Item Weight : 1.4 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.5 x 1.25 x 9.5 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #1,564,281 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #965 in Censorship & Politics
- #1,375 in Civics & Citizenship (Books)
- #2,411 in Journalism Writing Reference (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

A bestselling author and national investigative journalist for over 30 years, Charles Lewis is a tenured professor of journalism and since 2008 the founding executive editor of the Investigative Reporting Workshop at the American University School of Communication in Washington, D.C. He is the founder of The Center for Public Integrity and several other nonprofit organizations, and the author in 2014 of 935 Lies: The Future of Truth and the Decline of America's Moral Integrity.
He left a successful career as an investigative producer for ABC News and the CBS News program 60 Minutes and began the Center from his home, growing it to a full-time staff of 40 people. Under his leadership, the nonpartisan Center published roughly 300 investigative reports, including 14 books, from 1989 through 2004, and these major reporting projects were honored more than 30 times by national journalism organizations. His fifth and last co-authored book with the Center staff, The Buying of the President 2004 (HarperCollins/Perennial) was a New York Times bestseller.
In 1996, the New Yorker called The Center for Public Integrity “the center for campaign scoops.” For example, that year Lewis and the Center issued a report, Fat Cat Hotel, which first revealed that the Clinton administration had been rewarding major donors with White House overnight stays in the “Lincoln Bedroom.” In 2003, weeks before the U.S. invasion of Iraq, the Center posted secret draft “Patriot II” legislation, and in October the Center posted all of the known U.S. war contracts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Windfalls of War first identified that Halliburton and its subsidiary Kellogg Brown & Root had received the most money from those contracts, and it won the first George Polk Award for Internet Reporting.
Since 1992, Lewis has traveled and spoken publicly in 26 countries on six continents. In late 1997, he began the Center’s International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, the world’s first working network of now 185 premier reporters in more than 65 countries producing content across borders. And that made www.publicintegrity.org the “first global website devoted to international exposés.”
In 2005, Lewis co-founded Global Integrity, an independent, nonprofit organization utilizing journalists and social scientists to track governance and corruption trends around the world. And from 2005 through 2008, he served as founding president of the Fund for Independence in Journalism in Washington, an endowment and legal defense support organization for the Center for Public Integrity. During that time, he also was a consultant on access to information issues to the Carter Center in Atlanta, a Ferris Professor at Princeton University and a Shorenstein Fellow at Harvard University.
Lewis, once described as “a watchdog in the corridors of power” by the National Journal, was awarded a prestigious MacArthur Fellowship in 1998. And in 2004, PEN USA, the respected literary organization, gave its First Amendment award to Lewis, “for expanding the reach of investigative journalism, for his courage in going after a story regardless of whose toes he steps on, and for boldly exercising his freedom of speech and freedom of the press.” In 2009, the Encyclopedia of Journalism cited Lewis as “one of the 30 most notable investigative reporters in the U.S. since World War I.”
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In the opening chapters of "935 Lies" Charles Lewis chronicles some of the most egregious examples of government officials and corporate spokesmen blatantly misrepresenting the facts on a number of key issues. LBJ and officials in his administration were clearly guilty of this as they went about the business of escalating the war in Vietnam. Only a handful of courageous politicians, most notably Democratic Senator J. William Fulbright, dared speak out against the dubious course that was being charted. Then there was the well-documented cover-up by President Richard Nixon in the Watergate scandal and the 935 lies about the presence of weapons of mass destruction that the author claims President George W. Bush & Co. told in the run-up to the Iraq War. But the lies and deception have not been limited to just government officials. Over the past half-century corporations have been increasingly guilty of misrepresenting the facts and withholding crucial information from the public. Halliburton comes to mind as a prime example. Charles Lewis also spends considerable time discussing the tobacco industry. He explains why the tobacco industry was not the least bit interested in learning about the health effects of the product it was peddling and why large segments of the press were never eager to cover the story. The relationship between government, corporations and the media was becoming more and more incestuous. Lewis could see the handwriting on the wall and decided to bail out of the mainstream media in the late 1980's. He had another approach in mind. On March 30, 1989 he founded the Center for Public Integrity whose stated mission was to "to reveal abuses of power, corruption and dereliction of duty by powerful public and private institutions in order to cause them to operate with honesty, integrity, accountability and to put the public interest first."
In the final chapter of "935 Lies: The Future of Truth and the Decline of Moral Integrity" the author addresses "The Future of Truth" in America. He is cautiously optimistic. Lewis reports that promising new alliances are being forged between for-profit and non-profit journalism organizations. There appears to be a long-overdue renaissance of interest in investigative journalism. Increasing numbers of college students are showing interest in making investigative journalism a career choice. The author has even proposed a new brand multi-disciplinary academic field that he has dubbed "Accountability Studies". I think it is a marvelous idea! I found "935 Lies" to be an especially well-written book. Charles Lewis managed to hold my interest from cover to cover. Given the lackluster coverage of the current administration by the mainstream media I can only hope that Charles Lewis' optimism is justified. I will close with a salient observation from Sissela Bok's seminal 1978 book "Lying: Moral Choice in Public and Private Life" that dovetails quite nicely with what Charles Lewis is talking about in this book. She writes: "All our choices depend on our estimates of what is the case; these estimates must in turn rely on information from others. Lies distort this information and therefore our situation as we perceive it, as well as our choices." Bok goes on to say that "To the extent that knowledge gives power, to that extent do lies affect the distribution of power; they add to that of the liar, and diminish that of the deceived, altering his choices at different levels." Very highly recommended!
The familiar topics include the Gulf of Tonkin, the Pentagon Papers, Watergate, the civil rights movement, U.S. aggression and CIA overthrows, Pinochet, Iran-Contra, lying tobacco companies, and Edward R. Murrow. Lewis brings insight to these and other topics, and if he doesn't document that things were better before the 1960s, he does establish that horrible things have been getting worse since, and are now much more poorly reported on.
The New York Times and Washington Post were afraid not to print the Pentagon Papers. Nowadays a typical decision was that of the New York Times to bury its story on warrentless spying in 2004, with the explanation that printing it might have impacted an election. TV news today would not show you the civil rights movement or the war on Vietnam as it did at the time.
Lewis has hope for new media, including the Center for Public Integrity, which he founded in 1989, and which has produced numerous excellent reports, including on war profiteering, and which Lewis says is the largest nonprofit investigative reporting organization in the world.
Points I quibble with:
1. Human Rights Watch as a model media organization? Really?
2. The New America Foundation as a model media organization? Really?
3. Think tanks as a great hope for integrity in public life? Really?
4. After making 935 of the George W. Bush gang's lies a book title, you aren't sure he "knowingly" lied? Seriously?
This is the guy who wanted an excuse to attack Iraq before he had one. He told Tony Blair they could perhaps paint a U.S. plane in U.N. colors, fly it low, and hope for it to get shot at -- after which conversation the two men spoke to the media about how they were trying to avoid war. This was January 31, 2003, and is quite well documented, but I don't think a single reporter who was lied to that day has taken any offense or asked for an apology. This is the president who rushed the war to prevent completion of inspections. This is the president who made dozens of wild claims about weapons without evidence -- in fact with evidence to the contrary.
Not only does overwhelming evidence show us that Bush knew his claims about WMDs to be false, but the former president has shown us that he considers the question of truth or falsehood to be laughably irrelevant. When Diane Sawyer asked Bush why he had claimed with such certainty that there were so many weapons in Iraq, he replied: "What's the difference? The possibility that [Saddam] could acquire weapons, If he were to acquire weapons, he would be the danger." What's the difference? It's the difference between lying and meaning well. This interview is available on video.
5. Why not bring the trend of lying about wars up to date, I wonder. Since I wrote War Is A Lie we've had all the lies about drone wars, the lies about Gadaffi threatening to slaughter civilians, the lies about Iranian nukes and Iranian terrorism, the lies about Russian invasions and attacks in Ukraine, the lies about chemical weapons use in Syria, the lies about humanitarian and barbaric justifications for attacking Iraq yet again. It's hard to even keep up with the pace of the lies. But we ought to be able to properly identify the mother of all lies, and I don't think it was the Gulf of Tonkin.
6. Lewis's model of integrity is Edward R. Murrow. Among Murrow's independent and heroic credentials, according to Lewis, is that he met with President Roosevelt hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Now, I take nothing away from Murrow's reporting and the stand he later took for a free press. But why did Lewis bring up this meeting? And once he'd brought it up why did he not mention that Murrow told his wife that night that FDR had given him the "biggest story of my life, but I don't know if it's my duty to tell it or forget it." The Murrow depicted by Lewis would have known what his duty was. Murrow later told John Gunther that the story would put his kid through college if he told it. He never did.
That many people will not immediately know what the story was is testimony to a pattern that Lewis documents. Some lies take many, many years to fall apart. The biggest ones sometimes take the longest.

