After Civil Rights: Racial Realism in the New American Workplace 1st Edition
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A provocative new approach to race in the workplace
What role should racial difference play in the American workplace? As a nation, we rely on civil rights law to address this question, and the monumental Civil Rights Act of 1964 seemingly answered it: race must not be a factor in workplace decisions. In After Civil Rights, John Skrentny contends that after decades of mass immigration, many employers, Democratic and Republican political leaders, and advocates have adopted a new strategy to manage race and work. Race is now relevant not only in negative cases of discrimination, but in more positive ways as well. In today's workplace, employers routinely practice "racial realism," where they view race as real―as a job qualification. Many believe employee racial differences, and sometimes immigrant status, correspond to unique abilities or evoke desirable reactions from clients or citizens. They also see racial diversity as a way to increase workplace dynamism. The problem is that when employers see race as useful for organizational effectiveness, they are often in violation of civil rights law.
After Civil Rights examines this emerging strategy in a wide range of employment situations, including the low-skilled sector, professional and white-collar jobs, and entertainment and media. In this important book, Skrentny urges us to acknowledge the racial realism already occurring, and lays out a series of reforms that, if enacted, would bring the law and lived experience more in line, yet still remain respectful of the need to protect the civil rights of all workers.
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Editorial Reviews
Review
"Finalist for the 2014 Benjamin L. Hooks Institute for Social Change National Book Award, The University of Memphis"
"Honorable Mention for the 2015 Oliver Cromwell Cox Book Award, Racial and Ethnic Minorities Section of the American Sociological Association"
"After Civil Rights makes a compelling case for the pervasiveness of race-conscious employment practices."---Glenn Altschuler, Florida Courier
"John Skrentny, Professor of Sociology and Co-Director of the Center for Comparative Immigration Studies at UC-San Diego, gives readers a well-researched, thoroughly documented and provocative work, presenting his theory for how employers view race in the workplace in the USA. . . . Skrentny's chapter on racial realism, and its corollary, immigrant realism, in the low-wage workplace, is one I wish I had written. . . . His account of how the law works in practice and on the ground is a great read for those interested in legal studies, history, political science, sociology or civil rights."---Leticia Saucedo, LSE Review of Books
"If you want to explore deeper social policy, it is worth a read."---Barry H. Dyller, Trial
"With the book's over 1,300 notes, scores of case law findings, and dozens of studies on race and labor market outcomes, it is impossible not to be impressed by Skrentny's erudition, research prowess, and deft ability to link multiple academic disciplines under one driving question. . . . If you are a race, labor, immigration, or legal scholar you should absolutely read this book. You will never think about Title VII or the intersection of race and employment decisions in the same way again."---Charles A. Gallagher, American Journal of Sociology
"Skrentny shows that in many sectors of the labor market, race is used in ways that were unanticipated when the 1964 Civil Rights Act was enacted. . . . [His] account of racial realism in the low-skilled sector is chilling."---Kevin Lang, Journal of Economic Literature
"This book skillfully presents comprehensive empirical research and is written in a conversational style accessible to a wide audience."---Nigel Carter, Transfer
"[An] important and thought-provoking book."---Anthony S. Chen, Social Service Review
"Skrentny has authored a fascinating book that is filled with law, information about how employers operate notwithstanding the law, and empirical evidence that supports and, at times, contradicts some employers' beliefs about the usefulness of employing race as a qualifier for jobs. This empirical research should be useful to lawyers who litigate these cases using Title VII. And Skrentny comes up with a cross-disciplinary approach to solving problems. Not all of his solutions are politically or constitutionally possible, but the legislative solutions he suggests are interesting and innovative, and, perhaps in the future, may be effective."---Ann C. McGinley, Tulsa Law Review
"After Civil Rights not only contributes valuably to our understanding of how race figures into employment practices at the contemporary American workplace, it also succeeds in making the case for renewing the debate about where law and public policy should go from here."---Anthony S. Chen, Social Service Review
"Sociologist John D. Skrentny has written an important and original book examining the fundamental role played by race in hiring and other personnel decisions in the modern American workplace. The originality of his premise calls attention to a phenomenon that everyone knows about but rarely discusses as he investigates the ways in which racial considerations are taken into account by employers for a wide range of reasons, even though in principle this practice was prohibited by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and justly celebrated as a landmark statute of historic importance. Skrentny obtains remarkable mileage by exploring this simple yet apparently paradoxical state of affairs in depth and by avoiding judgmental impulses that frequently arise."---Gavin Wright, Journal of American Studies
Review
"John Skrentny's new realism about job discrimination makes a fundamental contribution to conventional understandings of the problem. The book will be a key resource for a new generation as it engages in an ongoing reassessment of the living legacy of the Civil Rights Act of 1964."―Bruce Ackerman, Yale University
"This profoundly important book, from one of our most sophisticated and influential scholars of race, paints a rich and variegated picture of contemporary American racial and ethnic relations at work. Skrentny shows that bias remains pervasive at the bottom of the occupational pyramid, even as it has moderated at the top. He makes innovative and provocative suggestions for reform that offer a ray of hope."―Frank Dobbin, author of Inventing Equal Opportunity
"After Civil Rights is a terrific book. Employers are increasingly using race-consciousness to improve their own bottom line, and they are doing so in ways that neither Congress nor the Supreme Court has expressly condoned. There is no one better suited to tell this story than Skrentny."―Deborah Malamud, New York University School of Law
From the Inside Flap
"John Skrentny's After Civil Rights will change the way we think and talk about the racial dynamics of the American workplace. It is a singular achievement, revealing in insightful ways the main strategies for managing race in employment over the past several decades. Skrentny maintains that these strategies, what he calls 'racial realism,' make American civil rights laws seem disturbingly outdated. Racial differences can be constructively managed with a focus that goes beyond the protection of rights. He addresses this disconnect head-on with compelling arguments on how the practices of racial realism can be harmonized with the American goals of justice and equal opportunity. This well-written and thoroughly researched book is a must-read."--William Julius Wilson, Harvard University
"John Skrentny's new realism about job discrimination makes a fundamental contribution to conventional understandings of the problem. The book will be a key resource for a new generation as it engages in an ongoing reassessment of the living legacy of the Civil Rights Act of 1964."--Bruce Ackerman, Yale University
"This profoundly important book, from one of our most sophisticated and influential scholars of race, paints a rich and variegated picture of contemporary American racial and ethnic relations at work. Skrentny shows that bias remains pervasive at the bottom of the occupational pyramid, even as it has moderated at the top. He makes innovative and provocative suggestions for reform that offer a ray of hope."--Frank Dobbin, author ofInventing Equal Opportunity
"After Civil Rights is a terrific book. Employers are increasingly using race-consciousness to improve their own bottom line, and they are doing so in ways that neither Congress nor the Supreme Court has expressly condoned. There is no one better suited to tell this story than Skrentny."--Deborah Malamud, New York University School of Law
From the Back Cover
"John Skrentny's After Civil Rights will change the way we think and talk about the racial dynamics of the American workplace. It is a singular achievement, revealing in insightful ways the main strategies for managing race in employment over the past several decades. Skrentny maintains that these strategies, what he calls 'racial realism, ' make American civil rights laws seem disturbingly outdated. Racial differences can be constructively managed with a focus that goes beyond the protection of rights. He addresses this disconnect head-on with compelling arguments on how the practices of racial realism can be harmonized with the American goals of justice and equal opportunity. This well-written and thoroughly researched book is a must-read."--William Julius Wilson, Harvard University
"John Skrentny's new realism about job discrimination makes a fundamental contribution to conventional understandings of the problem. The book will be a key resource for a new generation as it engages in an ongoing reassessment of the living legacy of the Civil Rights Act of 1964."--Bruce Ackerman, Yale University
"This profoundly important book, from one of our most sophisticated and influential scholars of race, paints a rich and variegated picture of contemporary American racial and ethnic relations at work. Skrentny shows that bias remains pervasive at the bottom of the occupational pyramid, even as it has moderated at the top. He makes innovative and provocative suggestions for reform that offer a ray of hope."--Frank Dobbin, author of Inventing Equal Opportunity
"After Civil Rights is a terrific book. Employers are increasingly using race-consciousness to improve their own bottom line, and they are doing so in ways that neither Congress nor the Supreme Court has expressly condoned. There is no one better suited to tell this story than Skrentny."--Deborah Malamud, New York University School of Law
About the Author
Product details
- Publisher : Princeton University Press; 1st edition (December 1, 2013)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 416 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0691159963
- ISBN-13 : 978-0691159966
- Item Weight : 1.56 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.46 x 1.21 x 9.47 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #4,076,438 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #1,938 in Civil Rights Law (Books)
- #6,060 in Law Specialties (Books)
- #7,833 in Workplace Culture (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

John Skrentny is Professor of Sociology and Co-Director of the Center for Comparative Immigration Studies (CCIS) at UC-San Diego. He is also Co-Director of the San Diego regional node of the Scholars Strategy Network. His research focuses on public policy, law and inequality, especially as they relate to the science and engineering workforce, immigration, and civil rights.
Supported by a grant from the Guggenheim Foundation, Skrentny has finished a book to assess the Civil Rights Act of 1964 at its 50th anniversary--to bring the civil rights story up to date and examine how its employment protections work for nonwhites in the current era of mass immigration and the post-industrial economy. Available from Princeton University Press, _After Civil Rights: Racial Realism in the New American Workplace_ focuses on "racial realism," or the perceptions of employers that race is real, and that strategically managing the perceived racial abilities of different groups, or the effects of racial symbolism on particular audiences, will help organizations achieve their goals. The book examines different contexts of employment and discrimination law, including business and the professions; government employment; media and entertainment; and low-skilled employment. Racial realism is a significant departure from both the Civil Rights Act and also affirmative action, and despite the widespread and elite advocacy of racial realism, it has found very little support in the courts.
Skrentny's books have included The Minority Rights Revolution (Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2002), which won the Distinguished Book Award from the Political Sociology Section of the American Sociological Association and was a finalist for the Liberty Legacy Foundation Award of the Organization of American Historians. The book was featured in author-meets-critics panels at meetings of the American Sociological Association, the Midwest Political Science Association, and the Western Political Science Association. This work was also widely reviewed in academic journals, as well as The Washington Post Book World, The Boston Globe, and The Nation. His first book, The Ironies of Affirmative Action: Politics, Culture and Justice in America (University of Chicago Press, 1996), is a study of the development and politics of affirmative action in employment for African Americans. This book was featured in a author-meets-critics panel at the conference of the Social Science History Association, was reviewed in a wide variety of academic journals, as well as The New York Review of Books, The New Yorker, The Philadelphia Inquirer, and received starred reviews in Publishers Weekly and Booklist.
He has received grants and fellowships from a variety of sources including the National Science Foundation, the Sloan Foundation, the Guggenheim Foundation, the Japan Foundation's Center for Global Partnership, the Social Science Research Council, and the Princeton University Center for Human Values. He has been active in professional societies for several disciplines including sociology, political science, history and law, reviews work and advises students in all of these fields and serves on the editorial board for the Oxford University Press book series on Contemporary American Political Development.
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The real dynamite in this book is Chapter 5:"Racial Realism in the Low-Skilled Sector." This chapter should be of intense interest to African Americans, those who are dubious about our immigration policy, and those who are concerned about the replacement of good-paying work with minimum wage jobs. Baldly stated, the author provides ample documentation that employers all over the country prefer to hire Latinos and Asians rather than African Americans or even whites because the immigrants work harder, accept lower pay, and don't complain even when working conditions are dangerous. Skrentny has quote after quote from employers all over the country illustrating this. A contractor from New Orleans: "You hire the African Americans; they all want the easy way out. The don't work long hours They always want breaks.. . ." (p.217) A personnel manager in Chicago: Blacks ". . . aren't as hard workers as the Hispanics. . ... The Black kind of has a "you owe me" kind of attitude." (p.223) Skrentny cites the work of two economists who did a survey "consisting of 365 interviews at 174 firms spread out between Atlanta, Boston, Detroit and Los Angeles." (p.224) "All lauded the work ethic of the Hispanic and Asian immigrants and denigrated the work ethic of Blacks." Again and again the African Americans are cited for "laziness" and a "you owe me" attitude. Even Black employers felt this way. (p.228)
The result has been the replacement of union jobs paying union wages for Blacks and whites and their replacement with immigrant, largely Laatino labor earning minimum wage or less. This was done consciously. When Japanese companies began opening auto companies here they went south, away from the unions and the black labor pool in the Midwest. The meat-packing industry since 1980 has become heavily mechanized and systematically and purposefully replaced African Americans with Hispanics. The Federal Government even encouraged this change! (p217-219) although Black unemployment was high in New Orleans, employers wanted Hispanics to clean up the city and "the US government granted specia l waivers on immigration restrictions, easing the hiring of undocumented workers.)
And as for the claim that immigrants who come here and start businesses are job-creators-- On the contrary, they hire fellow immigrants, no native American workers. If a company wants to hire new workers they have their existing workforce spread the news by word-of-mouth, thereby avoiding having to turn away African Americans or Blacks who might apply for the jobs. Cases have been brought, so far unsuccessfully, to have employers stop this practice.
It is hard to know why the content of this chapter has not become part of the political conversation. Too bad our politicians, political activists, and TV pundits don't bother to read.
