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Are We Spiritual Machines?: Ray Kurzweil vs. the Critics of Strong AI Paperback – March 31, 2002
- Print length228 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherDiscovery Institute
- Publication dateMarch 31, 2002
- Dimensions5.97 x 0.56 x 9.08 inches
- ISBN-100963865439
- ISBN-13978-0963865434
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Product details
- Publisher : Discovery Institute
- Publication date : March 31, 2002
- Language : English
- Print length : 228 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0963865439
- ISBN-13 : 978-0963865434
- Item Weight : 12 ounces
- Dimensions : 5.97 x 0.56 x 9.08 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #670,390 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #1,279 in Artificial Intelligence & Semantics
- #2,056 in History & Philosophy of Science (Books)
- #14,657 in Philosophy (Books)
About the authors

Jay W. Richards, Ph.D., O.P., is the William E. Simon Senior Research Fellow at the Heritage Foundation in Washington, DC. He is also a Senior Fellow at the Discovery Institute, Executive Editor of The Stream, Assistant Research Professor in the Busch School of Business and Fellow of the Institute for Human Ecology at The Catholic University of America.
Richards is author or editor of a dozen books including the New York Times bestsellers Infiltrated (2013) and Indivisible (2012). He is also the author of Money, Greed, and God, winner of a 2010 Templeton Enterprise Award; co-author of The Privileged Planet with astronomer Guillermo Gonzalez; and co-author with Jonathan Witt of The Hobbit Party: The Vision of Freedom that J.R.R. Tolkien Got and the West Forgot. His most recent books are The Human Advantage: The Future of American Work in the Age of Smart Machines; Eat, Fast, Feast; and The Price of Panic
Richards’ articles and essays have been published in The Harvard Business Review, Wall Street Journal, Newsweek, The New York Post, Barron’s, Washington Post, Forbes, Fox News, National Review Online, The Hill, Investor’s Business Daily, Washington Times, The Philadelphia Inquirer, The Huffington Post, The Federalist, The American Spectator, The Daily Caller, The Imaginative Conservative and many other publications. His topics range from culture, economics, and public policy to natural science, technology, and the environment.
He is also creator and executive producer of several documentaries, including three that have appeared widely on PBS—The Call of the Entrepreneur, The Birth of Freedom, and The Privileged Planet.
Richards’ work has been covered in The New York Times (front page news, science news, and editorial), The Washington Post (news and editorial), The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Times, Nature, Science, Astronomy, Physics Today, Reuters, The Chronicle of Higher Education, American Enterprise, Congressional Quarterly Researcher, World, National Catholic Register, Catholic World Report, and American Spectator.
An experienced public speaker, Richards has appeared on several hundred radio and television programs, including Larry King Live (CNN), CBS Evening News, BBC, Huckabee, Dayside, Fox and Friends, Studio B with Shepard Smith (Fox News), Bloomberg TV, Glenn Beck TV, Yahoo Finance, Life Today, PBS, CBN, and TBN, The Michael Medved Show, The Mitch Albom Show, The Thom Hartmann Program, The Dennis Prager Show, Linda Chavez, The Mark Davis Show, The Bible Answer Man, Janet Parshall’s America, Al Kresta, Teresa Tomeo, Drew Mariani, Cardinal Dolan, and many others.
He has lectured at conferences as diverse as the Western Economic Association, South by Southwest, Intercollegiate Studies Institute, and the Evangelical Theological Society; on dozens of college and university campuses around the world; at think tanks, including the Cato Institute, the American Enterprise Institute, Acton Institute, the Foundation for Economic Education, the New America Foundation and the Heritage Foundation; at numerous public policy meetings, such as the Heritage Resource Bank, the Council for National Policy, and the Atlas Freedom Forum; in Christian forums such as Legatus, Knights of Malta, and Catholic Professionals; and on several occasions to members of the U.S. Congress and U.S. congressional staff.
In January 2008, his debate with the late Christopher Hitchens at Stanford University, moderated by Ben Stein and Michael Cromartie, was broadcast live to several hundred North American churches.
Richards has a Ph.D., with honors, in philosophy and theology from Princeton Theological Seminary. He also has an M.Div. (Master of Divinity), a Th.M. (Master of Theology), and a B.A. with majors in Political Science and Religion. He lives with his family in the Washington, DC Metro area.

Ray Kurzweil is a world class inventor, thinker, and futurist, with a thirty-five-year track record of accurate predictions. He has been a leading developer in artificial intelligence for 61 years – longer than any other living person. He was the principal inventor of the first CCD flat-bed scanner, omni-font optical character recognition, print-to-speech reading machine for the blind, text-to-speech synthesizer, music synthesizer capable of recreating the grand piano and other orchestral instruments, and commercially marketed large-vocabulary speech recognition software. Ray received a Grammy Award for outstanding achievement in music technology; he is the recipient of the National Medal of Technology and was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. He has written five best-selling books including The Singularity Is Near and How To Create A Mind, both New York Times best sellers, and Danielle: Chronicles of a Superheroine, winner of multiple young adult fiction awards. His forthcoming book, The Singularity Is Nearer, will be released June 25, 2024. He is a Principal Researcher and AI Visionary at Google.
Top reviews from the United States
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- Reviewed in the United States on November 30, 2002The work, inventions, and opinions of Ray Kurzweil in the field of artificial intelligence have captured media attention and the attention of philosophers and researchers in artificial intelligence. But not only is Kurzweil one of the most brilliant and controversial of all the individuals working in artificial intelligence, he is also the most optimistic. This optimism holds not only for the future technology of artificial intelligence, predicted by Kurzweil to give independent thinking machines in the next three decades, but also for its social impact. Kurzweil believes that artificial intelligence will work for the benefit of humankind, but that this benefit will depend to a great degree on his belief that humans will take on technology that will effectively make them cybernetic.
The controversy behind Kurzweil stems from his recent book "The Age of Spirtual Machines", which is a detailed accounting of his predictions and beliefs regarding artificial intelligence. Many individuals objected to his visions and predictions, and he answers a few of them in this book. In particular, he attempts to counter the arguments against him by the philosopher John Searle, the molecular biologist Michael Denton, the philosopher William A. Dembski, and zoologist Thomas Ray. With only a few minor exceptions, Kurzweil is successful in his refutation of their assertions.
But even if Kurzweil completely refutes the arguments of these individuals, and possibly many more against him, the countering of arguments will not by itself solve the problems in artificial intelligence research. The fact remains that much work still needs to be done before we are priveleged to see the rise of intelligent machines. Kurzweil is well-aware of this, for he acknowledges this many times in this book. He points to reverse engineering of the human brain as one of the most promising strategies to bring in the robotic presence. The success or failure of this strategy will take the mind-body problem out of purely academic circles and bring it to the forefront of practical research in artificial intelligence. The 21st century will thus see the rise of the "industrial philosopher", who works in the laboratory beside the programmers, cognitive scientists, robot engineers, and neurologists.
Each reader of this book will of course have their own opinions on Kurzweil's degree of success in countering the arguments of Searle, Denton, Dembski, and Ray. But one thing is very clear: Kurzweil is no arm-chair philosopher engaging in purely academic debates on the mind-body problem. He is right in the thick of the research and development of artificial intelligence, and if the future turns out as he predicts, he will certainly be one of the individuals contributing to it. He and many others currently working in artificial intelligence are responsible for major advances in this field in just the last few years. Their ingenuity and discipline is admirable in a field that has experienced a roller coaster ride of confidence and disappointment in the preceding decades. All of these individuals have proved themselves to be superb thinking machines.
- Reviewed in the United States on June 25, 2012This is an informative conceptual work by a world innovator in the mechanical thinking and processing world. His work is paramount in allowing the student of the computer to see artificial intelligence advancements and the logic unraveling the difficulties associated with a coming machine led world. As the subject is quite futuristic in consideration, after his text a reader might re think the world of A.I.
I personally disagree with this world renowned genius about the value of A.I. when the GW sequences of events are increasing global devastation. Or I feel he over values A.I. as whether humans will have the ability to exist next to and participate in an inferior societal positioning to the machine, is even livable or survivable. We will prove it one way or another with CO2 and methane, regardless of A.I. and computer superiority. We may arrive at the door step to bake our planet before we are assimilated.
ChangeItOrDrownIt
B 36 Ears
- Reviewed in the United States on February 6, 2003I enjoy reading Kurzweil because he's an adventurous thinker. This book is particularly fun because some other fine minds take him to task. Ray holds up well because he's a reasonable thinker. Although some of his predicitions seem outlandish, they may not be. You can't read this book without engaging in a lot of interesting visualization about the future. Some of it is frightening, but there is hope as well. Will the future runaway on it's own or will we be in charge? I don't know, but I'm sure thinking about it, now.
- Reviewed in the United States on June 28, 2013Opinion about whether we are spirituals machines or not comes after we know what is meant by spritual?
Time, space, spirit or soul, working of mind etc these are all beyond the realm of science. Science is limited to five senses. What can not be sensed with these five senses is beyond science. We may not ever be able to know the truth about these. We can feel happy to postulate theories but these will never be definitely proved.
And there comes the truth about existence of God, the One Who created all these and has the knowledge.
Science has not even come to know what is the nature of the smallest particle and of what substance is it made of. In fact the scientists are still arguing over whether the smallest particle is matter or energy? The same is the case of nature of light which can perfectly be considered as energy and equally proved as mass!
Hence we can not be machines, spiritually or mateially. We all are unique entity with free will within limited parameters and will be answerable to the Creator for how we behave in this life and be punished or rewarded in the hereafter life.
Taimur Tareen
- Reviewed in the United States on March 7, 2005In this book, the pessimists bring to light some huge mountains that will have to be crossed before AI ever becomes a reality. The same ideas are repeated over and over and over again. A lack of having a steady stream of new information soon becomes tedious to get through. Nevertheless, new information does keep pouring in, albeit at a slow place, and makes reading the entire book worthwhile for any AI enthusiast.
- Reviewed in the United States on July 24, 2013Very interesting read on strong artificial intelligence. It's pretty much what the title says: Ray Kurzweil arguing about ideas on strong ai and the future. His ideas are really interesting. He pretty much predicts that the future will be like Ghost in the Shell anime with people becoming cyborgs and uploading your mind to the internet.
- Reviewed in the United States on August 1, 2016Ray Kurzweil is an amazing scientist and amazing human being. This book is a challenge to get through, because it's packed with the real deal, and you won't come away from it without gaining real insight. Unfortunately look at the subject matter? Not fun - but - most likely true.
Top reviews from other countries
Amazon CustomerReviewed in Canada on May 28, 20183.0 out of 5 stars Three Stars
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