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The Battle of Midway (Pivotal Moments in American History) Illustrated Edition
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In this absolutely riveting account of a key moment in the history of World War II, one of America's leading naval historians, Craig L. Symonds paints an unforgettable portrait of ingenuity, courage, and sacrifice. Symonds begins with the arrival of Admiral Chester A. Nimitz at Pearl Harbor after the devastating Japanese attack, and describes the key events leading to the climactic battle, including both Coral Sea--the first battle in history against opposing carrier forces--and Jimmy Doolittle's daring raid of Tokyo. He focuses throughout on the people involved, offering telling portraits of Admirals Nimitz, Halsey, Spruance and numerous other Americans, as well as the leading Japanese figures, including the poker-loving Admiral Yamamoto. Indeed, Symonds sheds much light on the aspects of Japanese culture--such as their single-minded devotion to combat, which led to poorly armored planes and inadequate fire-safety measures on their ships--that contributed to their defeat. The
author's account of the battle itself is masterful, weaving together the many disparate threads of attack--attacks which failed in the early going--that ultimately created a five-minute window in which three of the four Japanese carriers were mortally wounded, changing the course of the Pacific war in an eye-blink.
Symonds is the first historian to argue that the victory at Midway was not simply a matter of luck, pointing out that Nimitz had equal forces, superior intelligence, and the element of surprise. Nimitz had a strong hand, Symonds concludes, and he rightly expected to win.
- ISBN-100195397932
- ISBN-13978-0195397932
- EditionIllustrated
- PublisherOxford University Press
- Publication dateOctober 5, 2011
- LanguageEnglish
- Dimensions9.3 x 1.4 x 6.4 inches
- Print length464 pages
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Editorial Reviews
Review
"The Battle of Midway was the hinge on which the war in the Pacific turned. Its story deserves retelling, and Symonds' book does a wonderful job of it." --The American Spectator
"Mr. Symonds has marshaled the data of seven decades to produce an account that is clear and readable, benefiting from his easy expertise in naval matters." --The Wall Street Journal
"Important...documenting a role too often overlooked and too little understood: the essential role played by the U.S. Navy in winning the war in the Pacific." - The Dallas Morning News
"[W]holly satisfying . . . a lucid, intensely researched, mildly revisionist account of a significant moment in American military history." --Kirkus Reviews, starred review
"Craig Symonds has delivered yet another outstanding work, a work that will set the standard for studies of the Battle of Midway for years to come. Even if one thinks one knows all there is to know about Midway, Mr. Symonds' plethora of new facts, rationales for what and why each side performed the way it did, human interest stories and more make The Battle of Midway indispensable . . . The story of the battle unfolding and being fought is absolutely outstanding, but the events before and after it are equally well told. In addition, the supporting charts, photographs, references and bibliography are awesome. For anyone at all interested in the Battle of Midway, the Pacific War or the Navy, this is a must read."
--The Washington Times
Selected as a Best Book of 2011 by Military History Quarterly
"Deeply researched, shrewdly argued, and powerfully narrated, The Battle of Midway is a superb work of the historian's craft. It easily takes its place as the best and most comprehensive account of the pivotal battle from the American perspective." -Richard B. Frank, author of Guadalcanal: The Definitive Account of the Landmark Battle and Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire
"In The Battle of Midway Symonds has effectively synthesized the huge mass of information about the Midway battle into a fast-moving, highly readable account filled with nuggets of fascinating biographical material about many of the principals, both American and Japanese . . . Symonds describes the scenes of the Battle of Midway itself with the knowing eye of a fine historian . . . Craig Symonds has crafted an excellent addition to the pantheon of important literature about the transcendent American naval victory at Midway. The Battle of Midway deserves to be read and enjoyed." --Naval History
"Compulsively readable" --The Week
"Well documented through interviews, official records, and secondary sources, the book will show readers that Midway was, as Wellington would have said, "a close-run thing." General military history enthusiasts will be fascinated, and specialists will revel in the careful dissection of the action. -- Library Journal
"[A] superb narrative, clearly, vividly, and energetically written, with attention to detail that is always relevant to his interpretation . . . this book will be read appreciatively by other non-specialists. Indeed, it demonstrates why military history should not be considered 'merely' a 'niche' subject, but part of the mainstream of the national narrative." --HNN.com
"A fascinating and informative retelling of the most important naval battle of the Pacific War. Symonds once again demonstrates his superb mastery of his craft." -Jonathan Parshall, co-author of Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway
Chosen as one of Proceedings Notable Books of 2011
About the Author
Craig L. Symonds is Professor of History Emeritus at the United States Naval Academy. He is the author of many books on American naval history, including Decision at Sea: Five Naval Battles That Shaped American History as well as Lincoln and His Admirals, co-winner of the Lincoln Prize in 2009.
Product details
- Publisher : Oxford University Press; Illustrated edition (October 5, 2011)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 464 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0195397932
- ISBN-13 : 978-0195397932
- Item Weight : 1.61 pounds
- Dimensions : 9.3 x 1.4 x 6.4 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #153,206 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #128 in Japanese History (Books)
- #239 in Naval Military History
- #1,230 in World War II History (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
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About the author

Craig L. Symonds is Professor Emeritus at the United States Naval Academy where he taught naval history and Civil War History for thirty years.
A native of Anaheim, California, Symonds earned his B.A. degree at U.C.L.A., and his Masters and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Florida where he studied under the late John K. Mahon. In the 1970s he was a U.S. Navy officer and the first ensign ever to lecture at the prestigious Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. After his naval service, Symonds remained at the War College as a civilian Professor of Strategy from 1974-1975.
He came to the Naval Academy in 1976, and during his thirty-year career there he became a very popular professor whose Civil War classes were always over-subscribed. He was named teacher of the Year in 1988, and the Researcher of the Year in 1998, the first person ever to win both awards. He chaired the History Department from 1988 to 1992. He also chaired the Naval Academy Self Study for institutional accreditation, the Curriculum Reform Committee, and served on the Naval Academy Admissions Board. In addition to the Meritorious Civilian Service Medal, he was awarded the Civilian Meritorious Service Medal three times. From 1994 to 1995 he served as Professor of Strategy and Policy at the Britannia Naval College in Dartmouth, England.
Symonds is the author of twelve books and the editor of nine others. In addition he has written over one hundred scholarly articles in professional journals and popular magazines as well as more than twenty book chapters in historical anthologies. Five of his books were selections of the Book-of-the-Month Club, and six have been selections of the History Book Club. His books have won the Barondess Lincoln Prize, the Daniel and Marilyn Laney Prize, the S.A. Cunningham Award, the Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt Prize, and the John Lyman book Prize three times. In 2009 he shared the $50,000 Lincoln Prize with James M. McPherson. He also won the "Annie" Award in Literary Arts given by Anne Arundel County, Maryland.
Symonds was a Trustee of the Society of Military History, and serves on the Executive Committee of the Lincoln Forum, and the board of Directors of the Admiral Nimitz Foundation. He was a member of the Lincoln Prize Committee and chaired the Jefferson Davis Prize Committee. He is a member of the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Committee. From 2005 to 1007 he was Chief Historian of the USS Monitor Center at the Mariners' Museum in Newport News, Virginia, helping oversee the opening and promotion of that exhibit.
Now retired, Symonds is much in demand around the country as a speaker on Civil War subjects. He has spoken at Civil War Round Tables in twenty-seven states and two foreign countries, given tours of battlefields and other historical sites, and helped conduct leadership workshops based on the life of Abraham Lincoln. Craig and his wife, Marylou, live in Annapolis, Maryland.
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The book also shows how valuable RADAR was during the Pacific War as the Japanese did not have it. This book also underscores the diplomacy Nimitz was able to muster to deal with Generals MacArthur & Marshal and Admiral King, plus President Franklin Roosevelt
Much has been written about each of them, but the literature on the Battle of Midway is not as voluminous as that with respect to the others- probably because it was a single event, essentially over in a matter of hours, but no less important. But. regardless of any other stories, there are two marvelous histories about Midway that every American should read. The first - and perhaps the more readable - is Incredible Victory by Walter Lord, published in 1967 (a book which I have read and reread at least three times over the years,), and now there is this new one by Craig L. Symonds who is a professional historian, a Professor of History and the retired Chairman of the Department of History at the Naval Academy, a book which is by far the more scholarly of the two but no less enthralling. The APPENDICES contain a lot of useful technical information and source material for those who want to explore further.
I think most of you know the plot: The prewar Japanese strategy was to invite a battle to the death with the American fleet after which, assuming the Americans were defeated, America would settle with Japan for some kind of deal which would give Japan the territorial security and resources she so badly needed to become a true world power. Hence the sneak attack on Pearl Harbor which failed in the sense that, while it destroyed the American battle line, it didn't destroy any American carriers. So the ongoing Japanese strategy after December 7, 1941 was to create an incident that would cause the carriers and what was left of the fleet to come out and fight, the hope being that the ensuing Japanese victory would result in an American compromise before American manpower and the American industrial machine became overwhelming.
The bait for the Americans was Midway. In Japanese hands it would be an intolerable threat to Hawaii and the Eastern Pacific, including the American West Coast. Hence the conceived seizure of Midway in June 1941 with the main Japanese surface fleet lying in wait to the North with the Kido Butai not too far away. (The Kino Butai was the Japanese Striking Force of four front-line carriers (Kaga, Akaki, Soryu and Hiryu) which had laid waste to opposing naval forces in the Southwest Pacific from December on and was now ready to take out the American carriers when they appeared. - after which the main fleet would do its duty.)
Most of you know what happened. The Americans had broken the Japanese Naval Code and rather than the Kido Butai which lay in wait there were three American carriers - Yorktown, Enterprise and Hornet - which lay in wait 200 miles northeast of the Kido Butai and, attacking the Kido Butai when its carriers were recovering planes, inflicted fatal damage on three in eight minutes and finished off the fourth later in the day.
Symonds writes with authority. He's easily read, gives more factual detail than Lord and seems to me to a bit more at home with the facts.
There ere are two problems common to both books with respect to which you need to be warned. First, the general outline of who flew where and when and what happened is pretty clear, but as a reader I have always been confused in trying to follow the action of several units fighting contemporaneously over several miles of sky and in several locations; and, frankly, I'm not sure that having read all the action reports and talking with the survivors the authors themselves know exactly what happened. Two men involved in a real action don't always see it the same ; so if you have ten men in one flight it's even more difficult to "get the story straight". Second, You need good charts to follow the action. Incredible Victory didn't have them and while The Battle Of Midway did have several I simply couldn't follow them as they appeared on my Kindle (the scale was too small).
I would be remiss without mentioning the fact that each of these books read now in 2011 bring back memories of how anxious we were on the West Coast (I was then in a dull job in Naval Intelligence in San Francisco.) during and after Coral Sea and how relieved we were after Midway. We owed so much to the heroic and superbly trained Naval Aviators who fought the Zeroes and their bombers (Kates et. al.) with inadequate F4Fs and the Dauntless dive bombers. While a good part of the Japanese Naval air power was lost at Midway, it continued to be a power until the F6Fs and the F4Us came on line with the new carriers in 1943. Carrier duty is still hazardous - very hazardous - but then it was a killer - literarilly.
To sum up this writers opinion of the subject book: This is a substantial well-written authoritative book of history which deserves the attention and thought of everyone interested in the subject of Midway. It's not a major "literary" event; it's a good book, and for all Americans who want to know about how their countrymen fought the Second World War it's a "must".
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One of the many things that grabbed me in particular was the level of detail he provides, in a relatively modest space, on all kinds of matters relevant to the battle. This is what brings the battle scenes alive, and also what sometimes makes them work. What actually happens when you dive-bomb in a Dauntless from 20,000 feet? How were Japanese and American naval pilots trained? What were the relationships between American divebomber pilots and their rear gunners/radiomen? Why were the extra pair of 50-calibre machineguns on the newer version of the Wildcat a bad idea? Exactly how much of the messages encoded using JN-25 could the Americans both decrypt and read? He addresses all the issues that are usually raised. Was the battle really an "incredible victory", as Lord's famous book would have it? Did the Dauntlesses' attack at 1025-ish on 4th June really catch the Japanese carriers with their strike force on the flight decks, only moments from launching against the American carriers? What was the role of the Aleutians operation in the Japanese plan? Why did so many American strike aircraft run out of fuel? You'll find all the answers here.
Other reviewers have pointed to Symonds' backgrounding of the Hornet's "flight to nowhere". Symonds explains exactly why this happened, providing the fullest and most illuminating account I've yet read of this inglorious episode. Along the way he corrects a huge misunderstanding due to a piece of possible mendacity by Marc Mitscher that has plagued subsequent accounts almost as much as Fuchida's invention of the "fatal five minutes". He made me truly aware of the extent to which human failure and bad practice - to say nothing of outright mutiny - rather than just bad luck was responsible. "Inglorious" is in fact a word that could be used to describe the Hornet's role in the battle generally. The American victory is magnified by the fact that, for the most part, they effectively fought with only two carriers against the Japanese four. It's actually a good thing that Symonds' book is not terribly long, because what he winds up doing is lucidly digesting the huge wealth of data and detail to be found in Isom's Midway Inquest: Why the Japanese Lost the Battle of Midway , and more particularly in Parshall and Tully's Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway .
Another engaging aspect of Symond's book is the telling synchronicity he highlights between the various strands of the battle, helping to relate them to each other in the reader's mind. One example concerns the necessarily intricate, and potentially confusing, sequence of events on the day itself. There are four main aspects of this sequence: the ships and the aircraft of the opposing forces. Symonds' narrative drive is strengthened by his remarks to the effect that, for example, Waldron's Hornet torpedo squadron broke off from the rest of the strike force to follow its leader's intuition at about the same time that Nagumo was deciding to recover the Midway strike force before launching a full strike against the newly-discovered American carriers. He also does this on a larger canvas, occasionally to devastating effect. The two American carriers involved in the Coral Sea rendezvoused on the same day that the Japanese started their farcical Midway operation wargames, and two days later, as those games were still underway, the participants received news that their new base at Tulagi had been bombed by American planes that could only have come from a carrier. Symonds' observation is superfluous in the context of what happened - and that's precisely the shocking thing. Something OUGHT to have happened to the Midway plan when the Japanese realised that at least one American carrier was 3,500 miles away from where they had expected it to be: timorously tucked up in bed at Pearl Harbor, waiting for the next Japanese move. But they simply pretended it wasn't true and carried on as normal, treating the games as if they had validated the Midway operation. If any episode demonstrates that the Japanese deserved to lose at Midway, this is surely it.
Symonds backgrounds events thoroughly enough to ensure an equally thorough understanding of them in the reader's mind. The Coral Sea gets almost as much attention as Midway itself, which is only proper, given the impact that both the conduct and the fates of the carriers involved had on the latter battle. He spells out in full the events leading up to the collision of the heavy cruisers Mogami and Mikuma, including Yamamoto's ill-judged attempt to salvage the plan after the sinking of Kido Butai, as well as the crucial extent of the role played by the submarine Nautilus. He also covers in full the initial American ripostes to Pearl Harbor, derisory though they might seem to us. They weren't to the Japanese, as it turns out; their raid on Marcus Island, only 1,000 miles from Japan, shows up Kido Butai's raid into the Indian Ocean for the terrifying but ultimately empty gesture it was. Of course, if that attack had actually been part of a proper strategy designed to link up with the Germans in the Middle East, there was a vague possibility that things might have been different, as H.P. Willmott explains in The Barrier and the Javelin: Japanese and Allied Strategies, February to June 1942 . But the Axis powers were too self-serving to indulge in the only strategy that could conceivably have driven the Allies to the negotiating table (an eventuality that was only ever an outside chance), and so the raid remained meaningless - unlike the American one on Marcus, in the light of its consequences.
Like Willmott, Symonds analyses the battle's significance. He's obviously taken on board his predecessor's point about Midway not being the "turning point" of the Pacific War, in that it rendered American victory inevitable. Pearl Harbor did that. But Symond's image of the war "tilting on the fulcrum of the Battle of Midway" is neatly apposite. This is the best, and by far the most enlightening, account of the battle I've read. I have yet to actually read (as opposed to thoroughly skim through) Parshall and Tully, which is on my shelves, but that's a different kettle of fish: much bigger, crammed with the kind of detail that Symonds so effortlessly and lucidly summarises, and focusing on the Japanese point of view. That's what makes these two books, which together represent the latest thinking on the subject, a perfect pair. In particular, Parshall and Tully's 'Shattered Sword' take a machete to Fuchida's Midway: The Battle That Doomed Japan : The Japanese Navy's Story , which has influenced every subsequent major Western account - for the worse. (It turns out that Japanese scholars have known about Fuchida's unreliability for decades.)
The Kindle formatting of Symond's work is uniformly excellent. Maps are clear, as is the Table of Contents, and the footnotes work both ways, making navigation a doddle.
The book covers the Naval War in the Pacific from Peal Harbour, when the Japanese Kido Butai inflicted horrendous damage to the American Naval base at Pearl Harbour, and then ran rampant in the Western Pacific for 6 months, seemingly invincible.
The first engagement between American Carrier Forces and Japanese Carriers was in the Battle of the Coral Sea, which saw the loss of the USS Lexington, this battle was a tactical victory for the Japanese but a strategic victory for the USN as Japan withdrew its invasion force heading for Port Moresby.
There is a school of thought that suggests the American victory at Midway was mainly by good luck, but the Americans had the advantage of excellent intelligence, thanks to code breakers who had advance knowledge of Japan's intentions at Midway, down to the timing and direction of attack that allowed Nimitz and his Admirals to prepare for the battle and avoid the trap that Yamamoto had planned for the American Carrier force. The other major advantage the USN had was radar, that removed the element of surprise from Japanese air attack.
Craig Symonds has managed to meld the "big Picture" with the tactical details of the conflict, the decisions of the Admirals on the scene as well as the human interest stories of the ordinary sailors and aviators who bore the brunt of the fighting and bloodshed.
i commend this excellent book to all who are students of modern warfare or have an strong interest in Military History.
We in Australia, can be grateful that the United States Navy prevailed at Midway, and set the seal on an American Victory in the Pacific. Our history could have been very different if the Japanese had won at Midway, we certainly would not have been the lucky country.










