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The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information 1st Edition
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Every day, corporations are connecting the dots about our personal behavior―silently scrutinizing clues left behind by our work habits and Internet use. The data compiled and portraits created are incredibly detailed, to the point of being invasive. But who connects the dots about what firms are doing with this information? The Black Box Society argues that we all need to be able to do so―and to set limits on how big data affects our lives.
Hidden algorithms can make (or ruin) reputations, decide the destiny of entrepreneurs, or even devastate an entire economy. Shrouded in secrecy and complexity, decisions at major Silicon Valley and Wall Street firms were long assumed to be neutral and technical. But leaks, whistleblowers, and legal disputes have shed new light on automated judgment. Self-serving and reckless behavior is surprisingly common, and easy to hide in code protected by legal and real secrecy. Even after billions of dollars of fines have been levied, underfunded regulators may have only scratched the surface of this troubling behavior.
Frank Pasquale exposes how powerful interests abuse secrecy for profit and explains ways to rein them in. Demanding transparency is only the first step. An intelligible society would assure that key decisions of its most important firms are fair, nondiscriminatory, and open to criticism. Silicon Valley and Wall Street need to accept as much accountability as they impose on others.
- ISBN-100674368274
- ISBN-13978-0674368279
- Edition1st
- PublisherHarvard University Press
- Publication dateJanuary 5, 2015
- LanguageEnglish
- Dimensions6.25 x 1.5 x 9.5 inches
- Print length320 pages
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Editorial Reviews
Review
A timely and important book about the algorithmic processes that play such central roles in our emerging information society. Pasquale explores the abuses that have resulted from insufficient transparency and exposes the inability of either markets or regulators to instill appropriate levels of accountability. He is not a reflexive technology-basher, however, but instead offers judicious reform proposals. (Julie E. Cohen, author of Configuring the Networked Self: Law, Code, and the Play of Everyday Practice)
Frank Pasquale’s new book on the secret algorithms that motor the monstrous heart of big data is a timely work of non-fiction, a ‘true conspiracy’ about regulatory weakness in the face of technological hubris and greed. (Jonathon Sturgeon Flavorwire)
Frank Pasquale’s notable new book, The Black Box Society, tries to come to grips with the dangers of ‘runaway data’ and ‘black box algorithms’ more comprehensively than any other book to date…It’s an important read for anyone who is interested in the hidden pitfalls of ‘big data’ and who wants to understand just how quantified our lives have become without our knowledge. (David Auerbach Slate)
Everyone who uses the Internet for entertainment, education, news or commerce is implicated in a web of data collection whose breadth surpasses ordinary awareness…As [Pasquale’s] exposé…shows, this is a society in which basic functions are performed in deliberate obscurity through the collection and algorithmic manipulation of personal data…In The Black Box Society, Pasquale finds reason to believe that even some of the most secretive and unresponsive institutions can be held to account. Elucidating the problem is a first step. (Steven Aftergood Nature)
The Black Box Society is a frightening portrait of the ever more powerful shadowy world that blocks light from reaching our everyday lives. It is also a call to action, with a range of suggestions that inevitably pale in comparison to the gargantuan task at hand. But small steps sometimes have outsize consequences. Just ask the folks who control what we see, influence what we buy, and determine whether we can pay for it. (Brenda Jubin Reading the Markets)
The Black Box Society offers a good dose of fresh thinking and may advance our debates over privacy. It also helps greatly that it is a good read, not just for those who are curious about privacy but also for those who are already familiar with the privacy literature. (Viktor Mayer-Schönberger Science)
If you are a person in America, then there are equations trying to learn more about you…Some of these equations work for private companies and some of them work for the government, but they all generate correlations based on your behavior…Frank Pasquale’s new book The Black Box Society is a tour of how computational intelligence has come to dominate three important parts of American life: reputation, search, and finance. (Malcolm Harris New Republic)
This book by Pasquale is disturbing. The premise is that corporate and public unchecked use of computer algorithms to collect and analyze data harms the public…Pasquale calls out Google, Facebook, and the financial industry for unchecked use of data to make profits and broken promises of privacy protection. (Harry Charles Library Journal)
The algorithmic control that law scholar Frank Pasquale eloquently and intelligently details and analyzes goes beyond money information and into almost every aspect of our lives. For this reason, although it might appear merely to be a book about technology and finance, The Black Box Society, ultimately, is a radical and political work that deserves wide attention… The Black Box Society includes, for example, a fine explanation of the way that corporate and government surveillance work in concert and why we should be concerned about both… [Pasquale’s] brutal on the subject of the NSA, but devastating in his critique of Facebook, Twitter and Google and the myths that continue to surround them: myths of neutrality, myth about the ephemeral nature of their power and more. His analysis of search is pointed and poignant, underlining that we need to understand it better and treat search results more critically and sceptically… Pasquale’s detailed analyses, and his recipes not just for transparency but also for accountability, for more rigour in regulation and harder-hitting enforcement, deserve a careful read―and then action. (Paul Bernal Times Higher Education)
Pasquale has emerged as one of the go-to thinkers on Big Data and the algorithmic economy, and The Black Box Society (along with his Twitter feed) is a great―if discomfiting―place to start. You’ll come away overwhelmed by the speed and recklessness of data compilation and its uses and abuses. (Jonathon Sturgeon Flavorwire)
By carefully breaking down ‘the business practices of leading Internet and finance companies, focusing on their use of proprietary reputation, search, and finance technologies,’ Pasquale pulls off an amazing feat of explanation, simultaneously and seamlessly explaining how and why black boxes exist, as well as what they can control and what happens when society entrusts black box technology with consequential decisions and hands immense power to the black box firms of Silicon Valley and Wall Street…The Black Box Society is a first-rate work of synthesis, combining ideas from law and economics, interpretive social science, science studies, and the philosophy of technology into an essential study of the political economy of information. (Thomas Drueke Law Library Journal)
Review
-- Lawrence Joseph Commonweal
An exhilarating read, brimming with passion. Pasquale’s bold and ambitious book lifts the lid on the ‘black box society’ by tackling a wide array of issues, from secrecy in finance to credit scoring, from search engines to automated decision-making, from institutional transparency to the relationship between government and big corporations. Writing with urgency and utter conviction, he paints a compelling―and devastating―picture of the world that we are building.
-- Daniel J. Solove, author of Nothing to Hide: The False Tradeoff between Privacy and Security
A timely and important book about the algorithmic processes that play such central roles in our emerging information society. Pasquale explores the abuses that have resulted from insufficient transparency and exposes the inability of either markets or regulators to instill appropriate levels of accountability. He is not a reflexive technology-basher, however, but instead offers judicious reform proposals.
-- Julie E. Cohen, author of Configuring the Networked Self: Law, Code, and the Play of Everyday Practice
Frank Pasquale’s notable new book, The Black Box Society, tries to come to grips with the dangers of ‘runaway data’ and ‘black box algorithms’ more comprehensively than any other book to date…It’s an important read for anyone who is interested in the hidden pitfalls of ‘big data’ and who wants to understand just how quantified our lives have become without our knowledge.
-- David Auerbach Slate
Everyone who uses the Internet for entertainment, education, news or commerce is implicated in a web of data collection whose breadth surpasses ordinary awareness…As [Pasquale’s] exposé…shows, this is a society in which basic functions are performed in deliberate obscurity through the collection and algorithmic manipulation of personal data…In The Black Box Society, Pasquale finds reason to believe that even some of the most secretive and unresponsive institutions can be held to account. Elucidating the problem is a first step.
-- Steven Aftergood Nature
The Black Box Society is a frightening portrait of the ever more powerful shadowy world that blocks light from reaching our everyday lives. It is also a call to action, with a range of suggestions that inevitably pale in comparison to the gargantuan task at hand. But small steps sometimes have outsize consequences. Just ask the folks who control what we see, influence what we buy, and determine whether we can pay for it.
-- Brenda Jubin Reading the Markets
The Black Box Society offers a good dose of fresh thinking and may advance our debates over privacy. It also helps greatly that it is a good read, not just for those who are curious about privacy but also for those who are already familiar with the privacy literature.
-- Viktor Mayer-Schönberger Science
If you are a person in America, then there are equations trying to learn more about you…Some of these equations work for private companies and some of them work for the government, but they all generate correlations based on your behavior…Frank Pasquale’s new book The Black Box Society is a tour of how computational intelligence has come to dominate three important parts of American life: reputation, search, and finance.
-- Malcolm Harris New Republic
Required reading in many law school and computer science courses…Details how secret databases and little-known applications of AI algorithms have had harmful effects on finance, business, education, and politics. These opaque practices violate personal privacy, lower credit ratings, and make unfair or biased decisions on parole, mortgage, and job applications.
-- Ben Shneiderman Issues in Science and Technology
This book by Pasquale is disturbing. The premise is that corporate and public unchecked use of computer algorithms to collect and analyze data harms the public…Pasquale calls out Google, Facebook, and the financial industry for unchecked use of data to make profits and broken promises of privacy protection.
-- Harry Charles Library Journal
Frank Pasquale’s new book on the secret algorithms that motor the monstrous heart of big data is a timely work of non-fiction, a ‘true conspiracy’ about regulatory weakness in the face of technological hubris and greed.
-- Jonathon Sturgeon Flavorwire
The algorithmic control that law scholar Frank Pasquale eloquently and intelligently details and analyzes goes beyond money information and into almost every aspect of our lives. For this reason, although it might appear merely to be a book about technology and finance, The Black Box Society, ultimately, is a radical and political work that deserves wide attention… The Black Box Society includes, for example, a fine explanation of the way that corporate and government surveillance work in concert and why we should be concerned about both… [Pasquale’s] brutal on the subject of the NSA, but devastating in his critique of Facebook, Twitter and Google and the myths that continue to surround them: myths of neutrality, myth about the ephemeral nature of their power and more. His analysis of search is pointed and poignant, underlining that we need to understand it better and treat search results more critically and sceptically… Pasquale’s detailed analyses, and his recipes not just for transparency but also for accountability, for more rigour in regulation and harder-hitting enforcement, deserve a careful read―and then action.
-- Paul Bernal Times Higher Education
Pasquale has emerged as one of the go-to thinkers on Big Data and the algorithmic economy, and The Black Box Society (along with his Twitter feed) is a great―if discomfiting―place to start. You’ll come away overwhelmed by the speed and recklessness of data compilation and its uses and abuses.
-- Jonathon Sturgeon Flavorwire
By carefully breaking down ‘the business practices of leading Internet and finance companies, focusing on their use of proprietary reputation, search, and finance technologies,’ Pasquale pulls off an amazing feat of explanation, simultaneously and seamlessly explaining how and why black boxes exist, as well as what they can control and what happens when society entrusts black box technology with consequential decisions and hands immense power to the black box firms of Silicon Valley and Wall Street…The Black Box Society is a first-rate work of synthesis, combining ideas from law and economics, interpretive social science, science studies, and the philosophy of technology into an essential study of the political economy of information.
-- Thomas Drueke Law Library Journal
About the Author
Product details
- Publisher : Harvard University Press; 1st edition (January 5, 2015)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 320 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0674368274
- ISBN-13 : 978-0674368279
- Item Weight : 1.35 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.25 x 1.5 x 9.5 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #2,155,419 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #211 in Computer & Internet Law
- #278 in Science & Technology Law (Books)
- #91,210 in Unknown
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Now is the time for us to rethink our euphoria with technology. As Frank Pasquale says, there can be no relationship of trust with a 'black box' and Silicon Valley's top managers are not great sages — in fact they "hide behind corporate operations so covert that their actual contributions are hard to assess...why all the secrecy?" Pasquale states that the focus of his book is, "How has secrecy become so important to industries ranging from Wall Street to Silicon Valley?"
As you now know, your online behaviors, from banking to shopping to searching for anything including health information, and your cell phone use are as Pasquale says, "...fed into databases and assembled into profiles of unprecedented depth and specificity." This information is then sold to companies you know nothing about and used to market to you, to evaluate your potential to get a job, a mortgage, a loan, rental, and many other dreams you may have that could be denied to you because of collected data you know nothing about. There is no such thing as a 'free' App — all Apps are Trojan Horses and come with what I call cooties that stick in your computer and allow your clicks, your personal choices to be amassed as data.
"The tendency towards psychological collectivism does not have man's welfare as its end. It is designed for his exploitation." - Jacques Ellul
Perhaps the most egregious example of the 'black box' take over is in the area of finance. It was algorithms that allowed the subprime mortgage collapse to destroy the lives of so many people. Algorithms have expanded exponentially into every aspect of banking, bonds and stock markets, with ever increasing mazes of derivatives, CDOs collateralized debt obligations, now in the trillions of dollars. Humans no longer trade global markets, as algorithms move stocks, commodities, and currencies around the planet in seconds. I'm sure you've heard of HFT, high frequency trading, which is a high-tech form of front-running. A 'flash-crash' can take markets down a thousand points in a few seconds. Perhaps 'dark pools' are unfamiliar, but these dark pool 'bots' are "artificially intelligent systems that execute trades in milliseconds and use the cover of darkness to outmaneuver their creators, ultimately hijacking the global markets from human control and pushing the entire system toward a global meltdown that could happen in seconds." [Scott Patterson]
Greed is not Good! Because there is so much money involved, these genius quant creators of algorithms are constantly refining and expanding the technologies that now invade every aspect of our lives. Therefore there can be no 'transparency' as regulators struggle to even understand an ever-changing field created by minds digitally oriented and advanced beyond most. The private companies and corporations pay these digital geniuses far more money than the government agencies that are supposed to protect the public, very often the stealing the best from government agencies, luring them with hugely obscene salaries. So the innovators are running the game leaving the rest of us, even those who are paid to protect us, clueless in the dark and vulnerable.
As Pasquale says, "Secret algorithms — obscured by a triple layer of technical complexity, secrecy, and 'economic espionage' laws that can land would-be whistle-blowers in prison — still prevent us from understanding what is truly going on in many major financial firms." Regarding the safety of the banking system, my local small town banker admitted to me privately, "They haven't fixed anything!"
The people who have access to secret technology are way ahead of the rest of us. Some have called this the 'breakaway civilization'. Part of this secret technology is what Pasquale is calling "secret algorithms — obscured by a triple layer of technical complexity, secrecy, and 'economic espionage' laws that can land would-be whistle-blowers in prison still prevent us from understanding" which lets face it, prevents us from understanding much of anything about the veiled secretive world we are now forced to inhabit.
Pasquale reports Eric Schmidt of Google saying he wants Google users the be able to ask it, 'What shall I do tomorrow?' and 'What job shall I take?' This is beyond creepy and moving into the domain of a totalitarian invasion of the human heart and psyche. Power corrupts and erodes human integrity in myriad ways. The power to obfuscate these technologies, to use them for their own profit; to manipulate people, markets, global finance — this kind of power has never been seen on this planet in written history, the last 6000 years. This super power for what has become a Superclass has made the elite insane, insane with greed. Only insane men and woman would destroy the middle class, which is a necessity for a successful democracy. And in the largest transference of wealth in history, confiscate 90% of the wealth of the planet for themselves, the 1%. That's irresponsible madness.
Greed makes people blind, delusional, they lose their moral-compass in an obsession to get what they want anyway the can. One popular expression of this with the arrogant who now consider themselves to be masters of the universe is the phrase, "If you're not doing anything, get out of my way!" They call us 'eaters' and appear to have lost all respect for the so called common man, those of us who are not members of the new Superclass, "an international upper class of people whose economic interests had more in common with each other than with the majority of people who share their nationality. [D. Rothkopf]" Nation states are finished. It's a global corporate state in their eyes.
The men & women who wield the power of these secret technologies are now taking over the planet under the guise of what is called 'globalization' which is supposed to benefit mankind. However globalization "undercuts many national and local power structures and cultural concepts that have foundations deep in the bedrock of human civilization, namely the notion of sovereignty. [D. Rothkopf]" And even the most uniformed and gullible have now understood that 'globalization' only benefits the 1% and their minions the vampire squid.
Take the Trans Pacific Partnership, the TPP for example. No one is allowed to read this trade agreement, which commondreams.org says should never be called a trade agreement — because the TPP is "a corporate/investor rights agreement...that extends patents, copyrights and other monopolies so investors can collect 'rents' (and) elevates corporations and corporate profits above the level of government." You can be sued for breaking corporate laws you know nothing about. We are watching our lives and the future turned into a global technological corporate authoritarian empire that every minute of the day secretly tracks us in vast databases stored around the planet — our home planet that is being polluted and poisoned as global corporations extract her resources.
With promises of freedom and propaganda, the techno-wizards that created the Internet, the new self-styled masters of the universe have seduced us into a complacency — mesmerized by the latest toxic doo-dah-toys that blind us to the fact that with every hypnotic click, we are spinning out our own spiders web that entraps our consciousness, awareness and intelligence, a stealth 'net' that without our knowledge confines our thoughts in the dictates of the invisible elite and enslaves us.
Is the idea of responsible government oversight now impossible? Who is in control — the corporations with their political dynasties and sock-puppet minions? The future of the individual, you and me, is solely in our own hands. I doubt that people who are qualified, and not mad with greed, can anytime soon usefully moderate this rabid advance of globalization and pernicious data collection. There have always been these elites, such as the Robber Barons of the 1880s and 90s — "tycoons of the Gilded Age were also unfettered by institutions that might have regulated the rough-and-tumble business that brought so much wealth to the fortunate few. [D. Rothkopf]"
We all know that our world is rapidly changing. Are we simply in a transition stage moving from an Industrial Age to a Technological Era? Some say we should just adapt. Or are we in the early stages of an Orwellian global authoritarian state the likes of which this planet has never before experienced.
The advances in technology since the 1940s are beyond exponential! They are flat out incredible, meaning not believable, unless. Are we really so brilliant that we could achieve all this in such a short time? So what are they really hiding? Can it be that these secret technologies are the ill-gotten gains from the tyrant ETs — who have little or no interest in the well being of planet Earth and humankind?
The picture looks bleak, and the author brings many compelling examples illustrating his view. Out of many fields transformed by Big Data, this book focuses on reputation, search and finance. I believe there is no point in reiterating them here, let me just assure you that footnotes provide a lot of relevant supplementary material. However, the writing style is a bit dry. Perhaps it is the nature of the topic at hand - opaque, complicated, requiring knowledge of a slew of details - which makes it hard to weave a captivating narrative? I think I have enjoyed “Weapons of Math Destruction” by Cathy O’Neil a bit more in that regard. But, by no means I want to dismiss the work of Frank Pasquale - I believe he makes a correct diagnosis. Algorithmic effectiveness (driven by greed), engineered complexity, lack of oversight, little responsibility (especially in the case of organizations “too big to fail”) - they form a powerful combination of incentives to increase societal divides and promote unfairness.
Where I would contend with the author is the matter of privacy. Frank opposes mass encryption, arguing that it leads to “the NSA blinded to real terrorist plots”. I am on Bruce Schneier’s side, who advocates consumer-friendly encryption tools to avoid surveillance - which leads to healthier societies. NSA can stick to methods which don’t require dragnets; Internet just made it all too easy and tempting - not only for agencies but for the companies criticized in “The Black Box Society” as well. Privacy is an inherent human right; nowadays it is only the powerful firms who are most successful in achieving it.
All in all - it is a good book, highlighting many problems stemming from obscure applications of Big Data, combined with untrammeled tech and finance sector dominance.
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Presenta a los que trabajamos en el tema como si fuéramos el gran Satán. Parece que se olvida que los que realizamos estas actividades no somos máquinas, si no personas de carne y hueso.
Eso si, recomiendo su lectura como reflexión del impacto de esas metodologías.








