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The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable (Incerto) Hardcover – April 17, 2007
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A black swan is a highly improbable event with three principal characteristics: It is unpredictable; it carries a massive impact; and, after the fact, we concoct an explanation that makes it appear less random, and more predictable, than it was. The astonishing success of Google was a black swan; so was 9/11. For Nassim Nicholas Taleb, black swans underlie almost everything about our world, from the rise of religions to events in our own personal lives.
Why do we not acknowledge the phenomenon of black swans until after they occur? Part of the answer, according to Taleb, is that humans are hardwired to learn specifics when they should be focused on generalities. We concentrate on things we already know and time and time again fail to take into consideration what we don’t know. We are, therefore, unable to truly estimate opportunities, too vulnerable to the impulse to simplify, narrate, and categorize, and not open enough to rewarding those who can imagine the “impossible.”
For years, Taleb has studied how we fool ourselves into thinking we know more than we actually do. We restrict our thinking to the irrelevant and inconsequential, while large events continue to surprise us and shape our world. In this revelatory book, Taleb will change the way you look at the world, and this second edition features a new philosophical and empirical essay, “On Robustness and Fragility,” which offers tools to navigate and exploit a Black Swan world.
Taleb is a vastly entertaining writer, with wit, irreverence, and unusual stories to tell. He has a polymathic command of subjects ranging from cognitive science to business to probability theory. Elegant, startling, and universal in its applications, The Black Swan is a landmark book—itself a black swan.
- Print length366 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherRandom House
- Publication dateApril 17, 2007
- Dimensions6.43 x 1.51 x 9.53 inches
- ISBN-101400063515
- ISBN-13978-1400063512
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Customers find the book thought-provoking and practical, offering interesting references. They describe it as an enjoyable, intellectually stimulating read that challenges their thinking. Many appreciate the concept of low predictability and uncertainty. However, some readers feel the writing style is repetitive and boring. There are mixed opinions on the writing style - some find it well-written and literate, while others consider it cluttered. Opinions differ on the value for money - some find it worth reading, while others consider it poorly crafted.
AI-generated from the text of customer reviews
Customers find the book enlightening and practical. They appreciate the useful concepts, interesting references, and hypothesis presented. The book provides a glimpse of wisdom and is important for decision makers. It concisely describes the concept in the introduction and presents it from different angles.
"...It has an important message regarding how the world works; that the world is governed not by the predictable and the average, but by the random,..." Read more
"...Also, for readers who like this book and also have a strong interest in science, I suggest considering Chance and Chaos by David..." Read more
"...from "Fooled by Randomness", which I thought was an exceedingly useful concepts but stiff, poorly constructed prose...." Read more
"...He effectively draws on philosophy, psychology, history, the mathematics of Mandelbrot, and his experience as a trader, in support of his thesis...." Read more
Customers enjoy the book. They find it intellectually stimulating, entertaining, and informative. The writing is fluent and of an appropriate level. Readers appreciate the author's thought-provoking and humorous presentation.
"...It is convincing argument, entertainingly presented with plenty of sarcasm, and indeed, anger, by Taleb...." Read more
"...The bottom line is that this book is truly unique in its ability to intellectually entertain while conveying some deep insight and wisdom...." Read more
"...With all that said, "The Black Swan" really is a must read and was very enjoyable...." Read more
"...prediction business - then you are likely to find this a useful and satisfying read." Read more
Customers find the book insightful and entertaining. It explores the impact of randomness on the world, the impossibility of meaningful predictions, and the reality of Black Swan events. The book helps readers avoid wrong assumptions and bad theories.
"...Curve to most things in world, concepts of scalablity, numerous instabilities in the world, especially the modern world where information travels so..." Read more
"...a Black Swan, so does The Black Swan, things Highly Improbable, a rare event, highly sellable book that is highly intelectual as well...." Read more
"...This combination of low predictability and large impact makes the Black Swan a great puzzle; but that is not yet the core concern of this book...." Read more
"...wisdom and vanity, about the toxicity of facts, the impossibility of meaningful predictions, and life in the opposing worlds of Mediocristan and..." Read more
Customers have different views on the writing style. Some find it well-written and readable, with a wry sense of humor. Others mention that the writing is cluttered, poorly constructed, and not an easy read. The technical chapters are also criticised for being poorly written.
"...This is a tough read. Clearly an incredibly intelligent man with some terribly worthwhile insights...." Read more
"...are numerous minor flaws such as, for example, the inexplicable invention of a fictional author (disclosed a few pages later), when certainly there..." Read more
"...The true and lasting value of this book is Taleb's ability to write by telling stories that deal with subjects that are complex, abstruse and..." Read more
"...One could argue that the more technical chapters are written poorly and are therefore too unclear. -..." Read more
Customers have different views on the book's value for money. Some find it worthwhile and intellectual, describing it as the year's best business book. Others feel disappointed by the poorly crafted presentation and amateurish writing style.
"...my criticisms, the main ideas of the book as so important as to merit reading and indeed great consideration." Read more
"...and Taleb can surely deliver his ideas in a way that has lasting impact on the reader. -..." Read more
"...1987, I see Mr. Taleb's book as delightfully playful, but certainly amateurish. His understanding of science is quite ignorant really...." Read more
"...With all that said, "The Black Swan" really is a must read and was very enjoyable...." Read more
Customers find the book repetitive, boring, and difficult to read. They mention it has too many unnecessary narratives and storytelling, making it frustrating and depressing. Readers also mention the book is not as engaging as the author's debut, Fooled by Randomness.
"...There's too much repetition, too much anger, too many digressions that look like they should matter but whose relevance is left unclarified...." Read more
"...My one criticism is his chapter on narrative fallacies...." Read more
"Amazing book that has some great views on the world. The book is kind of depressing if you have invested your life into finance or economics...." Read more
"...Too much unnecessary narratives and storytelling. A little is good, but sometimes it's too much. Even attempts at humor are a little dry...." Read more
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Top reviews from the United States
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- Reviewed in the United States on April 26, 2007This is an entertaining and enlightening book, and fairly easy to read. It has an important message regarding how the world works; that the world is governed not by the predictable and the average, but by the random, the unknownable, the unpredictable -- big events or discoveries or unusual people that have big consequences. Change comes not uniformly but in unpredictable spurts. These are the Black Swans of the title: completedly unexpected and rare events or novel ideas or technologies that have a huge impact on the world. Indeed, Taleb argues that history itself is primarly driven by these Black Swans.
It is convincing argument, entertainingly presented with plenty of sarcasm, and indeed, anger, by Taleb. For example he rails against the academic community, economists (including specific names), and Nobel Prize committee. Considerable numbers of his arguments "ring true" to me, that is my experience in life confirms that they are more accurate than the traditional approach. Like any important work, 90% of what is in the book is not original; that does not make it less important. Taleb's contribution is in integrating the material together, and showing how these different ideas are tied to the Black Swan.
The themes include: winner-take-all phenonomen, numerous effects of randomness on the world, the invalidity of the Gaussian Bell Curve to most things in world, concepts of scalablity, numerous instabilities in the world, especially the modern world where information travels so quickly, the fallacies about people's inability to predict the future. The importance of these ideas, Taleb's ability to weave them together into a single theory, and the ability of this theory to change the way you look at the world, means the book easily deserves my highest recommendation.
However, the book does have many flaws, unfortunately -- unfortunate because I believe they will take away from the credibility of the message, which is in important one. The are numerous minor flaws such as, for example, the inexplicable invention of a fictional author (disclosed a few pages later), when certainly there must have been some real example that would have worked better. Another example is repeated jabs about the French; these may be amusing but I just don't think they have a place in work like this. There are also diatribes against specific people, including famous economists, which, though amusing, and possibly justified, demonstrate a high level of anger by author and take away from his credibility. Often he also overreaches, for example in saying the usual combination of anti-abortion and pro-death penalty or the opposite combined views of pro-abortion and anti-death penatly cannot be explained logically, when in fact widely known theories such as George Lakoff's (in Moral Politics) have explained hows these groups of views are entirely consistent.
Another flaw is that Taleb seems to go a little toward the extreme of saying that we can predict almost nothing about the future, and though he does not say so explicitly, this seems to imply we have no moral responsibility to the future. This, combined with Taleb's advice to the reader about their behavior based on the "Black Swan" view of world just rubbed me the wrong way, for several reasons. One is that Taleb personally has very little in common with most people; never having as far as I know had a regular career (essentially what he calls non-scalable, e.g. dentist, engineer, baker) he nevertheless recommends that people choose these kinds of careers rather than a scalable career (e.g. financial trader, author, actor which are subject to a few lucky successful people and a lot of failures). This advise is odd first because Taleb is in a non-scalable profession (derivatives trader, then hedge fund manager) -- indeed it appears he is quite wealthy. Even more odd because he says all these types of non-scalable types of work are boring and evens makes sarcastic comments (the book is extremely sarcasm heavy) for example about dentists being able to do well by diligently drilling teeth for 30 years. The second things that bothered me is that Taleb seems be somewhat amoral to me; in this type of book where plenty of his own emotions come through, plenty of his personality, he has plenty of criticism of others for their wrong models and wrong view of the world, and how this has hurt the world, but there remains a lack of moral responsibility to his advice.
Perhaps the best comparison I could make are to other important works that do not suffer from these flaws, for example the Age of Fallibility by George Soros and Irrational Exuberance by Robert Shiller (1st and 2nd editions). But probably Black Swan will sell better than either of these because of it's "edginess," i.e. aggresiveness; I personally have a distaste for this approach.
Despite my criticisms, the main ideas of the book as so important as to merit reading and indeed great consideration.
- Reviewed in the United States on January 7, 2009Most of the criticisms of Taleb and this book seem reasonable:
- His confidence sometimes seems to reach the level of condescending arrogance.
- With a wave of the hand, he dismisses those he disagrees with, even Nobel prize winners. And perhaps he oversimplifies their positions in order to argue with their straw-man shadows.
- He often circles around his points without winding up finally making his points clear. Is this how a supposedly street-smart guy should talk?
- His frequent digressions make it hard for the reader to follow the thread of his narrative, sometimes giving the impression that there actually is no such thread, and that we're just witnessing his stream of consciousness.
- One could argue that the more technical chapters are written poorly and are therefore too unclear.
- Many of his ideas aren't as original as he seems to imply, so maybe he needs to explicitly give more credit to others.
- His suggestions on investing aren't very specific, and one wonders if they rely too much on luck or being rich in the first place.
- His references to his anger suggest a need for personal growth.
But this book easily deserves 5 stars and its bestseller status. Why?
- Taleb's erudition is undeniable, and a strong case can be made for his iconoclastic brilliance as well. In a book like this, perhaps the usual modesty and humility wouldn't make sense?
- His criticism of his opponents may have more validity than we normally want to admit in polite society. It's scary to think that economists and others in finance are generally as clueless as Taleb suggests, but recent events seem to have significantly (and unfortunately) vindicated him.
- His refusal to get right to the point pushes you to think more deeply about the implications of his ideas, rather than just quickly saying "yes, that's obvious, so what?" It's not enough to merely understand something; it has to sink in, in a way that genuinely changes your worldview and approach.
- Once you drop your preconceptions of how a book should be written, most of his digressions are fun and many are quite insightful. For an open-minded person with an intellectual inclination, this can be a tremendously entertaining book (it certainly was for me). Taleb deploys his own intellect and erudition for us with an unusual frankness which is worthy of our appreciation; instead of being put off by it, enjoy the ride!
- I do think the technical chapters are lacking but, alas, it's hard to write a perfect book, especially for an audience with varying technical background. I think we can cut him some slack here.
- His ideas may not be entirely original, but the way he's woven them together and presented them with flourish certainly is. Ideas need to be communicated to have any value, and Taleb can surely deliver his ideas in a way that has lasting impact on the reader.
- This book is about black swans in general, not investing in particular, so let's not get carried away if the book doesn't provide a how-to guide on getting or staying rich. And Taleb's general advice to arrange safeguards against financial disaster, and also get exposure to potentially huge opportunities, certainly seems sensible.
- His anger surprises and even disappoints at first, but one eventually starts to wonder if it might not be at least partly justified. Things might be worse than we want to believe. After all, isn't that part of his thesis? Plus he does end on a very positive note.
The bottom line is that this book is truly unique in its ability to intellectually entertain while conveying some deep insight and wisdom. Few people in the world have the right intersection of ingredients to produce a book like this, so we should cherish the fact that the book exists. Even if you don't fully agree with him, Taleb is worth engaging with.
I've read this book in print and also listened to the excellent unabridged audiobook, and I look forward to returning to it at least a few more times in the future. This book changed my outlook in some fundamental ways, and I think that's about as much as we can hope for with any book.
Very highly recommended. Indeed, don't miss it!
Also, for readers who like this book and also have a strong interest in science, I suggest considering Chance and Chaos by David Ruelle.
Top reviews from other countries
PedroReviewed in Brazil on June 30, 20205.0 out of 5 stars I wish I had read it earlier
Yet another great work from Taleb. He brings numerous pearls of wisdom throughout the book, which are reason enough to read it, even if he doesn’t add any theoretical knowledge to you repertoire: his discussion alone of the applicability of a number of theoretical concepts (mostly derived from Hume’s “Problem of Induction”) is worth the book. I would also highlight:
- his explanations on the different estates of reality and how it’s difficult to assess luck (a more refined explanation of the main topic of “Fooled by Randomness”)
- how nonlinear effects are prevalent in modern society.
- How Gaussian statistics may be an elegant, but wrong, description of reality and how using it can be downright dangerous
- Multitude of examples on how our behavioral biases reinforce those phenomena and lull us into a false sense of security and control.
- Discussions on the “ludic fallacy”, the limited capability we have in forecasting and mistaking absence of evidence for evidence of absence.
If you’re looking for the “best” blend between practical advice and philosophical inquiry in Taleb’s works, I would recommend this book. It’s clear that some of his opinions from his first book have evolved, either from experience or from reading more broadly. While I still vouch for Antifragile message as the more refined and broad view of Taleb’s interpretation of reality, this book is more focused on the implementation on financial markets. Nonetheless, I would argue that the reader would be better by reading every book in the Incerto series, since it provides numerous interpretations on the effects of nonlinearity.
Also, read the footnotes and the notes at the end of the book: they contributed greatly to my understanding of certain topics. Additionally, they provide valuable sources for the many interesting topics the book deals with. My reading list certainly benefited from that.
The hardcover edition from Random House is great, with thick paper, good spacing and large font, making the reading experience much easier.
Arvind mistryReviewed in India on September 23, 20145.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars
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Mans ArtReviewed in Germany on November 19, 20135.0 out of 5 stars Pflichtlektüre für Trader und die es werden wollen
Ein grandioses Buch aus der Praxis heraus geschrieben und nicht nur mit Theorien vollgestopft die den Praxistest nicht bestehen. Ebenso kommt einem die Eine oder Andere Anekdote in diesem Buch aus dem eigenen Leben sehr bekannt vor, zumindest wenn man in der Finanzbranche tätig ist. Erzählungen von "ich hatte beinahe recht" über "in der Theorie hat es funktioniert" bis schlussendlich hin zu "das war nicht zu erwarten" oder "die Märkte reagieren über" sind alltägliche Phrasen in der Investmentbanking Branche. Jedoch sind sie letzten Endes nur Ausreden, für ein Verhalten der Menschen, dem sich Nassim Nicholas Taleb in diesem Buch widmet. Der Tenor lautet ...we can't predict and how can we avoid the emty suits.
LenReviewed in Canada on May 23, 20085.0 out of 5 stars The most important events in life cannot be predicted.
Taleb's primary thesis is that our lives are governed by black swans, the highly improbable, the circumstances that cannot be foreseen. A turkey will live its life in eager anticipation of the farmer who feeds it. In no way can it anticipate the day the farmer will decide to serve it for Thanksgiving dinner. Most of the world did not expect 9/11 or the impact it would have on their lives. J.R. Rowling could not have predicted the phenomenal success of her Harry Potter series. Mr. Taleb differentiates between those parts of our lives that are governed by mediocristan and those by extremistan. Mediocristan are those parts of our existence that fit a bell curve like who well we do on a test or our size relative to others or the time it takes to run a quarter mile compared to others. Variations from one person to another are limited by intelligence and physicality. Our income relative to others is governed by the laws of extremistan. It is not limited by any practical element. Knowing the income of one person gives no clue as the relative income of another if we take the example of me and Bill Gates or the average income of any 10,000 people if Bill Gates is included in that number. Mr. Taleb definitely provides another perspective on the world. One that's definitely worth reading.
Serghiou ConstReviewed in the United Kingdom on July 31, 20075.0 out of 5 stars Original thinking (invariably)-caustic writing (frequently)
The author is very bright, erudite, original and incisive in his thinking and engaging, entertaining and caustic in his writing.
He was born in Lebanon to a patrician family and grew in a highly cultured environment. His remarkable abilities were honed through attending the prestigious and highly competitive Wharton School of Management.
His professional life is devoted to problems of luck, uncertainty, probability and knowledge. Part literary essayist, part empiricist, part no-nonsense trader, he is currently the Dean's Professor in the Sciences of Uncertainty at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
The gist of the book comprise the ecologies of 'Mediocristan' and 'Extremistan' and vey particularly the latter.
'Mediocristan' does not attract much the attention of the author because in this area the bell curve is admirably suited; this area includes for example biological variability such as the variation in the height and weight of people which fit excellently in the bell curve.
The author reserves his wrath, scorn and irony when the bell curve is incorrectly used in 'Extremistan' that is in the area of SocioEconomics, inhabited occasionally by a Black Swan that is a highly improbable event with three principal characteristics:its unpredictability;its massive impact;and, after it has happened, our desire to make it appear less random and more predictable than it was.
If there is a certainty in the author, this is his belief that it is impossible to have mathematically predictive models in Economics and it is in this sense that he characterizes the bell curve that great intellectual fraud. He has certainly a convincing point when he argues that if the world of finance were Gaussian (bell curved) then an episode such as the 1987 crash (more than twenty standard deviations)would take place once every several billion life times of the Universe.
He is scornful of the Nobel prize laureates in Economics, developers of the Modern Portfolio Theory who subsequently founded the now defunct Long Term Capital Management.
I found reading the book compelling and irresistible and despite its apparent informality, meticulously written complete with Glossary, Notes, impressively comprehensive Bibliography and Index.







