In the book about greatest blunders of science, Mario Livio documented many colossal mistakes made by great scientists. The first one he listed was that made by Charles Darwin. This one involved one of the most glaring mistakes Darwin ever made, the belief that the characteristics of the child’s “two parents become physically blended in their offspring.” (page 38) A critical factor in evolution is the introduction of new traits by damage to the DNA called mutations. Some very rare mutations confer an advantage to the organism which is favored by natural selection and then passed on it its offspring. Blending would dilute the trait so that it would be soon lost. An example is a drop of red paint carefully mixed into a quart of white paint, which is then carefully mixed into another quart of white paint. If this process is repeated, eventually little evidence of the red will be left.
The example Darwin used is “after twelve generations, the proportion of blood, to use a common expression, of any ancestor is only 1 in 2,048.” Blending inheritance leads to the averaging out of every characteristic, which makes evolution by natural selection impossible. The fact that evolution is “absolutely untenable under the assumption of a blending theory did not occur to Darwin.” (page 38) It did, though, occur to Scottish engineer Fleeming Jenkin who documented this serious problem, what Livio called “Darwin’s blunder” in an 1867 article showing the many major problems of Darwin’s theory. Amazingly, Darwin disproved his own theory and never seemed to realize it!! Later Darwin’s disciples managed to rationalize out of the problem using Mendel's genetics of discrete traits, but the problem still exists today because Mendel's work has been shown to be only part of the mechanism of insurance.
Brilliant Blunders: From Darwin to Einstein - Colossal Mistakes by Great Scientists That Changed Our Understanding of Life and the Universe Illustrated Edition, Kindle Edition
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Editorial Reviews
Review
“Mario Livio sets the discoveries of five great scientists who were also remarkable personalities in their social context, showing how they emerged from confusion and controversy. His archival research allows him to debunk several myths that have been given currency through less thorough biographies. You don’t need to be a scientist to be fascinated by this scholarly, insightful and beautifully written book.” (Martin Rees, Astronomer Royal and author of From Here to Infinity: A Vision for the Future of Science )
“After reading Livio's account, I look on the history of science in a new way. In every century and every science, I see brilliant blunders.” (Freeman Dyson The New York Review of Books)
"Scientists make mistakes all the time, but those bumps in the road are often smoothed out in the legends that surround the greatest discoverers. . . . Thoughtful, well-researched and beautifully written, Brilliant Blunders offers a distinctive — and far more truthful — perspective on the journey to scientific discovery." (Marcia Bartusiak The Washington Post)
“Enlightening. . . . For many people, being a great scientist means being above error. . . . Livio’s book is a valuable antidote to this skewed picture. . . . Thanks to his deep curiosity, Livio turns Brilliant Blunders into a thoughtful meditation on the course of science itself." (Carl Zimmer The New York Times Book Review)
“It is said that genius is the ability to make all possible mistakes in the least amount of time. Livio’s genius is to show us just how much those mistakes have taught us.” (Adam Riess, Thomas Barber Professor of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Nobel Laureate in Physics 2011 )
“Mario Livio wears many hats: scientist, sleuth, storyteller. In Brilliant Blunders, a delightful intellectual synthesis, he reminds us that he’s also one of the best science writers in our galaxy.” (Steven Strogatz, professor of applied mathematics, Cornell University, and author of The Joy of X )
“In Brilliant Blunders, Mario Livio leaves no historical detail untold, as we re-walk the error-filled pathways along which human understanding of the universe slowly emerged.” (Neil deGrasse Tyson, Astrophysicist, American Museum of Natural History, and author of Space Chronicles: Facing the Ultimate Frontier )
Mr. Livio is a gifted storyteller. . . .[He] shows how science works partly by feeding on past mistakes: Once recognized, the errors sparked creativity in other scientists. An incorrect view of the world is not simply a mistake; it's a catalyst that leads to better understanding." (Samuel Arbesman The Wall Street Journal)
“One of the most important things that distinguishes science from religion is that in science we (eventually) are happy to change our minds. This is called learning. As Mario Livio eloquently describes in this far-reaching and thoroughly enlightening book, many famous scientific advances involved either false starts or dead ends. In my own field, Einstein is purported to have said that inserting the cosmological constant into his equations of General Relativity was his ‘biggest blunder.’ In hindsight, as we find ourselves living in a Universe whose future may be determined by this quantity, most of us would now pay our eye teeth to have made such blunder!” (Lawrence M. Krauss, Director of the Origins Project at Arizona State University and Foundation Professor in the School of Earth and Space Exploration )
“Entertaining accounts of how five celebrated scientists went wrong. . . . An absorbing, persuasive reminder that science is not a direct march to the truth.” (Kirkus Reviews)
"Astrophysicist Livio unmasks the flaws in the work of some of our greatest scientific minds in this meditation on the winding, unpredictable path of discovery." (Anna Kuchment Scientific American)
"Livio's usual knack at making sophisticated concepts accessible has been brought to bear on his book. . . . What comes through clearly, as is one of the author's stated intentions, is that errors are part and parcel of the process and that science progresses, not always despite them, but also through them. . . . With its illustrious characters, interesting ideas and those blunders to marvel at, the book makes a fascinating read." (Marianne Freiberger Plus magazine)
"Wide ranging and entertaining, Brilliant Blunders might be picked up by readers who have been fooled into doing so by the notion of blunders, but they will certainly enjoy it for its brilliance." (Robert Schaefer New York Journal of Books)
"With humor and precision, Livio reminds us: 'Even the most impressive minds are not flawless; they merely pave the way for the next level of understanding.'" (Publishers Weekly)
“The stories of how these blunders came about, and what happened next, are extremely well researched, and they shed a welcome, informative, entertaining and sometimes new light on science as a deeply human activity.” (Len Fisher Physics World)
“After reading Livio's account, I look on the history of science in a new way. In every century and every science, I see brilliant blunders.” (Freeman Dyson The New York Review of Books)
"Scientists make mistakes all the time, but those bumps in the road are often smoothed out in the legends that surround the greatest discoverers. . . . Thoughtful, well-researched and beautifully written, Brilliant Blunders offers a distinctive — and far more truthful — perspective on the journey to scientific discovery." (Marcia Bartusiak The Washington Post)
“Enlightening. . . . For many people, being a great scientist means being above error. . . . Livio’s book is a valuable antidote to this skewed picture. . . . Thanks to his deep curiosity, Livio turns Brilliant Blunders into a thoughtful meditation on the course of science itself." (Carl Zimmer The New York Times Book Review)
“It is said that genius is the ability to make all possible mistakes in the least amount of time. Livio’s genius is to show us just how much those mistakes have taught us.” (Adam Riess, Thomas Barber Professor of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Nobel Laureate in Physics 2011 )
“Mario Livio wears many hats: scientist, sleuth, storyteller. In Brilliant Blunders, a delightful intellectual synthesis, he reminds us that he’s also one of the best science writers in our galaxy.” (Steven Strogatz, professor of applied mathematics, Cornell University, and author of The Joy of X )
“In Brilliant Blunders, Mario Livio leaves no historical detail untold, as we re-walk the error-filled pathways along which human understanding of the universe slowly emerged.” (Neil deGrasse Tyson, Astrophysicist, American Museum of Natural History, and author of Space Chronicles: Facing the Ultimate Frontier )
Mr. Livio is a gifted storyteller. . . .[He] shows how science works partly by feeding on past mistakes: Once recognized, the errors sparked creativity in other scientists. An incorrect view of the world is not simply a mistake; it's a catalyst that leads to better understanding." (Samuel Arbesman The Wall Street Journal)
“One of the most important things that distinguishes science from religion is that in science we (eventually) are happy to change our minds. This is called learning. As Mario Livio eloquently describes in this far-reaching and thoroughly enlightening book, many famous scientific advances involved either false starts or dead ends. In my own field, Einstein is purported to have said that inserting the cosmological constant into his equations of General Relativity was his ‘biggest blunder.’ In hindsight, as we find ourselves living in a Universe whose future may be determined by this quantity, most of us would now pay our eye teeth to have made such blunder!” (Lawrence M. Krauss, Director of the Origins Project at Arizona State University and Foundation Professor in the School of Earth and Space Exploration )
“Entertaining accounts of how five celebrated scientists went wrong. . . . An absorbing, persuasive reminder that science is not a direct march to the truth.” (Kirkus Reviews)
"Astrophysicist Livio unmasks the flaws in the work of some of our greatest scientific minds in this meditation on the winding, unpredictable path of discovery." (Anna Kuchment Scientific American)
"Livio's usual knack at making sophisticated concepts accessible has been brought to bear on his book. . . . What comes through clearly, as is one of the author's stated intentions, is that errors are part and parcel of the process and that science progresses, not always despite them, but also through them. . . . With its illustrious characters, interesting ideas and those blunders to marvel at, the book makes a fascinating read." (Marianne Freiberger Plus magazine)
"Wide ranging and entertaining, Brilliant Blunders might be picked up by readers who have been fooled into doing so by the notion of blunders, but they will certainly enjoy it for its brilliance." (Robert Schaefer New York Journal of Books)
"With humor and precision, Livio reminds us: 'Even the most impressive minds are not flawless; they merely pave the way for the next level of understanding.'" (Publishers Weekly)
“The stories of how these blunders came about, and what happened next, are extremely well researched, and they shed a welcome, informative, entertaining and sometimes new light on science as a deeply human activity.” (Len Fisher Physics World)
About the Author
Mario Livio is an internationally known astrophysicist, a bestselling author, and a popular speaker who has appeared on The Daily Show, 60 Minutes, and NOVA. He is the author of the bestsellers The Golden Ratio, Brilliant Blunders, and Galileo. He lives in Baltimore, Maryland.
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
Brilliant Blunders

Throughout the entire period that I have been working on this book, every few weeks someone would ask me what my book was about. I developed a standard answer: “It is about blunders, and it is not an autobiography!” This would get a few laughs and the occasional approbation “What an interesting idea.” My objective was simple: to correct the impression that scientific breakthroughs are purely success stories. In fact, nothing could be further from the truth. Not only is the road to triumph paved with blunders, but the bigger the prize, the bigger the potential blunder.
Immanuel Kant, the great German philosopher, wrote famously, “Two things fill the mind with ever new and increasing admiration and awe, the more often and steadily we reflect upon them: the starry heavens above me and the moral law within me.” In the time that has passed since the publication of his The Critique of Practical Reason (1788), we have made impressive progress in understanding the former; considerably less so, in my humble opinion, in elucidating the latter. It is apparently much more difficult to make life or mind comprehensible to itself. Nevertheless, the life sciences in general—and the research into the operation of the human brain in particular—are truly picking up speed. So it may not be altogether inconceivable after all that one day we will even fully understand why evolution has concocted a sentient species.
While this book is about some of the remarkable endeavors to figure out life and the cosmos, it is more concerned with the journey than with the destination. I tried to concentrate on the thought process and the obstacles on the way to discovery rather than on the achievements themselves.
Many people have helped me along the way, some maybe even unknowingly. I am grateful to Steve Mojzsis and Reika Yokochi for discussions on topics related to geology. I thank Jack Dunitz, Horace Freeland Judson, Matt Meselson, Evangelos Moudrianakis, Alex Rich, Jack Szostak, and Jim Watson for conversations on chemistry, biology, and specifically on Linus Pauling’s work. I am indebted to Peter Eggleton, John Faulkner, Geoffrey Hoyle, Jayant Narlikar, and Lord Martin Rees for helpful discussions on astrophysics and cosmology, and on Fred Hoyle’s work.
I would also like to express my gratitude to all the people who provided me with invaluable materials for this book, and in particular to: Adam Perkins and the staff of the Cambridge University Library, for materials on Darwin and on Lord Kelvin; Mark Hurn of the Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, for materials on Lord Kelvin and on Fred Hoyle; Amanda Smith of the Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, for materials on Fred Hoyle and for processing photos related to Watson and Crick; Clifford Meade and Chris Petersen of the Special Collections Department of Oregon State University, for materials on Linus Pauling; Loma Karklins of the Caltech Archives, for material on Linus Pauling; Sarah Brooks from the Nature Publishing Group, for material on Rosalind Franklin; Bob Carswell and Peter Hingley for materials on Georges Lemaître from the Royal Astronomical Society; Liliane Moens of the Archives Georges Lemaître, for materials on Georges Lemaître; Kathryn McKee of St. John’s College, Cambridge, for materials on Fred Hoyle; and Barbara Wolff of the Albert Einstein Archives, Diana Kormos Buchwald of the Einstein Papers Project, Daniel Kennefick of the University of Arkansas, Michael Simonson of the Leo Baeck Institute, Christine Lutz of Princeton University, and Christine Di Bella of the Institute for Advanced Study for materials on Einstein.
Special thanks are due to Jill Lagerstrom, Elizabeth Fraser, and Amy Gonigam of the Space Telescope Science Institute, and to the staff at the Johns Hopkins University Library for their continuous bibliographic support. I am grateful to Sharon Toolan for her professional help in preparing the manuscript for print, to Pam Jeffries for skillfully drawing some of the figures, and to Zak Concannon for cleaning some of the figures. As always, my most patient and supportive ally has been my wife, Sofie.
Finally, I thank my agent, Susan Rabiner, for her relentless encouragement; my editor, Bob Bender, for his thoughtful comments; Loretta Denner, for her assistance during copyediting; and Johanna Li, for her dedication during the entire production of this book. --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
PREFACE
Throughout the entire period that I have been working on this book, every few weeks someone would ask me what my book was about. I developed a standard answer: “It is about blunders, and it is not an autobiography!” This would get a few laughs and the occasional approbation “What an interesting idea.” My objective was simple: to correct the impression that scientific breakthroughs are purely success stories. In fact, nothing could be further from the truth. Not only is the road to triumph paved with blunders, but the bigger the prize, the bigger the potential blunder.
Immanuel Kant, the great German philosopher, wrote famously, “Two things fill the mind with ever new and increasing admiration and awe, the more often and steadily we reflect upon them: the starry heavens above me and the moral law within me.” In the time that has passed since the publication of his The Critique of Practical Reason (1788), we have made impressive progress in understanding the former; considerably less so, in my humble opinion, in elucidating the latter. It is apparently much more difficult to make life or mind comprehensible to itself. Nevertheless, the life sciences in general—and the research into the operation of the human brain in particular—are truly picking up speed. So it may not be altogether inconceivable after all that one day we will even fully understand why evolution has concocted a sentient species.
While this book is about some of the remarkable endeavors to figure out life and the cosmos, it is more concerned with the journey than with the destination. I tried to concentrate on the thought process and the obstacles on the way to discovery rather than on the achievements themselves.
Many people have helped me along the way, some maybe even unknowingly. I am grateful to Steve Mojzsis and Reika Yokochi for discussions on topics related to geology. I thank Jack Dunitz, Horace Freeland Judson, Matt Meselson, Evangelos Moudrianakis, Alex Rich, Jack Szostak, and Jim Watson for conversations on chemistry, biology, and specifically on Linus Pauling’s work. I am indebted to Peter Eggleton, John Faulkner, Geoffrey Hoyle, Jayant Narlikar, and Lord Martin Rees for helpful discussions on astrophysics and cosmology, and on Fred Hoyle’s work.
I would also like to express my gratitude to all the people who provided me with invaluable materials for this book, and in particular to: Adam Perkins and the staff of the Cambridge University Library, for materials on Darwin and on Lord Kelvin; Mark Hurn of the Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, for materials on Lord Kelvin and on Fred Hoyle; Amanda Smith of the Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, for materials on Fred Hoyle and for processing photos related to Watson and Crick; Clifford Meade and Chris Petersen of the Special Collections Department of Oregon State University, for materials on Linus Pauling; Loma Karklins of the Caltech Archives, for material on Linus Pauling; Sarah Brooks from the Nature Publishing Group, for material on Rosalind Franklin; Bob Carswell and Peter Hingley for materials on Georges Lemaître from the Royal Astronomical Society; Liliane Moens of the Archives Georges Lemaître, for materials on Georges Lemaître; Kathryn McKee of St. John’s College, Cambridge, for materials on Fred Hoyle; and Barbara Wolff of the Albert Einstein Archives, Diana Kormos Buchwald of the Einstein Papers Project, Daniel Kennefick of the University of Arkansas, Michael Simonson of the Leo Baeck Institute, Christine Lutz of Princeton University, and Christine Di Bella of the Institute for Advanced Study for materials on Einstein.
Special thanks are due to Jill Lagerstrom, Elizabeth Fraser, and Amy Gonigam of the Space Telescope Science Institute, and to the staff at the Johns Hopkins University Library for their continuous bibliographic support. I am grateful to Sharon Toolan for her professional help in preparing the manuscript for print, to Pam Jeffries for skillfully drawing some of the figures, and to Zak Concannon for cleaning some of the figures. As always, my most patient and supportive ally has been my wife, Sofie.
Finally, I thank my agent, Susan Rabiner, for her relentless encouragement; my editor, Bob Bender, for his thoughtful comments; Loretta Denner, for her assistance during copyediting; and Johanna Li, for her dedication during the entire production of this book. --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
From Publishers Weekly
Astrophysicist and award-winning author Livio (The Golden Ratio) analyzes ruinous errors of five great scientific minds in the wake of their most prominent discoveries and how those errors have not only propelled scientific breakthroughs, but provide "insights...into the operation of the human mind." Summoning Charles Darwin, Lord Kelvin, Linus Pauling, Fred Hoyle, and Albert Einstein, Livio argues there is no progress without lessons in humility. These thinkers succumbed to moments of fear, pride, stubbornness, and doubt common to all "mere mortals"—to the benefit of elucidating the evolution of life and the universe. Two-time Nobel prize-winning chemist Pauling's flub of basic chemistry catalyzed the discoveries of Watson and Crick; Hoyle, a cosmologist who displayed "pigheaded, almost infuriating refusal" to give up his thoroughly refuted "steady state theory", energized advanced studies of how we exist in space with his controversial ideas; and Einstein, "the embodiment of genius", refused to give up on his cosmological constant, "the most famous fudge factor in the history of science." With humor and precision, Livio reminds us: "Even the most impressive minds are not flawless; they merely pave the way for the next level of understanding." (May)
--This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
Product details
- ASIN : B008J4B40Y
- Publisher : Simon & Schuster; Illustrated edition (May 14, 2013)
- Publication date : May 14, 2013
- Language : English
- File size : 12581 KB
- Text-to-Speech : Enabled
- Screen Reader : Supported
- Enhanced typesetting : Enabled
- X-Ray : Not Enabled
- Word Wise : Enabled
- Print length : 354 pages
- Lending : Not Enabled
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Best Sellers Rank:
#762,978 in Kindle Store (See Top 100 in Kindle Store)
- #186 in Science Methodology & Statistics
- #189 in Science Education Research
- #675 in Biographies of Scientists
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Reviewed in the United States on April 13, 2019
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5 people found this helpful
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Reviewed in the United States on December 2, 2013
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This is a fascinating subject. Anyone who ventures into scientific research should be aware that, no matter how brilliant an idea is, there is always the danger that some or all of it may be totally wrong.
I especially found the section about Fred Hoyle interesting. Livio states that Hoyle " was not religious" and therefore felt that the Steady State theory was the only one that allowed the necessary time for evolution to produce life and eventually intelligence. I wonder if Livio is familiar with a book Hoyle wrote in 1983 called "The Intelligent Universe"? In this book, he proposes that there is an intelligence beyond Earth that controls evolution of life throughout the Universe, and states that he now believes that this superior intelligence is responsible for our own intelligence. In a sense, he no longer considers himself an atheist. He rejects Darwinism ( providing convincing mathematical reasoning to show why natural selection is impossible) and believes that we will never contact extraterrestrial life forms, because the Universe is specifically designed to prevent this possibility. He argues that life comes from organic molecules found in nebulae. He still insists that Steady State is correct, however, and presents arguments to support it.
One can appreciate the thinking of the great scientific minds and admire their courage in proposing theories that contradict established thought. It is inevitable that some of these bold ideas turn out to contain blunders, as they are working at the frontiers of knowledge where there are many unknowns.
The book gives credit to the scientists for the many brilliant contributions they made, while pointing out that they were still fallible, like all of us.
I especially found the section about Fred Hoyle interesting. Livio states that Hoyle " was not religious" and therefore felt that the Steady State theory was the only one that allowed the necessary time for evolution to produce life and eventually intelligence. I wonder if Livio is familiar with a book Hoyle wrote in 1983 called "The Intelligent Universe"? In this book, he proposes that there is an intelligence beyond Earth that controls evolution of life throughout the Universe, and states that he now believes that this superior intelligence is responsible for our own intelligence. In a sense, he no longer considers himself an atheist. He rejects Darwinism ( providing convincing mathematical reasoning to show why natural selection is impossible) and believes that we will never contact extraterrestrial life forms, because the Universe is specifically designed to prevent this possibility. He argues that life comes from organic molecules found in nebulae. He still insists that Steady State is correct, however, and presents arguments to support it.
One can appreciate the thinking of the great scientific minds and admire their courage in proposing theories that contradict established thought. It is inevitable that some of these bold ideas turn out to contain blunders, as they are working at the frontiers of knowledge where there are many unknowns.
The book gives credit to the scientists for the many brilliant contributions they made, while pointing out that they were still fallible, like all of us.
18 people found this helpful
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Reviewed in the United States on January 25, 2018
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Excellent book that explains the science clearly for a non-science audience. The stories are interesting and well argued as to why the blunders are considered "brilliant". A fun read. I found it useful to have others read the book that are exposed to (and believe) misrepresentations of the concepts described in the book.
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Reviewed in the United States on October 13, 2020
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Most of the reviewers focus on the fact that even brilliant scientists make mistakes. But this is not the principal point of the book.
The process of creating theories, finding their limitations and then creating new improved theories is the essence of the scientific method and why science has been so successful.
The book also provides wonderful explanations of some of the most important scientific discoveries.
The process of creating theories, finding their limitations and then creating new improved theories is the essence of the scientific method and why science has been so successful.
The book also provides wonderful explanations of some of the most important scientific discoveries.
Reviewed in the United States on March 9, 2014
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This book is written at a very satisfying level. It falls between the pop culture level of writing such as Malcolm Gladwell's and the senior year university textbook. Not to say those writings aren't important but this book falls nicely between--advanced concepts explained in enough detail that will call for focused attention from an adult mind. You will need to concentrate and even then you may miss a point or two. But if you have any scientific curiosity you will find yourself stimulated and with a deeper understanding of the universe. You'll want to read it again later.
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Reviewed in the United States on February 4, 2014
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This is a book about mistakes, stubbornness, and finding the right course. It's not a book of criticism but a book of revaluation, particularly with respect to the personalities of the scientists involved. Livio made the effort to talk to contemporaries of the more modern scientists involved with provides some excellent insights into the process of theorization and the mindsets of genius.
The book is very readable, Livio isn't afraid to delve deeply into the theories being covered. The section on Einstein's "blunder" is particularly detailed. And, by the way, you'll find an interesting discussion of whether Einstein really called the cosmological constant his "greatest blunder."
The book is very readable, Livio isn't afraid to delve deeply into the theories being covered. The section on Einstein's "blunder" is particularly detailed. And, by the way, you'll find an interesting discussion of whether Einstein really called the cosmological constant his "greatest blunder."
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Reviewed in the United States on September 28, 2017
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The title is inconsistent with the book. The so called "blunders" were actually just interpretations based upon evidence available. When new evidence emerged, the "blunder" was rectified...
Don't buy this book based upon the title.
Don't buy this book based upon the title.
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Brian R. Martin
5.0 out of 5 stars
A brilliant book about brilliant scientific blunders
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on December 15, 2013Verified Purchase
Brilliant blunders? How can blunders be brilliant? Well they sometimes can if they are made by scientists of the calibre of Charles Darwin and Albert Einstein, or even lesser geniuses such as Linus Pauling and Lord Kelvin. The blunder itself can act as a catalyst and open up entirely new ways of looking at nature. In this book, the astrophysicist Mario Livio illustrates this by examining the cases of five iconic scientists from different disciplines - Darwin, Kelvin, Pauling, Einstein and Hoyle - whose work has transcended science and extended out to general culture. The nature of their blunders is different in each case and illustrates some universal human traits. They demonstrate that the road to discovery and innovation can be constructed even via the unlikely path of blunders.
Darwin's blunder was not to realise that his theory of evolution was incompatible with the blending theory of heredity that was accepted at the time. This implied that any variation with new characteristics that arose by chance would quickly be lost. His attempts to overcome this problem were misguided and he fell victim to what modern psychologists call the `illusion of confidence', i.e. overestimating ones abilities. Nevertheless, the blunder paved the way for the mathematical theory of population genetics and the vindication of Mendel's theory of inheritance. Kelvin calculated the age of the Earth to be far smaller than the evidence from geology suggested, not because he knew nothing about radioactivity (which actually makes rather little difference to the result), but because he refused to accept that there could be convection currents from the Earth's core. His stubbornness stemmed from his knowledge that his mathematical abilities were undeniable and so he had total faith in his calculations. Pauling's attempt to solve the structure of DNA resulted in a model that violated some basic principle of chemistry that even a first year undergraduate would have known. How could this possibly have happened? Well, Pauling consider himself in a race with teams in Cambridge and London and it is likely that in his haste to rush something into print he totally lost focus, relying instead on his previous success with models of proteins. His blunder spurred on the efforts of the other teams, particularly that of Crick and Watson. Hoyle was one of the originators of the `steady-state' theory of the universe, in contrast to the Big Bang model. He was still defending this theory long after observational evidence had destroyed its credence. One reason for this may have been his isolation; he only worked with and had discussions with a close circle of friends. Einstein's blunder was to introduce a new term - the cosmological constant - into the equations of general relativity to counteract gravity and so produce a static universe, only to remove it when the universe was found not to be static, but actually expanding. This blunder has led to exhaustive studies of the equations of general relativity and cosmological models, and the reinstatement of the cosmological constant in another context.
This is a hugely entertaining and informative book constructed on rigorous research For example, by examining the Minute books of the Royal Astronomical Society, Livio definitively lays to rest the suggestion sometimes made that the discoverer of the expansion of the universe was Lemaitre and not Hubble. Another example is the famous, much quoted remark allegedly made by Einstein that the introduction of the cosmological constant was his `biggest blunder'. By examining all the relevant documents, the author shows that there is no evidence for this assertion, but considerable circumstantial evidence that it was made up by George Gamow, a physicist renowned for his sense of humour. The writing is informal but very clear, and difficult concepts are precisely explained without `dumbing down'. The text is backed up by numerous references and a bibliography for those readers who wish to explore further.
Darwin's blunder was not to realise that his theory of evolution was incompatible with the blending theory of heredity that was accepted at the time. This implied that any variation with new characteristics that arose by chance would quickly be lost. His attempts to overcome this problem were misguided and he fell victim to what modern psychologists call the `illusion of confidence', i.e. overestimating ones abilities. Nevertheless, the blunder paved the way for the mathematical theory of population genetics and the vindication of Mendel's theory of inheritance. Kelvin calculated the age of the Earth to be far smaller than the evidence from geology suggested, not because he knew nothing about radioactivity (which actually makes rather little difference to the result), but because he refused to accept that there could be convection currents from the Earth's core. His stubbornness stemmed from his knowledge that his mathematical abilities were undeniable and so he had total faith in his calculations. Pauling's attempt to solve the structure of DNA resulted in a model that violated some basic principle of chemistry that even a first year undergraduate would have known. How could this possibly have happened? Well, Pauling consider himself in a race with teams in Cambridge and London and it is likely that in his haste to rush something into print he totally lost focus, relying instead on his previous success with models of proteins. His blunder spurred on the efforts of the other teams, particularly that of Crick and Watson. Hoyle was one of the originators of the `steady-state' theory of the universe, in contrast to the Big Bang model. He was still defending this theory long after observational evidence had destroyed its credence. One reason for this may have been his isolation; he only worked with and had discussions with a close circle of friends. Einstein's blunder was to introduce a new term - the cosmological constant - into the equations of general relativity to counteract gravity and so produce a static universe, only to remove it when the universe was found not to be static, but actually expanding. This blunder has led to exhaustive studies of the equations of general relativity and cosmological models, and the reinstatement of the cosmological constant in another context.
This is a hugely entertaining and informative book constructed on rigorous research For example, by examining the Minute books of the Royal Astronomical Society, Livio definitively lays to rest the suggestion sometimes made that the discoverer of the expansion of the universe was Lemaitre and not Hubble. Another example is the famous, much quoted remark allegedly made by Einstein that the introduction of the cosmological constant was his `biggest blunder'. By examining all the relevant documents, the author shows that there is no evidence for this assertion, but considerable circumstantial evidence that it was made up by George Gamow, a physicist renowned for his sense of humour. The writing is informal but very clear, and difficult concepts are precisely explained without `dumbing down'. The text is backed up by numerous references and a bibliography for those readers who wish to explore further.
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Spiros Armenis
5.0 out of 5 stars
Very interesting
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on May 4, 2019Verified Purchase
You will find lots of historical facts about great scientists.
Sharadindu A.
5.0 out of 5 stars
To err is human
Reviewed in India on June 6, 2019Verified Purchase
This is an insightful book commenting on "blunders" by some of the greatest minds of the last 2 centuries —
Darwin & Kelvin (19th); Einstein, Pauling, & Hoyle (20th).
Mario Livio makes an excellent investigation into the nature of each of their mistakes, with some interesting conclusions. He brings some original ideas about what constitutes a scientific "mistake", and especially the psychological reasons for these mistakes. I liked how they were arranged in decreasing order of severity — starting with Darwin's misunderstanding of a serious concept of his own theory and ending with Einstein's cosmological constant.
I'd recommend this book to those interested in the history of science, or in the psychology of some of the greatest scientists. Cheers!
Darwin & Kelvin (19th); Einstein, Pauling, & Hoyle (20th).
Mario Livio makes an excellent investigation into the nature of each of their mistakes, with some interesting conclusions. He brings some original ideas about what constitutes a scientific "mistake", and especially the psychological reasons for these mistakes. I liked how they were arranged in decreasing order of severity — starting with Darwin's misunderstanding of a serious concept of his own theory and ending with Einstein's cosmological constant.
I'd recommend this book to those interested in the history of science, or in the psychology of some of the greatest scientists. Cheers!
5.0 out of 5 stars
To err is human
Reviewed in India on June 6, 2019
This is an insightful book commenting on "blunders" by some of the greatest minds of the last 2 centuries —Reviewed in India on June 6, 2019
Darwin & Kelvin (19th); Einstein, Pauling, & Hoyle (20th).
Mario Livio makes an excellent investigation into the nature of each of their mistakes, with some interesting conclusions. He brings some original ideas about what constitutes a scientific "mistake", and especially the psychological reasons for these mistakes. I liked how they were arranged in decreasing order of severity — starting with Darwin's misunderstanding of a serious concept of his own theory and ending with Einstein's cosmological constant.
I'd recommend this book to those interested in the history of science, or in the psychology of some of the greatest scientists. Cheers!
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vince
5.0 out of 5 stars
A book for non scientists that the scientists can enjoy
Reviewed in Italy on January 1, 2019Verified Purchase
Let me first say that I am a scientist, better a physicist. Thus, the topics were known to me as to the physical foundations. However, this book sheds some light on a few hidden corners of the scientific discoveries of Darwin, Newton, Kelvin, Pauling, Hoyle and Einstein that were basically unknown to me. It is not a book on the history of science, it is rather a book on the process of unveiling the secrets of the universe and the errors that the scientist, after all a human being, makes and sometimes is not ready to admit. In this sense, it is a brilliant book, written by someone who understands science and has compassion for the scientists as humans. A second thing that made me happy about this book is its unified view of physics and biology: they are related sciences, we know, but the author tells us why. I had never thought that without the universe the way it is we would never be talking about some fundamental problems the way we do. It sounds trivial, but, believe me, it is not. Read this book and you will find out what I mean!
Ashok Kumar
5.0 out of 5 stars
Informative and Brilliant
Reviewed in India on August 7, 2021Verified Purchase
I have been reading this book for some time,and yet to finish it.The most striking thing about this book is that it brings forth new information hitherto
unknown to new readers like me. This rekindles passion and quest for new ideas gradually but steadily.
unknown to new readers like me. This rekindles passion and quest for new ideas gradually but steadily.
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