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The China Mirage: The Hidden History of American Disaster in Asia Hardcover – April 21, 2015
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In each of his books, James Bradley has exposed the hidden truths behind America's engagement in Asia. Now comes his most engrossing work yet. Beginning in the 1850s, Bradley introduces us to the prominent Americans who made their fortunes in the China opium trade. As they -- -good Christians all -- -profitably addicted millions, American missionaries arrived, promising salvation for those who adopted Western ways.
And that was just the beginning.
From drug dealer Warren Delano to his grandson Franklin Delano Roosevelt, from the port of Hong Kong to the towers of Princeton University, from the era of Appomattox to the age of the A-Bomb, The China Mirage explores a difficult century that defines U.S.-Chinese relations to this day.
- Print length432 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherLittle, Brown and Company
- Publication dateApril 21, 2015
- Dimensions6.25 x 1.5 x 9.5 inches
- ISBN-100316196673
- ISBN-13978-0316196673
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- Publisher : Little, Brown and Company; First Edition (April 21, 2015)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 432 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0316196673
- ISBN-13 : 978-0316196673
- Item Weight : 1.45 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.25 x 1.5 x 9.5 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #1,379,354 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #1,746 in Asian Politics
- #2,326 in Chinese History (Books)
- #36,642 in World History (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

I was born in Wisconsin surrounded by a loving family of ten and loved swimming in cold lakes. When I was a boy I read an article by former president Harry Truman recommending historical biographies for young readers. His reasoning was that it was easy to follow the storyline of someone’s life, and they would absorb the history of the times on the journey. History soon became my favorite subject and I have been an active reader all my life.
When I was thirteen years old I read an article by James Michener in Reader’s Digest which I paraphrase: “When you’re twenty-two and graduate from college, people will ask you, ‘What do you want to do?’ It’s a good question, but you should answer it when you’re thirty-five.” Michener went on to write that his experiences wandering the globe as a young man later inspired his works on Afghanistan, Spain, Japan and other places.
When I was nineteen years old, I lived and studied in Tokyo for one year. I later brought my Japanese friends home to Wisconsin. My father, John Bradley, had helped raise an American flag on the Japanese island of Iwo Jima and had shot a Japanese soldier dead. My dad warmly welcomed my Japanese buddies.
I traveled around the world when I was twenty-one, from the U.S. to Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Thailand, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey, France, Germany, Italy, England and back to the United States.
At twenty-three I graduated with a degree in East Asian history from the University of Wisconsin at Madison.
For the next twenty years I worked in the corporate communications industry in the United States, Japan, England and South Africa.
In my late thirties I took a year off to go around the world again. On this trip I made it to base camp on Mt. Everest and walked among lions in Africa.
My father died when I was forty years old. My search to find out why he didn’t speak about Iwo Jima led me to write Flags of Our Fathers and establish the James Bradley Peace Foundation.
Flags of Our Fathers went on to be a bestseller and a movie, but few saw its potential at first. In fact, as this New York Times article documents, twenty-seven publishers turned the book down over a period of twenty-five months. This difficult and humbling birthing process inspired my live presentation Doing the Impossible.
In 2001 a WWII veteran of the Pacific revealed to me that the U.S. government had kept secret the beheading deaths of eight American airmen on the Japanese island of Chichi Jima, next door to Iwo Jima. After researching their deaths, I informed the eight families and the world of the unknown facts in my book second book Flyboys. (One flyboy got away. His name was George Herbert Walker Bush.)
After writing two books about WWII in the Pacific, I began to wonder about the origins of America’s involvement in that war. The inferno that followed Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor had consumed countless lives, and believing there’s usually smoke before a fire, I set off to search Asia for the original irritants. The result of that search is my third book, The Imperial Cruise.
I am working on my fourth book, about Franklin Delano Roosevelt and China.
Above my desk are the framed words of James Michener:
“Just because you wrote a few books, the world is not going to change. You will find that you will go to sleep and awaken as the same son-of-a-bitch you were the day before.”
For the past ten years, the James Bradley Peace Foundation and Youth For Understanding have sent American students to live with families overseas. Perhaps in the future when we debate whether to fight it out or talk it out, one of these Americans might make a difference.
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After 9/11 bewildered Americans asked, "Why do they hate us?" The rest of the world laughed at our ignorance. The world now hates America. This sad fact is something I have personally experienced from living in New Zealand for the last seven years. I recently returned home. Our once trusted leaders in their arrogance have squandered all our good will. Yet I continue to meet and know so many decent, hard working, honest people here in the USA. If we Americans can begin to see ourselves as the rest of the world sees us, maybe we still have a chance at redemption — before it is too late.
"The China Mirage, The Hidden History of the American Disaster in Asia" by James Bradley might forever obliterate any Disneyland-fantasy we still hold dear about our fearless leaders. Bradley chronicles the deluded misconceptions regarding China held by the power elite in the west — delusions, 'mirages' that led to years of disastrous policies and unnecessary wars because of complete ignorance, arrogance and a blind stupidity that reigned from the time of the East India Company's Opium Trade (drug running) in China, through Japan's invasion of China and the Rape of Nanking, right on into Pearl Harbor and World War II, and continuing through the Korean War and the Vietnam tragedy. All because of the ignorance, incompetence, and racial arrogance that created a true believer 'mirage' in America regarding China.
This book hurt, compelling me to reconsider as false whatever misguided beliefs I still had about my own country. I felt deceived, again betrayed. Viet Nam was my generation. Back in the 1960s I had realized that the Viet Nam war was not about stopping communism, but rather for corporate profit and aggrandizement of the military industrial multinationals. I had friends there who told me things, but James Bradley's 'China Mirage' taught me what I did not know.
I did not know that the Delano family, as in Franklin Delano Roosevelt, made their fortune by dealing opium in China. Opium funded/built the British Empire and was one of "the critical engines of the era." In India, the East India Company had control over "one million Indian opium farmers." Many, as they love to say 'old money' east coast families who now consider themselves the 'blue-bloods' of America, originally got their fortunes in the opium trade. Warren Delano was one.
I did not know that Franklin Delano Roosevelt had no qualms about creating a secret government to avoid a pesky Senate & Congress and carry out his policies covertly. Sound familiar? I did not know that the man who founded TIME magazine, Henry Luce was the source endless distorting propaganda. "Luce was the missionary, the believer, a man whose beliefs and visions, and knowledge of Truth contradicted and thus outweighed the facts of his reporters [David Halberstam]." Henry Luce's publications beginning in the 1920s held the American people captive, and hypnotized them into believing that China could be "Christianized" — and that Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek was America's friend, a Christian on "the side of the angels" who would be the 'savior' of the Chinese people needing "Jesus and Jefferson"!
In reality Chiang Kai-shek was little more that a henchman for the notorious Charlie Soong family who had learned how to siphon millions of dollars off deluded American governments and missionaries by promising to promote the Americanization of China, Democracy and Christianity. The money was used for the Soong's own wealth and power in China, and by continually influencing American sentiment through the 'China Lobby' and Henry's Luce's publications.
Charlie Soong had gone to the United States as a laborer, but found himself the poster-boy for Southern Methodist missionaries in North Carolina obsessed with converting all of China into Christians. Charlie Soong was awarded a degree in theology in 1885. Back in China he preached Christianity, but quickly realized his fellow countrymen had no interest in becoming Christians or being Americanized. However, Charlie realized "there was a lot of money to be earned from American Christians" who believed in their mirage of China.
Charlie Soong had three daughters and a son, who for years played an enormous role in the China Lobby, which kept Roosevelt and the American public spellbound in the 'mirage' that China could be Americanized. The eldest daughter, Ailing Soong is described in 1925 as "the most powerful person in China" and by the FBI as "an evil and clever woman [who] sits in the background and directs the family." Another daughter, Mayling Soong was married to Chiang Kai-shek, who favored wealthy Chinese bankers and landlords that lived off peasant labor. These people bilked the United States for millions of taxpayer dollars.
Again I did not know that the USA had kept Japan supplied with oil for its war on China right up to 1941. Money was needed to recover from the Great Depression cause by the Wall Street crash, caused by... ...well, you know. According to Bradley, another 'mirage' was eventually created to convince the American public that the Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek was "bravely fighting the Japanese" and that there would be no repercussive blowback suffered by cutting the oil supply to Japan. Pearl Harbor changed that perception. One hundred thousand Americans and over two million Japanese perished in the Pacific WWII.
In 1948, one of the Soong daughters, Mayling, came to the United States looking for more money. President Truman later said this: "I discovered after some time, that Chiang Kai-shek and the Madame (Soong) and their families...were all thieves, every last one of them. And they stole seven hundred and fifty million dollars out of the 3.5 billion we sent to Chiang. They stole it...Every damn one of them ought to be in jail..."
It was Japan's occupation of Korea that allowed it to initially invade China. Korea was divided, but the plan to reinvigorate Japan's economy after the war "called for Korea, Vietnam and other Asian countries to be the supply/consumption machines within the U.S./Japanese orbit." This proved disastrous and according to Bradley ignited the Korean War, then Vietnam, and the Chinese revolution. In 1950, "The North Koreans attacked the South because of fears that Japan's industrial economy and its former position in Korea were being revived by recent changes in American policy."
The war in Vietnam also emerged from ignorance and delusion. Ho Chi Minh was committed to ending foreign domination of Vietnam, just as the American Revolutionaries had kicked the British out in 1776. But Eisenhower saw Ho Chi Minh "as a tool of international Communism." Eisenhower instead chose a man to rule who was "allied with the wealthy, who kept the peasants in near servitude" — a Catholic in a mostly Buddhist Vietnam.
So many lost their lives in Vietnam — and for what? Former secretary of defense Robert McNamara later explained that, "Our government lacked experts for us to consult to compensate for our ignorance. ...There were no senior officials in the Pentagon or State Department with comparable knowledge of Southeast Asia...The irony of this gap was that it existed largely because the top East Asian and China experts in the State Department...had been purged during the McCarthy hysteria of the 1950s...I badly misread China's objectives...totally misunderstood the nationalist aspect of Ho Chi Minh's movement."
The primary delusional characters in this long tragedy are Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Henry Stimson, Pearl Buck (yes, that 'Good Earth' was propaganda!), Henry Luce (founder of the TIME magazine empire), Claire Chennault (an incompetent Captain in the U.S. Army Air Corps who became a mercenary for Chiang Kai-shek), and Joseph McCarthy (who ruined countless creative lives in his obsessive paranoia). These were the misguided 'true believers' who longed to make an ancient culture they literally knew nothing about, into their ideal of a New China founded on 'Jesus and Jefferson'. Their search was as Bradley says, for a mirage that never was and never will be, a search that resulted in the deaths of millions of innocent men and women duped by their delusions. True Believers are truly dangerous.
James Bradley is the son of one of the men who raised the American flag on Iwo Jima. His astonishing book, The China Mirage, bravely peals off layers of deception and lies that have been kept from the American people through the 20th century — and haunt us still as we fight through the mire of propaganda that threatens to destroy what we have held high, the ideals of freedom and the Bill of Rights.
In Taking the Risk out of Democracy: Corporate Propaganda versus Freedom and Liberty, Alex Carey says that we the American people have been subjected to a 75-year long multi-billion dollar intentional assault on our freedom to think and to choose. "...propaganda techniques have been developed and deployed (in the United States)...to control and deflect the purposes of the domestic electorate in a democratic country in the interests of the privileged segments of that society."
The idea that Americans might be the most brain washed country on the planet is confirmed by James Bradley's book, The China Mirage. In 1927, Harold Lasswell wrote "Propaganda Techniques in World War I" and suggested that, "familiarity with the behavior of the ruling public (meaning those who had so easily succumbed to the propaganda) has bred contempt... as a consequence, despondent democrats turned elitist, no longer trusting intelligent public opinion, and therefore should themselves determine how to make up the public mind, how to bamboozle and seduce in the name of the public good..." Alex Carey: "propaganda has become a profession. The modern world is busy developing a corps of men who do nothing but study the ways and means of changing minds or binding minds to their convictions."
Thank you, James Bradley. I would imagine it took a great deal of courage to write this book. I wish my Mother & Father and the generation before me had known the truth. Maybe they would not have been so hard on my generation - the first in history that dared to say "No, we won't go"!
These efforts devolved into a string of deceptions about China being much like the west. A powerful China lobby grew into a machine having huge impacts on American opinion. After numerous other misadventures, this lobby began pushing for the US to go to war with Japan after Japan invaded China.
STOP READING HERE IF YOU WANT TO DISCOVER THE FOLLOWING SECRETS FOR YOURSELF.
During the Roosevelt Administration a split developed between his most powerful departments. The Secretary of State and the US President both wanted to avoid war with Japan and wanted to keep selling oil and raw materials to Japan, which they would use against the Chinese. Without the oil Japan’s military could not continue to fight Chiang in China. Several other cabinet secretaries and members of the Federal bureaucracy wanted to support China and wanted to cut off American, and other sources of oil, to Japan. The Secretary of State and the President were certain that cutting off the oil to Japan would lead to a Japanese attack on America and the Dutch and the UK. Japan would secure the oil by force if the west stopped selling it to them, the Secretary and President were sure.
The opposition in the cabinet had been convinced by the China lobby that Japan would not even contemplate an attack on the US. The China lobby, which included Madam Chiang and powerful elites in the US, took steps behind Roosevelt’s back to cut off the oil. They altered important documents, alterations found by the President’s attorney and reported to him, and then rearranged key bureaucratic committees that eventually stopped the oil from getting to Japan. After the oil was cut off, Japan attacked the US, UK, Dutch, and their allies across the Pacific.
The China lobby couldn’t have been happier. Money and other help flowed to Chiang in massive amounts; however, every step of the way Chiang and the Nationalists were stealing millions. Mao was ignored and he turned against the US because of our heavy support for Chiang.
These are the author’s contentions, not mine.
I think the argument that Japanese policy in China was immoral is correct. And I think America could have stopped selling oil and other war supplies to Japan years earlier, say 1934, after Japan refused to stop its takeover of China. The author addresses my complaints, but not effectively I think. In my opinion the book pushes the idea that American bureaucracy caused the war, and once the oil had been stopped Roosevelt could do nothing because of the China lobby and America’s misunderstanding of China. Why was no one fired after disobeying direct orders, and after Japan’s attack had shown the fallacy of the thinking behind stopping the flow of oil? None of this was explained. This, and other obvious defects materially decreases the author’s arguments.
It is nonetheless an excellent book that you should read for yourself and reach your own opinion.
AD2
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本書の記述はフランリン・デラノ・ルーズヴェルトの祖父であるウォレン・デラノから始まる。米国人の中国に対する初期のイメージを形作ったのは主に宣教師と麻薬商人達だが、彼等は清朝によって定められた区域から出ようとせず、中国語を学ぼうとも中国人を理解しようともせず、ひたすら自分達の商品(キリスト教とアヘン)を相手に押し付けることばかり考えていた(前者は全く成果を挙げられなかった)。それが帰国して東海岸のエスタブリッシュメント層で大きな勢力となり、「白人が善導してやらなければ自力では前へ進めない停滞したアジア人」のイメージを広めた。「門戸開放政策」の名の下で他国の経済や文化や政治体制を破壊することで利益を得ていた麻薬商人達にとっては、相手を「非人間」のカテゴリーに貶めることは、自らの行動を正当化する恰好の言い訳になっただろう。
中国人の移民労働者が増えることで、米国人が現実の中国人と接する機会は一旦は増えたのだが、低賃金で勤勉に働く中国人労働者達に脅威を覚えた米国労働者達が差別的で暴力的な排斥運動をエスカレートさせた結果、中国人排斥法が成立し、米国人が中国人を知る機会は一気にまた極く限られたものとなる(他国の経済を破壊することで利益を上げながら、その国の人々が豊かさを求めて働きに来ると「自国の労働者を脅かす」と云う理由で排斥する、と云うパターンは、21世紀の今日でも欧米各国で起こっている。日本はまだ規模が小さいので外国人労働者排斥を主張している人は比較的少数に留まっているが、外国人労働者があからさまな差別的待遇を受けることが多いことはよく知られている)。これが中国に対する非現実的な蜃気楼を更に助長した。
米帝の収奪的アジア貿易販路確保の一環として行われた開国によって(朝鮮戦争を抜きにして第二次大戦後の日本国を語るのが欺瞞でしかない様に、阿片戦争を抜きにして明治維新を語るのは欺瞞でしかないと思う)アジアの新興帝国として開花した日本帝国は、西洋と同じく帝国主義的拡張事業に乗り出し、朝鮮半島の支配を巡って日清戦争を起こした訳だが、更に十年後には同じ問題でロシアと対決することになる。伊藤博文はハーヴァード大卒の金子堅太郎を特使として米帝に送り出し、流暢な英語による彼のPRに感激したセオドア・ルーズヴェルトは、日本人が「極東のヤンキー」になりたがっていると信じ込み、日本にアジア版のモンロー・ドクトリンを勧める。米帝は朝鮮半島への日帝の拡張主義を最初に承認どころか推奨した西洋国となった。ここでもまた「西洋を追い掛ける東洋」と云う、西洋にとって心地の良い蜃気楼が働いていた。
西洋化・キリスト教化された「ニュー・チャイナ」の蜃気楼は、孫文の支援者で、米国で教育を受けたメソジスト牧師のチャーリー宋(宋嘉澍)とその三人の娘(宋家の三姉妹)を通じて更に強化されることになる。長女の宋靄齢(孫文夫人の宋慶齢と蒋介石夫人の宋美齢の姉)と蒋介石の結託の結果生み出された軍事政権は、米国市民の世論を誘導する為にハーヴァード卒で流暢な英語を話すT.V.宗(宋子文)を送り出し、彼が米国内で作り出した強大な「チャイナ・ロビー」が、「キリスト教徒で自由と民主主義を愛する偉大な指導者で中国4億人の希望の星」なる、凡そ実像とは懸け離れた蒋介石像を広め、実際に中国民衆の支持を得ているのも日帝侵略軍と戦っているのも毛沢東の方だと云う現実を米国人の目から覆い隠した。現実の中国農民の実像とは懸け離れたパール・バックの小説『大地』が、「我が国の農民と何等変わらない、キリスト教徒ではないがキリスト教徒同然の、西洋的理想を追い求める高貴な中国農民」の蜃気楼を広め、中国への宣教師の息子ヘンリー・ルースの『タイム』等のメディア帝国が、これらの架空の中国像を増幅させた。
”The First Wise Man”ことヘンリー・スティムソンを筆頭として、ハーヴァード大卒の中国へは行ったことも無い国務省の「ワイズメン」界隈は、チャイナ・ロビーのプロパガンダを真に受けて次々に取り込まれ、どんどん誤った国際認識を育てて行った。蒋介石がファシストの詐欺師に過ぎないことを指摘しようとした中国通は次々と黙殺または排斥される憂き目に遭い、チャイナ・ロビーは「日帝との武器取引を止め、蒋介石に軍事的・経済的に支援しさえすれば、日帝の報復を恐れること無く、中国人達を助けることが出来る」と云う、米帝にとっても壊滅的な蜃気楼を信じるに至った。
「祖父を通じて、自分は中国を多少は知っている」と思い込んでいたFDRやハル国務長官の様な一部の高官達はそれでも石油の禁輸を行えば日帝との開戦は避けられないことを予測して慎重な路線を選んでいたのだが、「右手のやっていることを左手には知らせない」と云うFDRの(祖父から受け継いだ)二枚舌政治が裏目に出ることになる。チャイナ・ロビーのプロパガンダをその儘なぞったワイズメンはFDRの対中国政策に対して度々叛乱を仕掛け、その度に大火になる度に鎮圧されていた訳だが、1941年当時国務次官補だったディーン・アチソンが到頭FDRがチャーチルと密会している間にそれに成功し、実質的に日本に対する石油の禁輸を成功させた。
日本を資源不足に追い込んだABCD包囲網の解釈については今でも議論が絶えないが、「米帝の石油の禁輸措置はFDRの意に反して行われた(しかもFDRは暫くその事実に気が付かなかった)」と云う点は興味深い。ブラッドレーは本書で「日帝との戦争は我が国にとって全く無用のものであり、回避出来たものだ」とする説を採用し、説得力の有る解説を試みている。
同じ様に毛沢東に関する無理解が、軍産複合体の強大化を招くことになる朝鮮戦争を開始させ(DPRKや中国の方から戦争を始めた訳ではない)、ホー・チ・ミンに対する無理解が、同じく壊滅的な結果を招いたヴェトナム戦争を始めさせることになった。また毛沢東を支援しなかったことは結果的に抗日戦争を長引かせ、蒋介石に対する支援を継続したことは結果的に抗日戦争時代よりも更に血生臭い、これまた全く無用で避けられた筈の内戦で中国全土を引き裂くことになった。米帝の無知と傲慢が如何にアジア諸国に数々の惨劇を引き起こして来たのか、ブラッドレーが活写するその愚か過ぎる内幕には呆れ果てる他無い。
無知な者の善意と悪意は屢々区別が容易ではないが、本書は基本的に「アメリカ人は善意だが無知で傲慢であるが故に過った」と云うスタンスで書かれている。だがそこに本当に明白な悪意と呼べる様なものは無かったのだろうかと少し疑問に思う。特に蒋介石と毛沢東関連の事柄についてはもっと触れられていない裏事情が有ったのではないかと憶測を巡らせたくなる。ブラッドレーの記述に寄れば、嘘の根源は宋靄齢=蒋介石であって、米国人達はひたすら騙されていただけだ、と云うことになっているが、後年のCIAの中国共産党デマの数々は米国人が意図的に作り出した嘘だ。今の例で言えばウイグルのジェノサイドだの香港の民主化弾圧だの台湾への軍事的圧力だのチベット弾圧だの南シナ海での軍事的挑発行動だの一帯一路構想に於ける「債務の罠」だの、まぁ一般市民は単に無知だから騙されているだけなのだろうが、こうしたデマや歪曲情報を広めている連中は自分達が嘘を吐いていると自覚している筈だ。第二次大戦前にも同様の秘密工作は行われていなかったのだろうか。また1930年代に行き詰まった資本主義を共産主義た高まる一方の労働者の抗議から救済する策としてファシズムがもてはやされ、欧米各国で強硬な全体主義的政策が採用された訳だが(米帝でも労働者の抗議行動の弾圧は屢々暴力的だった)、果たしてこれは共時的な偶然だったのだろうか。蒋介石は明らかにファシスト陣営、親資本主義陣営の人間だが、本書では扱われていない彼に対してウォール街や大企業はどう動いていたのだろうか。西洋各国に於ける反共主義の苛烈さを考えると、毛沢東に関する意図的な世論誘導等は行われていなかったのだろうか。深読みをし過ぎるとまぁ所謂「陰謀史観」に堕してしまう訳だけれども、本書は些かその点で被害者史観で満足してしまっている印象を受ける。残された宿題がまだまだ有りそうな気がする。








