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Complicity in the Holocaust: Churches and Universities in Nazi Germany Paperback – March 29, 2012

5.0 out of 5 stars 8 customer reviews

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Product Details

  • Paperback: 280 pages
  • Publisher: Cambridge University Press; 1 edition (February 6, 2012)
  • Language: English
  • ISBN-10: 1107663334
  • ISBN-13: 978-1107663336
  • Product Dimensions: 6 x 0.6 x 9 inches
  • Shipping Weight: 14.4 ounces (View shipping rates and policies)
  • Average Customer Review: 5.0 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (8 customer reviews)
  • Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #366,815 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

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The question of how far responsibility for the Holocaust can be attributed to ordinary Germans as opposed to the Nazi leadership has been debated ever since 1945. For the Allies in 1945, especially the Americans, it appeared clear in their own minds that responsibility lay not with a narrow circle of leaders but more broadly with German society as a whole so that a thoroughgoing process of de-Nazification was needed. Ericksen considers that the American assessment at the time was largely correct and addresses specifically the question of complicity of Churches and universities in the Nazi state and the Holocaust. His study concludes that both these parts of society were deeply complicit in what happened. Despite individual dissidents, "institutional approval of church and university for the Nazi state" was expressed openly and never recanted. Therefore it was not surprising that when individual Germans who were members of Churches and graduates of universities who were asked to do terrible things by the State, they "presumably had a right to think they were given permission by their pastors and professors".

The study begins with the role of the Churches. Germany in the nineteenth century and early twentieth century led the world in many areas including biblical scholarship, exerting enormous influence through theologians such as Karl Barth, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Rudolf Bultmann and Paul Tillich. 97 per cent of Germans identified themselves as Christian, mostly Protestant, many of whom were active in their Churches and fervent believers.
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This is a history of many themes. The depravity of the Holocaust itself is a given for Ericksen; instead he focuses on the moral and ethical leaders of the Churches and Universities of Germany from the beginning to the end of the Nazi regime. What happened, he asks, when ordinary Germans, seeing the growing atrocities of their government, looked for guidance from their churches and schools, filled with the moral and intellectual leaders of their society? Did these pastors and teachers take the side of morality? Of ethics? Of law? Or human rights and integrity? No, says Erickson, instead they almost exclusively defended and actively participated in the Nazi distortions of all of these ideals.

Ericksen's answer is emphatic and his evidence (mostly in the very words of the leaders themselves) is specific, convincing and deeply disturbing. The majority of the religious and academic leaders helped "justify" even the worst of the Nazi crimes.

We see Paul Althaus, a leading theologian of his day, calling the rise of Hitler "a gift and miracle of God." Illustrating another theme of this work, specifically the failure of Denazification to eliminate even the worst of the Nazi supporters from the schools and churches, most of Althaus's postwar students never learned of his Nazi support until after his death in 1966.

We see Hitler's appointed Reich Bishop Muller and his cohort August Jager rule the congregation on Germany, first eliminating all Jews, baptized Jews, many theologians, priests, and pastors, from all Church positions. Purging of the few remaining leaders who did not fervently support Hitler followed this.
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I gave this book 5 stars not because "I loved it"--because I don't--but because I think it is a very important and well-written book. Erickson shows tremendous grasp of the material and puts together a powerful picture of the "complicity" (a kind word for some of the activity he cites) of the churches and universities. The book is not overly long, but it is an important scholarly--yet accessible--case for complicity that paints a clear picture of the activities and attitudes of the subjects. It left this reader persuaded.
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Ericksen writes with clarity and succinctness, packing this relatively short work (235 pages) with full analysis of complex issues in a remarkably readable book. A most gifted writer, Erickson is balanced and fair on subjects that inherently are not balanced and where there is no justice. Scholarship on the Holocaust has come a long way in the last 20 years, with Ericksen a singular voice in current company with Browning and Susannah Heschel, modern voices added to the pioneering of Arendt, Hilberg and Davidowicz. Whether this is the first read for a newcomer or a recent release for the seasoned scholar, Complicity receives my strongest recommendation. It is foundational while at the same time specific. Footnotes are helpfully positioned at the bottom of the page and the bibliography is extensive and up to date through 2012.
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