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The Constitution of Knowledge: A Defense of Truth Hardcover – June 22, 2021
| Jonathan Rauch (Author) Find all the books, read about the author, and more. See search results for this author |
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Arming Americans to defend the truth from today’s war on facts
In what could be the timeliest book of the year, Rauch aims to arm his readers to engage with reason in an age of illiberalism.
Newsweek
A New York Times Book Review Editors' Choice
Disinformation. Trolling. Conspiracies. Social media pile-ons. Campus intolerance. On the surface, these recent additions to our daily vocabulary appear to have little in common. But together, they are driving an epistemic crisis: a multi-front challenge to America’s ability to distinguish fact from fiction and elevate truth above falsehood.
In 2016 Russian trolls and bots nearly drowned the truth in a flood of fake news and conspiracy theories, and Donald Trump and his troll armies continued to do the same. Social media companies struggled to keep up with a flood of falsehoods, and too often didn’t even seem to try. Experts and some public officials began wondering if society was losing its grip on truth itself. Meanwhile, another new phenomenon appeared: cancel culture. At the push of a button, those armed with a cellphone could gang up by the thousands on anyone who ran afoul of their sanctimony.
In this pathbreaking book, Jonathan Rauch reaches back to the parallel eighteenth-century developments of liberal democracy and science to explain what he calls the Constitution of Knowledgeour social system for turning disagreement into truth.
By explicating the Constitution of Knowledge and probing the war on reality, Rauch arms defenders of truth with a clearer understanding of what they must protect, why they must doand how they can do it. His book is a sweeping and readable description of how every American can help defend objective truth and free inquiry from threats as far away as Russia and as close as the cellphone.
- Print length280 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherBrookings Institution Press
- Publication dateJune 22, 2021
- Dimensions6 x 1.3 x 9.1 inches
- ISBN-100815738862
- ISBN-13978-0815738862
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Editorial Reviews
Review
The digital age was supposed to bring about the blessings of unlimited knowledge fueled by radically egalitarian free speech allowing everyone to access, share, and learn from freely available information to the benefit and progress of all. Instead, an epistemic crisis supercharged by viral disinformation and indifference to truth has bred deep cynicism about the benefits of free speech and the liberal ideals that underpin this increasingly unpopular idea. In his unputdownable new book, Jonathan Rauch provides both a surgically precise diagnosis and a promising cure for the ailments that torment the twenty-first century with its crisis of authority, distrust, and rampant tribalism. We ignore Rauch’s warning and prescription at our own peril.
Jacob Mchangama, founder and executive director of Justitia; author of Free Speech: A History from Socrates to Social Media
Liberty, of course, requires constant vigilance, but who would have thought until recently that the idea of truth needed defending? Sadly, we now see that it does, but happily, Jonathan Rauch has come to the rescue of both truth and liberty in this thought-provoking, essential work.
Mitchell E. Daniels Jr., president of Purdue University and former governor of Indiana
Rauch's graceful and accessible writing takes us into the abyss of a dark new age, where Trumpian disinformation and even stifling wokeness threaten the search for truth, but then shows us the path to reality-based uplands. Rauch proves there really is a constitution of knowledge, if we can only keep it.
James Comey, former FBI director; author of A Higher Loyalty and Saving Justice
The ability to talk in good faith about a shared reality is a foundational element of civics that we didn’t know we had until we suddenly and surprisingly lost it. Jonathan Rauch explains how we got it in the first place and how we are now letting it slip away. His telling of the story is well grounded in history and philosophy as well as in the very latest dispatches from the meme wars. Readers will come away from The Constitution of Knowledge not just concerned about the mess we’re in, but also with new ideas as to how we might dig ourselves out of it.
Neal Stephenson, author of Snow Crash and Fall; or Dodge in Hell
Why can't we have shared facts anymore? The most profound and useful answer is contained in this book. Jonathan Rauch shows us how it is that societies ever come to know things. It is only after we appreciate the miracle of knowledge production (the constitution of knowledge) that we can understand the tragedy befalling us now, as key institutions and practices decay. This book is a magnificent integration of psychology, epistemology, and history. It is among the three or so most important books I have read in the last five years. It is a joy to readdeep insight after deep insight, embedded in playful writing, about one of the most important problems of the 2020s.
Jonathan Haidt, Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical Leadership, NYU-Stern School of Business; author of The Righteous Mind; co-author of The Coddling of the American Mind
Long one of the country’s wisest and most honest voices, Jonathan Rauch has written a hugely valuable and necessary book, an illuminating exploration of the flight from fact. If, as the Gospel of John put it, the truth shall set us free, then count Rauch among the liberators.
Jon Meacham, historian; author of His Truth Is Marching On: John Lewis and the Power of Hope
Thanks to a global epidemic of nihilistic trolling, manipulative disinformation, and addictive outrage, modern democracies are facing an existential challenge: it's not merely that their citizens don't agree on politics, they don't agree on the nature of truth itself. In The Constitution of Knowledge, Jonathan Rauch offers an original definition of this epistemological crisis, as well as a range of innovative solutions. It’s no exaggeration to say that this is a book that anyone who cares about truth and democracy needs to read.
Anne Applebaum, author of Twilight of Democracy: The Seductive Lure of Authoritarianism
Twenty-five years ago, Jonathan Rauch’s Demosclerosis ignited interest in the problem of government immobilized, like Gulliver among the Lilliputians, by thousands of threads of transactions on behalf of factions. Now this singularly talented analyst addresses an even more dangerous problemthe collapse of shared standards of truth. He is a James Madison for this era, a framer of a Constitution of Knowledge.
George F. Will, author of The Conservative Sensibility
In what could be the timeliest book of the year, Rauch aims to arm his readers to engage with reason in an age of illiberalism. Nothing is off limits in this ingenious work which builds on his Kindly Inquisitors. Anyone curious about the state of American discourse and culture will devour it.Juliana Rose Pignataro, Newsweek
“Mr Rauch’s book is a manifesto for liberals and eccentrics, which explains how carefully the great, distributed knowledge-making network has been assembled, how enduring it has proved—yet how fragile it seems.”
—The Economist
"In 'The Constitution of Knowledge,' Jonathan Rauch makes a convincing case that we still need our institutions of expertise and the people who work for them. . . . Mr. Rauch’s defense of the constitution of knowledge is an insightful and important reminder of the real goods produced by expertise."
—The Wall Street Journal
About the Author
Jonathan Rauch is a senior fellow in the Governance Studies program at the Brookings Institution and a contributing writer of The Atlantic. His previous books include Kindly Inquisitors: The New Attacks on Free Thought.Rauch resides in Washington, DC.
Product details
- Publisher : Brookings Institution Press (June 22, 2021)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 280 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0815738862
- ISBN-13 : 978-0815738862
- Item Weight : 1.49 pounds
- Dimensions : 6 x 1.3 x 9.1 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #15,608 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- Customer Reviews:
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About the author

At about age 20, I realized that (1) I didn't have the talent to be a musician, and (2) I didn't have the concentration to specialize. Naturally, I became a journalist. My first managing editor, Joe Goodman, at the Winston-Salem Journal, used to say: "Everyone has a story to tell; your job is to find it." In my books, I tell stories about Japan, free inquiry, government sclerosis, gay marriage, sexual denial, political realism, and--most recently--why life gets better after 50. I've won the National Magazine Award and some other prizes and been called (wrongly) "doctor" and "professor." To me, though, the highest honorific is: journalist. For my official bio: www.jonathanrauch.com.
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Top reviews from the United States
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This polarization exists on the Right and Left and both exist and are strengthened by each other in a symbiotic relationship. As Rauch writes:
“One is predominantly right-wing and populist, the other predominantly left-wing and elitist. One employs chaos and confusion, the other conformity and social coercion. But their goals are similar and often, weirdly, they act as de facto allies.”
Both contribute to the demise of liberal democracy. As Rauch observes: “What troll culture and cancel culture have in common is that they are techniques of what propaganda experts often call information warfare. Rather than using traditional persuasion to seek truth, they manipulate the social and media environments for political advantage.”
This is a great book, but I don’t see political tribalists with an agenda reading this book, so sadly Rauch will be preaching to the choir: thoughtful intellectuals, independent thinkers, moral, decent human beings. Sadly, such people need to be in bigger numbers. Otherwise, the “epistemic crisis” that Rauch explores will only get worse.
One important point. You will find people steeped in the fever swamp of misinformation rebuking Rauch's book by using Russian talking points and thereby supporting Rauch's argument, but of course we can find little consolation in this as we are horrified by watching our democracy disintegrate before our eyes.
He cannot make it more than a thought or two without descending into a diatribe about Donald Trump--while ignoring the undisputed facts that have come to light about the illegal activities of the FBI and the collusion of the other intelligence agencies, the media, and the Democratic Party in perpetuating the true Big Lie-that there ever was any reason to believe the Russian Collusion hoax. The fact that he cannot admit that traditional journalists were guilty in perpetuating this lie--eager to do so, in fact--renders his judgement of Trump and the Right suspect.
Rauch also ignores the inconvenient facts emerging about the problems with the election in Fulton County and Maricopa County, insists on calling some on the Right seditious and treasonous, and generally portrays himself and other traditional journalists as honest purveyors of fact. What a joke.
Amid a perfect storm of technological change, political turbulence and cultural turmoil, our systems of communication have become disordered. Rauch convincingly argues that largely Leftist 'cancel culture' and largely Rightist disinformation campaigns are highly calculated attacks on longstanding norms of information dissemination and opinion formulation. These phenomena have resulted in a breakdown of norms of communication, persuasion, and politics.
Rauch cites historical precedents to make his case, along with contemporary analyses.
Perhaps the most important takeaway is that relying on a 'free market' of ideas to sort things out may not be possible in our current moment. What is unclear is how this can be resolved. Rauch appears to be optimistic that there is a reservoir of good faith and trust that can be summoned as the challenges become more widely understood.
American books tend to end with summary chapters that purport to present workable solutions to the problems identified. Rauch concludes with several sections encouraging a more sophisticated consumption of information and a bottom-up response. Readers may find the problem-identification the more persuasive element. Once citizens develop something like a herd immunity to the manipulation, the social media tools that sometimes vex us may present new opportunities for mobilization, to update and strengthen the norms and institutions our democratic republic relies upon to govern ourselves, as well as to harness otherwise disparate information such as has served the world in all manner of technological breakthroughs.
Highly recommended.
In sorting out fact from fiction we must recognize the personal and social biases through which we evaluate claims and the factors that motivate them. The task is made even more difficult by the fact that there are some who deliberately propagate falsehoods for their own purposes. But “reality-based communities” have developed norms and institutions for challenging and testing “truth.” Free speech and a free press are an indispensable element of such institutions.
As Rauch insightfully explains, it requires our individual commitment to truth and the institutions and norms that facilitate and incentivize finding it (filtering falsehood from truth). It requires an effective Constitution of Knowledge.
Top reviews from other countries
Jonathan sees truth as a consensus regarding our understanding of the world. The consensus is built through a transformation of observations, opinions and insights into facts through a network of reputable institutions. The truth is not immutable, when new idea are offered, they are processed by these institutions. Poor ideas fall by the wayside, good ideas drive the evolution of new consensus. How Wikipedia works is a good (but not perfect) way to think about how the bigger truth making ecosystem works. He hypothesises that this broader ecosystem is corrupted and this has negative consequences for Liberal Democracy.
These institutions are a product of the Enlightenment and linked to the development of Liberal Democracy. It’s a good idea, but light on detail. A fuller historical perspective on the relationship between Liberal Democracy and truth making institutions is better covered in ‘Liberalism’ by Edmund Fawcett.
Liberal Democracy is both fragile and robust, as are the institutions it spawns. Jonathan explains how a new technology can first hobble a liberal democracy and then how new institutions emerge to correct the situation. His example is printing, specifically how the newspaper industry grew rapidly in the 1800s based on the development of printer technology, making printing cheaper and more accessible. This growth caused all sorts of problems for truth making, (fake news was a big thing in the 19th century). Over time new standards for news reporting restored order to the process of truth making. This story elegantly foreshadows how the internet and social media has facilitated the current crisis in truth making.
Jonathan shows that it is mainly the right wing playing fast and loose with the truth. He sees Donald Trump and his coterie as the masters of obfuscation and blustery falsehoods. The author offers two characteristics of a truth or ‘Rules for Reality’; 1) No one gets the final say (falsifiability, there is no final say) and 2) No one has personal authority ( in the truth making process). By making unfalsifiable claims and speaking from authority Trump breaks both rules. His attack on Trump is merited, however his prose smacks a little of derangement. Had he made a tighter attack, reminding the reader of how Trump has broken the reality rules, I think Jonathan may have opened the eyes of more centrist Trump supporters to his cavalier handling of facts and his disregard for the important role of mainstream media.
The truth making system is also compromised by other powerful groups. Bad actors inside institutions are stopping the emergence of new ideas or counter perspectives. It’s not just valid facts being killed off, new ideas and observations are not properly evaluated and validated. For example, in the pay inequality debate, if someone comes forward with data suggesting there are legitimate reasons for the inequality, they are censored, cancelled and de-platformed for being sexist, the evidence ignored.
It is mainly the left that engage in this behaviour. Jonathan argues that the University system, the institution that could be called a fact factory is the major culprit. In universities, Democrats outweigh Republicans. It is the universities who censor, cancel and de-platform. He makes two interesting observations, first, that cancelling is not just about muting the target for cancellation, it’s more about sending a warning to others that leads to self-censorship. Secondly, that an organised minority of students, not faculty or administrations agitate for censorship, cancellation, and de-platforming. By implication the faculty and administration enable. Both these ideas show how small, well aimed attacks have a disproportionate effect on truth making. The quote ‘All that is required for evil to triumph is for good men to do nothing’ comes to mind.
I think the author is less emotional in his choice of words describing the left’s behaviour. He is however balanced in his criticism of right and left.
Facts are mainly words. There is a subject not covered in this book that enables censoring, cancelling and de-platforming. The left is expert at shifting the meaning of words purposefully. For example, to be anti-racist in the past was about abhorring racist behaviour and calling it out when it’s evident. The new meaning is to affirm that white folk are systematically privileged and implicitly racist. You are racist if you are not vocal in asserting this way of thinking whenever and wherever you can. The left doesn’t falsify like the right, they redefine words, then censor, cancel and de-platform those who refuse to accept the redefinition. Healthy debate and the natural evolution of consensual truth is derailed. It’s a smart strategy that the right still does not understand. It’s as if they have turned up for a competition but haven’t been told the new rules.
Bias is our default setting. The Balkanisation of Western politics in the last few years is testament to this assertion. Jonathan has written a biased book. A point of view implies bias. What I find heart-warming is that his perspective is insightful, and he has worked hard to present a balanced commentary on the parlours state of the constitution of knowledge. However the commentary is not without bias, this is as good as it gets. A thoughtful reader looking for truth should be able to see past his more impassioned concerns regarding the manipulation of facts by the right than his worries about the cancel culture on the left. Few writers on this topic work hard enough to check their bias. I sense Jonathan works hard to check his bias. This is why I would would like him as a friend. A good faith friend with different views trumps (!) a dysfunctional ideologue, even when I agree with the idealogical position.
I really wanted to give this work five stars. In all conscience, I cannot, there are two reasons: Treatment of the historical development of truth making institutions could have been stronger and linked more tightly to the evolutionary arc of Liberal Democracy. Secondly, an exploration of how the left change word meaning to enable cancel culture to thrive, would have offered a deeper insight into process of silencing legitimate enquiry. That said, this effort is worth the time and money for anyone trying to understand the Western world as it is in the 2020s.
Maybe it should be mandatory reading for anyone gradualing from college or university.







