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Continued Fractions (Dover Books on Mathematics)
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Presented in a clear, straightforward manner, the book comprises three major chapters: the properties of the apparatus, the representation of numbers by continued fractions and the measure theory of continued fractions. The last chapter is somewhat more advanced and deals with the metric, or probability, theory of continued fractions, an important field developed almost entirely by Soviet mathematicians, including Khinchin.
The present volume reprints an English translation of the third Russian edition published in 1961. It is not only an excellent introduction to the study of continued fractions, but a stimulating consideration of the profound and interesting problems of the measure theory of numbers.
- ISBN-100486696308
- ISBN-13978-0486696300
- PublisherDover Publications
- Publication dateMay 14, 1997
- LanguageEnglish
- Dimensions5.38 x 0.24 x 8.46 inches
- Print length112 pages
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Product details
- Publisher : Dover Publications (May 14, 1997)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 112 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0486696308
- ISBN-13 : 978-0486696300
- Item Weight : 3.99 ounces
- Dimensions : 5.38 x 0.24 x 8.46 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #983,473 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #38 in Mathematical Infinity
- #453 in Popular & Elementary Arithmetic (Books)
- #512 in Mathematical Analysis (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
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Customers find the introduction excellent, recommendable, and not technically difficult. They also say continued fractions are a powerful mathematical device and the book provides a reasonable if not brief introduction.
AI-generated from the text of customer reviews
Customers find the introduction excellent, with great text on the theory and application of continued functions. They also say it's a fun little book with the right formulas that are easy to remember. Readers also mention that the book is well worth having for the amount of information in it, and that it'll be a quick read.
"...An inexpensive, interesting and quick read. Well worth having for the amount of information in it." Read more
"...For example 1/pi = 113/355 -- something that is very easy to remember (note the doubles of the odd numbers up to five)...." Read more
"An OK book. Not technically difficult, basically just high-school algebra...." Read more
"...Though the book lacks examples and exercises, the first chapter is very well explained and organised letting us (the begginers) to grasp the main..." Read more
Customers find the book's continued fractions to be a powerful mathematical device that is capable of representing all real numbers.
"...book, wealth of applications, this little gem provides a doorway into deep number theory...." Read more
"...Therefore, continued fractions are capable of representing all real numbers: some as finite fractions (e.g. 54/17 or any rational), some as non-..." Read more
"An excellent classic of math and for lovers of Fibonnaci succesions." Read more
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Measure theory is the theory of the fraction of the extent of a domain that is mapped from the range of inputs to a function. Measure theory is used primarily by Khinchin and his students, but similar work is posed in terms of probability theory and other contexts by other mathematicians. Once this is understood (and it is hinted at by a footnote or two from the translator), this material becomes as accessible as the rest of the material.
The book begins with a minor aside in a proof of convergence of continued fractions that have real partial numerators and denominators, whose partial numerators are all unity, and the sum of whose partial denominators diverges. Since the simple classical number-theoretic continued fractions are the subject of the book, this proof clearly includes all such continued fractions. This minor excursion from number theory and algebra is a significant advantage to this particular book as it provides a bedrock for later rate-of-convergence discussions.
The related field of analytic theory of continued fractions that was explored by Riemann, Stieltjes, Tchebychev, Padé, Hamburger, Cesàro, and others that are contemporary to Khinchin (memorable classic by H.S. Wall was published in 1948, long after this book was written), is not ignored entirely.
Never heard of them? You're not alone. The first recorded instance of continued fractions was by Lord Brouncker in the 17th century which makes them a relatively new addition to mathematics. Nor are they taught in typical undergraduate scientific curricula. Notwithstanding, if they were discovered by the Pythagoreans, history may have been much different.
The Pythagoreans were a mystical sect that believed that all things geometric could be described by rational numbers (i.e., wholes and fractions). Something like the square root of two was clearly geometric (the diagonal of the unit square) yet, irrational. Legend has it that Hippasus (5th century B.C.) was expelled from (or killed by) the Pythagorean school for proving the irrationality of a number such as the square root of 2 or the golden ratio. This ultimately destroyed the Pythagorean religion. Had the theory of continued fractions been discovered at this time, irrationals would have been reduced to infinite fractions of whole numbers and the religion may have well survived until (or perhaps interfered with) the advent of Christianity.
This monograph by the Russian mathematician, Aleksandr Khinchin, is a very inexpensive way to obtain a good introduction. The author died in 1959, however, his third edition of the book was translated into English in 1964 and revised in 1997. The monograph is less than 100 pages and organized into three chapters: I. Properties of the Apparatus; II. The Representation of Numbers by Continued Fractions; III. The Measure Theory of Continued Fractions. The book also has a brief and inadequate index.
Some of the fascinating things one will learn is that if a/b < c/d then the value (a+c)/(b+d) is always intermediate: a/b < (a+c)/(b+d) < c/d. Repeated application of this algorithm gives an infinitely divisible and ordered sequence of rational numbers; e.g., the infinite sequence 1/1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4... 0/1 is one such application of the theorem. One can also prove that 355/113 is the best three digit rational approximation to pi -- a result of remarkable accuracy. One will also learn that all rational numbers can be represented by finite continued fractions. For example, 54/17 = 3+1/(5+1/(1+1/2)). Therefore, continued fractions are capable of representing all real numbers: some as finite fractions (e.g. 54/17 or any rational), some as non-terminating repeating fractions (e.g., square root of 2 or any quadratic root), some as non-repeating non-terminating fractions having a pattern [e.g., Euler's constant, e = 2+1/(1+1/(2+1/(1+1/(1+1/(4+1/(1+1/(1+1/(6+....], and others as non-terminating non-repeating fractions without pattern [e.g., pi = 3 + 1/(7+1/(15+1/(1+1/(292+1/(1+1/(1+...]. Regarding the latter, if one can derive an infinite series representation, then it is possible to recast the regular continuing fraction (numerator of 1s) as an irregular continuing fraction having a pattern [e.g., pi = 3+1/(6+9/(6+25/(6+49/(6+...].
Thus, continued fractions are a powerful mathematical device, and this book provides a reasonable if not brief introduction.
My one quibble is that it is all theoretical. I was hoping for specific examples - like an infinite continued fraction that equals eg square root of 2 - but there was nothing like that. Fortunately that sort of thing can be found easily with a web search, esp. Wikipedia.
For the book price it is a very recommendable purchase.
Top reviews from other countries
This `Dover' book is an unabridged (1997) English translation of the third Russian reprint (1961). You may come across `Continued Fractions' in other mathematical areas such as Number Theory, Analysis, Probability, and Mechanic's. You may also find 'Continued Fractions' skills are - frustratingly- assumed within general `mathematical techniques' and hard to find a book about its topics?
The book only has 95 pages, but it may be helpful if you are already grasp some principles of analysis, series and recursive-based calculations, but it starts from elemental level, so try not too worry. The book has generous mathematical examples and many graphs.
Down to basics
The book starts from first principles, and allows fundamental skills to be learned. Continued Fractions are positive natural numbers arranged is a way to eventually approximate real numbers and other numerical forms.
Quotation: `Continued Fractions' can be applied to best approximate real or complex numbers, functions of one or several variables'. (Page 19)
To improve accuracy to any level we wish, try representing a number / series with two series, one being the numerator (P), and another series for the denominator (Q). These can be arranged with inequalities. To sew two series - `P' / `Q'- together allows another series to be created by recursive techniques to keep these stages in step.
Summary
If you wish to gain more depth, this book increasing in challenging ideas, such as Chapter 3, `The Measure Theory of Continued Fractions' or further. If you try to stick within boundaries of any previous exposure analysis, (especially) series, and recursive calculation concepts, its starts to make better sense but becomes rather involved at times, but it's a rewarding read. It is fine mathematical books at a 2nd hand price.








