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Cynical Theories: How Activist Scholarship Made Everything about Race, Gender, and Identity―and Why This Harms Everybody Hardcover – August 25, 2020
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Have you heard that language is violence and that science is sexist? Have you read that certain people shouldn't practice yoga or cook Chinese food? Or been told that being obese is healthy, that there is no such thing as biological sex, or that only white people can be racist? Are you confused by these ideas, and do you wonder how they have managed so quickly to challenge the very logic of Western society?
In this probing and intrepid volume, Helen Pluckrose and James Lindsay document the evolution of the dogma that informs these ideas, from its coarse origins in French postmodernism to its refinement within activist academic fields. Today this dogma is recognizable as much by its effects, such as cancel culture and social-media dogpiles, as by its tenets, which are all too often embraced as axiomatic in mainstream media: knowledge is a social construct; science and reason are tools of oppression; all human interactions are sites of oppressive power play; and language is dangerous. As Pluckrose and Lindsay warn, the unchecked proliferation of these anti-Enlightenment beliefs present a threat not only to liberal democracy but also to modernity itself.
While acknowledging the need to challenge the complacency of those who think a just society has been fully achieved, Pluckrose and Lindsay break down how this often-radical activist scholarship does far more harm than good, not least to those marginalized communities it claims to champion. They also detail its alarmingly inconsistent and illiberal ethics. Only through a proper understanding of the evolution of these ideas, they conclude, can those who value science, reason, and consistently liberal ethics successfully challenge this harmful and authoritarian orthodoxy—in the academy, in culture, and beyond.
- Print length352 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherPitchstone Publishing
- Publication dateAugust 25, 2020
- Dimensions6 x 1 x 9 inches
- ISBN-101634312023
- ISBN-13978-1634312028
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Editorial Reviews
Review
"Many people are nonplussed by the surge of wokery, social justice warfare, intersectionality, and identity politics that has spilled out of academia and inundated other spheres of life. Where did it come from? What ideas are behind it? This book exposes the surprisingly shallow intellectual roots of the movements that appear to be engulfing our culture."
—Steven Pinker, Johnstone Professor of Psychology, Harvard University, and author of Enlightenment Now
"Cynical Theories is a brilliant book, offering an incisive and much needed critique of the cult of social justice. The authors painstakingly trace its origins in postmodernism and, in doing so, expose the ways in which a once fashionable coterie of theorists infiltrated the mainstream with catastrophic consequences for liberalism, equality, and free speech."
—Andrew Doyle, creator of Titania McGrath
"In this important and timely book, Pluckrose and Lindsay trace the intellectual origins of today's Social Justice crusaders. With clear prose and a fair-minded spirit, they argue forcefully that struggles for social justice are strongest when they are founded on respect for evidence, reason, and free and open debate. They deplore the harm that closed-minded Social Justice ideologues are doing to the cause of social justice (lower-case), and they offer practical strategies for doing better."
—Alan Sokal, Professor of Mathematics, University College London, and coauthor of Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals' Abuse of Science
"A fascinating and mandatory guide to understanding the culture war. Meticulously researched and impeccably written, Cynical Theories offers explanations as to how we got here and the best solutions going forward."
—Debra Soh, PhD, sex neuroscientist and author of The End of Gender
"If you want to know the philosophy behind cancel culture and why it is so creepy, get this book. Then, give it to your friends and family."
—Ayaan Hirsi Ali, human rights activist
"Is there a school of thought so empty, so vacuous, so pretentious, so wantonly obscurantist, so stupefyingly boring that even a full-frontal attack on it cannot be read without an exasperated yawn? Yes. It is called postmodernism. If you sincerely want to understand what postmodernism is, read this exceptionally well-informed book by two noble heroes of the enlightenment project. If you have better uses for your neurons and your time, stick to science. It’s the real deal."
—Richard Dawkins, emeritus fellow of New College, Oxford
About the Author
James Lindsay is a mathematician with a background in physics. He is interested in the psychology of religion, authoritarianism, and extremism and is the author of Everybody is Wrong about God. His other books include Life in Light of Death and How to Have Impossible Conversations. His essays have appeared in the Wall Street Journal, Los Angeles Times, Philosophers’ Magazine, Scientific American, and Time. He led the Grievance Studies Affair probe that made international headlines in 2018, including the front page of the New York Times. He lives in Tennessee.
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Product details
- Publisher : Pitchstone Publishing; None edition (August 25, 2020)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 352 pages
- ISBN-10 : 1634312023
- ISBN-13 : 978-1634312028
- Item Weight : 1.4 pounds
- Dimensions : 6 x 1 x 9 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #8,280 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #4 in Philosophy & Social Aspects of Education
- #5 in Modern Philosophy (Books)
- #11 in Social Philosophy
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

James Lindsay is an author, internationally recognized speaker, and the founder and president of New Discourses. He is best known for his relentless criticism of "Woke" ideology, the now-famous Grievance Studies Affair, and the bestselling book 'Cynical Theories', which has been translated into over a dozen languages. In addition to writing and speaking, Lindsay is the voice of the 'New Discourses Podcast' and has been a guest on prominent media outlets including The Joe Rogan Experience, Glenn Beck, Fox News, and NPR.
Customer reviews
Reviewed in the United States on August 25, 2020
Top reviews from the United States
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This book gives a detailed history of the movement to destroy liberal principles and replace them with Wokeness. It makes what is happening on our streets make sense. It explains the absurdity of things like the videos going around as I write this, of restaurant patrons being harassed by thugs screaming in their faces and demanding that they make a show of obedience and fealty to the mob.
The authors are two of the trio who successfully published multiple academic papers in the various fields I'm referring to (the ones I had to take three mandatory courses in to get my degree)--the ones they call "grievance studies." They know their stuff to the point that they successfully won awards while posing as true believers in this religion.
This book will get tons of 1 star reviews from academics who feel entitled to make up problems or write autoethnographies (that's literally personal essays where they spout how oppressed they feel by the racial dynamics of the staff at Starbucks and other inanities) and get taxpayer-funded jobs for life. Don't believe it. Read the book for yourself. Have the courage to examine thoughts you may not agree with and see if they hold up.
Conservatives take note! The writers discuss liberalism as an antidote. Don't let that word stop you from reading this book. It's liberalism in the classical liberty, individualist, universalist sense. Not the collectivist sense of Critical Theory!
-The book doesn’t know what it wants to be. It is not in-depth, scholarly, or unbiased enough to be considered an academic analysis of philosophy, but it is too abstract and disconnected from the real-world consequences of the Social Justice movement to be of appeal to most mainstream readers were not already interested in this topic. I had hoped to send a copy of this to my mom, for instance, but for a lay reader unacquainted with these issues, something like The Coddling of the American Mind or The Rise of Victimhood Culture, both referenced in Cynical Theories, would be a better place to start.
-The book fails to address the most important things it attempts to criticize. Most of its coverage should have been about the weaponized, postmodernism-inspired Social Justice Philosophies discussed in chapters 8 and 9, not just exposing them also deeply explaining their consequences. Unfortunately, Lindsay and Pluckrose basically use this formulaic approach of stating that “X philosophy follows the two core principles and four main themes of postmodernism and as such defies liberalism and objective notions of truth and is therefore bad.” The most dangerous philosophies discussed in this book get very little coverage and the discussion of why they are so pernicious is toothless.
-The book fundamentally misunderstands the relationship of Theory to the modern Social Justice movement. Although the authors do an excellent job at tracing the genealogy of these terrible ideas back to the early postmodernists, none of this matters that much because modern Social Justice theorists and activists are mostly just “singing along” to Theory (and many of the activists don’t know what the lyrics actually mean) to justify hustling, power-grabbing, and the machinations of authoritarian personalities. There is almost no discussion of the social utility of virtue signaling, for example, and likewise the authors do not spend much time explaining the way that modern Social Justice theorists/activists use their ideas to create personal benefit for themselves (which I think is the primary reason why this movement exists).
-The book tedious to read. I kept asking myself, why is this book such a chore? It comes down to that, first, the writing is dry and un-engaging, and secondly, the book is poorly organized. By the end, I finally realized it was that the content of chapters 8 and 9 should have actually been front and center (and comprising at least half of its total length), and the individual sections devoted to the applied postmodernisms probably should’ve all been condensed into one single chapter explaining how we got here. The introduction is a paltry nine pages long and does nothing more than tell the reader what the structure of the book will be, doing nothing to grab you from the first page. We meander through nearly 200 pages of caricatured pictures of mostly very boring ideas before we get to the stuff that really matters, and even then, the book never shifts into high gear.
-The solutions that the book proffers to countering Social Justice theory and activism leave much to be desired; by way of metaphor, they amount to mounting a conventional military response to a campaign of guerrilla warfare. Moreover, rather than attacking the anti-liberal roots of modern Social Justice ideas in general, it will be important to take on the consequences of individual variations of these ideas themselves (for instance, the way that the authors themselves carry out a mini-takedown of White Fragility in the book).
-Finally, the decision to have extensive endnotes rather than footnotes is ridiculous, given the way that the notes interact with and support the text. I was flipping back and forth from the front of the book to the endnote section on nearly every single page.
All this being said, Lindsay and Pluckrose do an excellent job at explaining the genesis of modern Social Justice thought. Their description of the early postmodernists is quite good, and much better than other liberal or libertarian critics (e.g. Stephen Hicks). The discussion of the applied postmodernisms is well-rounded and balanced; although Cynical Theories is bound to create caricatures of all of these philosophies simply because it is for lay readers, I do feel like a person could get the main gist of these ideas from reading this book. Additionally, the authors do an excellent job at explaining how modern Social Justice philosophies, although inspired by postmodernism, are not themselves postmodernist. Finally, the selection of different authors they choose to highlight and describe is good (although because of the book’s short length, they will surely be open to all kinds of “whataboutist” attacks and attempts to mischaracterize their argument by highlighting nuances of these texts that the authors do not go into; this is already evident from a recent review of this book in Liberal Currents).
So if you’re into this stuff, go for it, it’s worth a read — but I don’t think that this is exactly the book that we need now to provide better understanding of Social Justice theory and activism and galvanize action to protect democracy against its excesses.
Top reviews from other countries
Of the four, this one by Helen Pluckrose and James Lindsay concentrates on delineating the origins and philosophical underpinning of the so called 'Woke' movement, as well and exposing its fatal flaws and extremely harmful effects. All four deserve to be read by those concerned about the directions being taken in Academia and the wider society in America, and only to a slightly lesser degree in Western Europe.
If some of the earlier chapters here might have benefited from tighter editing, the rest of the book proceeds to an eloquent conclusion which could hardy be bettered. Let us hope it has the effect in deserves in the circles where it is most needed. For the rest of us, it provides riveting insights and cogent arguments against the current madness and for a return to classical liberalism.
While the authors' liberal principles, quite reasonably, do not endorse the policies of (for example) Victor Orban, who would outlaw the teaching of Gender Studies, and similar topics which now proliferate in many Western Universities, I do think they could properly argue that no student should be required to take such courses, and demonstrate their fealty, as a condition of graduating, That such requirements are now common for all students in many American universities, and elsewhere, should - in my view - be outlawed immediately, and I am sorry that the authors did not address this issue.
It explains in great detail how Post-modern Theory mutated into the Applied Post-modern Theory we see active in society today. As well as how different factions like Applied Critical Race Theory or Applied Postcolonial Theory attempt to achieve their goals.
This is a must-read for anyone who wants to push back against the radical left.
Since then we have been forced to hear continual harping about awful neologisms such as: non-binary, toxic masculinity, white supremacy, traumatizing, queer, transphobia, whiteness, mansplaining etc. The list of things that were to cause offence became longer as the volume of toxic discourse increased exponentially.
I disliked (to put it mildly) the use of these terms and their associated ideas because I knew on some level that they were linked and their use was a symptom of an unhealthy public discourse. Living in a largely Woke community of friends and acquaintances in London I lost friends on social media and in real life because I refused to tow the line and label anyone who didn't think a particular was a racist or a homophobe or didn't agree with a particular cause or other. On a much wider scale the very social fabric of society was being torn up in the name of Social Justice (upper-case) with social media throwing fuel on this fire by a violent shattering our shared epistemology.
When I attempted to delve further into the philosophical ideas underpinning these ideas things became very confusing. I turned to YouTube and saw videos by people explaining things like Marxism, Neo-Marxism, Postmodernism and so on but nothing I saw really itched the scratch to help understand what was going on apart from vague notions of these topics. What was missing was a substantial underlying map that brought these ideas together in a coherent and understandable way that was written in a way most people could understand.
This book has resolved this issue and has provided me with the tools to help understand this esoteric discipline called critical theory, its roots in Postmodernism and how it manifests in the various arenas of political life. What I most like is that the book makes clear that there are, by and large, no bad faith actors required. People are by and large acting on their moral and ethical intuitions to improve life. But that crucially social justice (lower-case) brought about by a functioning liberal democracy is a better way to achieve improvements than by ideological Social Justice (upper-case) that is essentially a religion, has no capacity for self-correction, and is ultimately a hugely destructive dead end as are the vast majority, if not all, of cults and ideologies historically.
James Lindsay and Helen Pluckrose have done a great service to humanity with this masterpiece and it should be required reading for everyone but especially those in public office.









