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Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion Paperback – June 8, 1999
Winner of the 1999 PEN/Oakland Censorship Award
Winner of the 1999 Firecracker Alternative Bookseller (FAB) Award, Politics category
Finalist for the 1999 Bay Area Book Reviewers Awards
Dark Alliance is a book that should be fiction, whose characters seem to come straight out of central casting: the international drug lord, Norwin Meneses; the Contra cocaine broker with an MBA in marketing, Danilo Blandon; and the illiterate teenager from the inner city who rises to become the king of crack, "Freeway" Ricky Ross. But unfortunately, these characters are real and their stories are true.
In August 1996, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Gary Webb stunned the world with a series of articles in the San Jose Mercury News reporting the results of his year-long investigation into the roots of the crack cocaine epidemic in America, specifically in Los Angeles. The series, titled "Dark Alliance," revealed that for the better part of a decade, a Bay Area drug ring sold tons of cocaine to Los Angeles street gangs and funneled millions in drug profits to the CIA-backed Nicaraguan Contras.
Gary Webb pushed his investigation even further in his book, Dark Alliance: The CIA, The Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion. Drawing from then newly declassified documents, undercover DEA audio and videotapes that had never been publicly released, federal court testimony, and interviews, Webb demonstrates how our government knowingly allowed massive amounts of drugs and money to change hands at the expense of our communities.
Webb's original article spurred an immediate outcry. Within days of publication, both of California's senators made formal requests for investigations of the U.S. government's relationship with the cocaine ring. As a result, public demonstrations erupted in L.A., Washington D.C., and New York. Then-chief of the CIA, John Deutsch, made an unprecedented attempt at crisis control by going to South Central L.A. to hold a public forum. Representative Maxine Waters later said in George magazine, "I was shocked by the level of corruption and deceit and the way the intelligence agencies have knowledge of big-time drug dealing."
The allegations in Webb's story blazed over the Internet and the Mercury News' website on the series was deluged with hits—over a million in one day. A Columbia Journalism Review cover story called it "the most talked-about piece of journalism in 1996 and arguably the most famous—some would say infamous—set of articles of the decade."
Webb's own stranger-than-fiction experience is also woven into the book. His excoriation by the media—not because of any wrongdoing on his part, but by an insidious process of innuendo and suggestion that in effect blamed Webb for the implications of the story—had been all but predicted. Webb was warned off doing a CIA expose by a former Associated Press journalist who lost his job when, years before, he had stumbled onto the germ of the "Dark Alliance" story. And though Internal investigations by both the CIA and the Justice Department eventually vindicated Webb, he had by then been pushed out of the Mercury News and gone to work for the California State Legislature Task Force on Government Oversight. He died in 2004.
The updated paperback edition of Dark Alliance features revelations in just-released reports from the Department of Justice, internal CIA investigations, and a new cache of recently declassified secret FBI, DEA, and INS files—much of which was not known to Webb when writing the first edition of this book. Webb further explains the close working relationship that major drug traffickers had with U.S. Government agencies—particularly the DEA—and recounts the news of the past year regarding this breaking story.
After more than two years of career-damning allegations leveled at Webb, joined in the past year by glowing reviews of the hardcover edition of Dark Alliance from shore to shore, the core findings of this courageous investigative reporter's work—once fiercely denied—are becoming matters of public record. The updated paperback edition of Dark Alliance adds yet another layer of evidence exposing the illegality of a major CIA covert operation.
- Print length592 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherSeven Stories Press
- Publication dateJune 8, 1999
- Dimensions6.01 x 1.54 x 9 inches
- ISBN-101888363932
- ISBN-13978-1888363937
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Editorial Reviews
Review
"I find his argument to be very well documented, very careful and very convincing. In fact, the readability of the book suffers a bit from what seems to have been a fear that if he didn't include absolutely every bit of evidence he had unearthed, he would open himself up to new criticisms of inadequate reporting—but this editor's quibble shouldn't stop anyone from buying and reading Dark Alliance. Long-time followers of the contra tale are likely to find new revelations in the book…" —Jo Ann Kawell, The Nation
About the Author
Product details
- Publisher : Seven Stories Press; 2nd edition (June 8, 1999)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 592 pages
- ISBN-10 : 1888363932
- ISBN-13 : 978-1888363937
- Item Weight : 1.45 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.01 x 1.54 x 9 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #764,029 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #744 in Social Services & Welfare (Books)
- #795 in Journalism Writing Reference (Books)
- #2,405 in Criminology (Books)
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About the author

Gary Webb was an investigative reporter, focusing on government and private sector corruption and winning more than 30 journalism awards. He was one of six reporters at the San Jose Mercury News to win a 1990 Pulitzer Prize for General News Reporting for a series of stories on the collapse of the Cypress Street Viaduct during northern California's 1989 earthquake. He also received the 1997 Media Hero Award from the Institute for Alternative Journalism and in 1996 was named Journalist of the Year by the Bay Area Society of Professional Journalists. Webb is currently a consultant to the California State legislature Task Force on Government Oversight and a regular feature contributor to Esquire. In 1998, his book Dark Alliance: The CIA, The Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion (Seven Stories Press), revealed that for the better part of a decade, a Bay Area drug ring sold tons of cocaine to Los Angeles street gangs and funneled millions in drug profits to the CIA-backed Nicaraguan Contras. He died in 2004.
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Gary Webb's tome is magnificent. There's so much data packed in here that I was only able to read certain parts of the book in spacious intervals.
It doesn't take very long to be convinced that Gary is not just another journalist, with achieving more than 30 journalistic awards including a Pulitzer Prize, it's hard not to take this guy seriously. Take a glance at his Wiki page. Despite all that, Gary has the code for truth-telling structured in his DNA, unlike many other journalists, as examples can be found in the book.
I believe the book was best summed up by Jo Ann Kawell of The Nation:
"I find his argument to be very well documented, very careful and very convincing. In fact, the readability of the book suffers a bit from what seems to have been a fear that if he didn't include absolutely every bit of evidence he had unearthed, he would open himself up to new criticisms of inadequate reporting"
There's a good, popular documentary that touches on the Gary Webb story, it's titled "American Drug War: The Last White Hope". It provides a concise introduction to Gary's work, the issues surrounding him, his death, and the country.
A quote from Gary at the beginning sets the tone:
"Dark Alliance does not propound a conspiracy theory; there is nothing theoretical about history. In this case, it is undeniable that a wildly successful conspiracy to import cocaine existed for many years, and that innumerable American citizens--most of them poor and black--paid an enormous price as a result. This book was written for them, so that they may know upon what altars their communities were sacrificed."
He tells the following stories very convincingly:
1.) How the CIA and the NSC worked with dozens of drug dealers and their companies to secretly fund right-wing Latin American guerrillas.
2.) The decade-long U.S.-government coverup of the CIA-Contra drug trafficking and illegal gun-running network.
3.) How the DEA undermined a criminal investigation by the FBI in order to shield a massive L.A. drug ring and protect the drug ring's boss from arrest and exposure.
Other things you will learn:
1.) Details about cocaine and crack-cocaine production
2.) Government studies on the safety of cocaine. (Much more safe than I expected)
3.) The story of the infamous drug dealer Ricky Ross a.k.a Freeway Rick
4.) That the result of the drug trafficking helped destroy the black communities in L.A.. and other densely urbanized parts of the U.S.
5.) To be more skeptical and cautious of what the "masters"/authorities say
6.) The hypocrisy of Reagan's "War on Drugs"
7.) Journalism, you'll learn a little about the business, and get some insight of what it's like to deal with editors by living vicariously. Gary documents himself very well and puts you in his shoes, almost seems 1st person at times.
Parts of the book, albeit, a small portion, read like a story due to the all the documented dialogue in conversation and interviews.
Those parts were especially enjoyable and a nice break from the data-heavy majority.
I enjoyed Part Two a lot, it was where Gary made a strong defense against the claims of his critics by delving into the deceit of the accusers, such as the purposeful omission of crucial documents.
One thing that struck me as especially interesting was that this story was the one to really set the stage in the online world. Gary pushed the San Jose Mercury to publish his sources, documents, and transcripts so that people could read them and mold their own opinions. Apparently, at that time this was something virtually unprecedented, it was designing a new stage for media outlets and news. e.g. The boom of the internet in the 90's.
The story of the last few years of Gary's life ended up being an unfortunate tragedy. Ousted from writing and the media industry, pressured by the Big Three (New York Times, Washington Post, and Los Angeles Times) and the U.S. government trying to cover their tracks...Gary took his own life.
"Webb's ex-wife, Sue Bell, said that Webb had been depressed for some time over his inability to get a job at another major newspaper." - Gary Webb, WikiPedia.
The book is about an 2 inches thick and 9 inches in length, pretty big. The pages read and turn well, I would say the font is a medium size, not too big, not too small, not enough to overwhelm you with the size of the book.
This is a marvelously informative read, don't miss out on this one. A topic, that I believe, a majority of U.S. citizens know very little or nothing about...I was included.
In the end, however, I did not share the author's outrage at the conspiracy he uncovered between the CIA, the narco-traffickers, and the Contras. In my opinion, the much bigger issue is whether or not the United States (and its president) should be tampering in the politics of another sovereign country - especially a country that poses no threat to the United States. I think there's a story within this story that's much more important than the drug connection, and it was this secondary story that actually held my interest.
President Reagan wanted to support the Contras against the Sandinistas. Funny how things turn out when messing with another country. The U.S. wanted Somoza out of power in Nicaragua, and it got its wish, but then ended up with an unexpected result: the Sandinistas. As the saying goes, 'careful what you wish for.'
And whenever the U.S. decides to get involved in another country's business, it's the CIA who usually gets the first telephone call. So Reagan has one of his boys call the CIA and tell them to help out the Contras, but the CIA tells Reagan that the Contras (an under-funded group) need money to do it. Reaganomics are at play, so Reagan tells the CIA that he can't give them the money out of the U.S. budget, that they'll have to find the money on their own. Rather than cancel the whole thing based on a lack of funds, the administration told the CIA to get creative.
The CIA accepted the challenge, but asked for some help. That "help" came in the form of a secret agreement in 1982 between the CIA and the U.S. Attorney General (an agreement that is now well-documented). And the nuts and bolts of that secret agreement opened the doors for the CIA to get the funding it needed to support the Contras through the selling of cocaine. How many other ways are there to generate a huge amount of cash in the shortest amount of time? Selling drugs would be #1 on that list of money makers, so the CIA was just following the path of least resistance. Did the CIA know that some bright street-urchin chemist would figure out how to turn cocaine into crack? I doubt it. When the CIA started this whole thing, cocaine was a very expensive, recreational drug for an upscale target audience. In a way, they probably thought they were "taxing" the upper class. But then cocaine became crack and things went bad in a hurry.
Gary Webb focuses his story on the unexpected and tragic outcome of Reagan's decision to tell the CIA to help the Contras. The bigger story, the actual decision made by Reagan, is addressed throughout this book, but you need to be looking for it in order to track how it progressed and where it went wrong.
It should not be surprising to anyone, especially Gary Webb, that the CIA and the DEA would engage in a campaign of disinformation. In the end, they were only doing the job that the administration had tasked them to do. Webb wanted to roast the CIA, when the roasting should have been at a much higher level.
I would recommend this book to anyone interested in seeing how the misuse of power can lead to totally unexpected consequences, and thus should be cut off at its inception, rather than through regulation after the cat has been let out of the bag.


















