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Deadly River: Cholera and Cover-Up in Post-Earthquake Haiti (The Culture and Politics of Health Care Work) 1st Edition
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In October 2010, nine months after the massive earthquake that devastated Haiti, a second disaster began to unfold―soon to become the world's largest cholera epidemic in modern times. In a country that had never before reported cholera, the epidemic mysteriously and simultaneously appeared in river communities of central Haiti, eventually triggering nearly 800,000 cases and 9,000 deaths. What had caused the first cases of cholera in Haiti in recorded history? Who or what was the deadly agent of origin? Why did it explode in the agricultural-rich delta of the Artibonite River? When answers were few, rumors spread, causing social and political consequences of their own. Wanting insight, the Haitian government and French embassy requested epidemiological assistance from France. A few weeks into the epidemic, physician and infectious disease specialist Renaud Piarroux arrived in Haiti.
In Deadly River, Ralph R. Frerichs tells the story of the epidemic, of a French disease detective determined to trace its origins so that he could help contain the spread and possibly eliminate the disease, and the political intrigue that has made that effort so difficult. The story involves political maneuvering by powerful organizations such as the United Nations and its peacekeeping troops in Haiti, as well as by the World Health Organization and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control. Frerichs explores a quest for scientific truth and dissects a scientific disagreement involving world-renowned cholera experts who find themselves embroiled in intellectual and political turmoil in a poverty-stricken country.
Frerichs's narrative highlights how the world's wealthy nations, nongovernmental agencies, and international institutions respond when their interests clash with the needs of the world's most vulnerable people. The story poses big social questions and offers insights not only on how to eliminate cholera in Haiti but also how nations, NGOs, and international organizations such as the UN and CDC deal with catastrophic infectious disease epidemics. Learn more at http://www.deadlyriver.com
- ISBN-101501702300
- ISBN-13978-1501702303
- Edition1st
- PublisherILR Press
- Publication dateMay 1, 2016
- LanguageEnglish
- Dimensions6 x 1.12 x 9 inches
- Print length320 pages
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Editorial Reviews
Review
All public health students should read this book for two reasons: first, for the in-depth story of the scientific investigation of the source of the epidemic; and second, for the story of the political resistance and barriers, both powerful and subtle,that Piarroux encountered.... The description of Piarroux's investigation is fascinating.
-- Laura Price ― International Quarterly of Community Health EducationThe CDC discouraged journalists from asking about the epidemic's origin, telling them that pinpointing the source was 'not productive,’ ‘not central,’ and would likely never happen. Its epidemiologists did provide a key detail early on, when they identified the strain in Haiti as having a recent South Asian origin―meaning it could have come from Nepal and not from South America, Africa, or anywhere else cholera was circulating at the time. The CDC refused to take environmental samples from around the [UN Peacekeepers] base or test the soldiers during the small window when doing either would have been worthwhile. All of this detailed in a damning new book by Ralph R. Frerichs called Deadly River..
-- Jonathan M. Katz ― SlateFrerichs, a retired epidemiologist and professor emeritus of epidemiology at the University of California, Los Angeles, has written a damning account of the political and health professional response to the cholera epidemic that broke out in Haiti in October 2010... He does so from an epidemiologist’s perspective and with a clear focus on the Haiti case. Yet, his account is written for and accessible to a wider readership and also highly relevant for students of global (health) politics.
-- Tine Hanrieder, Dr rer pol, University of Bremen ― Cambridge Review of International AffairsRalph Frerichs’s Deadly River is, in no small part, an object lesson on the manner in which maps make sense of chaos in the midst of complex world events.... Frerichs’s focus, and indeed his passion, lies with the microbial world and its periodic attacks on humankind.
― Cartographic PerspectivesRalph R. Frerichs' compelling Deadly River tells the story of Haiti's 2010 cholera epidemic, the worst in recent history. The book is a detective story that documents how epidemiologists and others sought to quantify, decode, and combat cholera, and provides a firsthand look at the politics of medical humanitarianism.
― PoLARReview
It is beyond the scope of the present report to recount the analyses and conclusions of the various studies, but this task has been undertaken systematically in [Deadly River]. Its author, Ralph R. Frerichs, is Professor Emeritus of Epidemiology at UCLA and the book provides a painstaking and even-handed assessment of the scientific debates that have taken place. For present purposes, it must suffice to note that the book concludes that the peacekeepers were responsible for bringing cholera. In doing so, it systematically vindicates the conclusions reached by one of the first international experts on cholera to investigate the outbreak in Haiti, Dr. Renaud Piarroux. It also deplores what it describes as a 'misinformation campaign to protect the UN and the peacekeeping program.'
-- Philip Alston, UN Special Rapporteur for Extreme Poverty and Human Rights and Professor of International Law, New York University, Report to the United Nations General Assembly (A/71/367, August 26, 2016)About the Author
Ralph R. Frerichs is Professor Emeritus of Epidemiology at UCLA.
Product details
- Publisher : ILR Press; 1st edition (May 1, 2016)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 320 pages
- ISBN-10 : 1501702300
- ISBN-13 : 978-1501702303
- Reading age : 18 years and up
- Item Weight : 1 pounds
- Dimensions : 6 x 1.12 x 9 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #2,539,488 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #139 in Forensic Medicine (Books)
- #216 in Haiti Caribbean & West Indies History
- #293 in Epidemiology (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
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About the author

Ralph R. Frerichs is a retired professor of epidemiology, following a long career at UCLA that included teaching, research and consulting on problems of the world's less-developed regions. His first book, Deadly River, tells the true story of how cholera was brought to Haiti, the French disease detective who traced the origin to peacekeepers of the United Nations, and the reactions that followed. What adds to the uniqueness of Deadly River is an open access website at www.deadlyriver.com (see accompanying title page). Organized by chapter, the website shows maps of what took place, the people who were involved, the epidemiological notions used by disease detectives, and more. When the book ended in 2016, the story continued, as presented in the Epilogue section of the website, ever changing as new events unfold.
For teachers, researchers and other interested in higher resolution material, the website has an extensive PDF site that might satisfy their needs. For those who want more about the history of the United Nations peacekeepers in Haiti, the website provides maps and documents from 2004 when all got underway to October 2017, when peacekeepers end their mission.
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The below is the actual post and link information from the publicly available Haiti Epidemic Advisory System (HEAS) website dated October 26th at 0601- note the very specific information regarding origin site, serovar, and country of origin provided. We had been in discussion the prior day whether to go public with the information.
AUTHOR: James M. Wilson V, MD
TITLE: UPDATE: Community Outcry Blaming Nepalese MINUSTAH Deployment in Mirebalais For Cholera Epidemic
STATUS: Publish
ALLOW COMMENTS: 1
CONVERT BREAKS: wysiwyg
ALLOW PINGS: 1
BASENAME: community-outcry-blaming-nepalese-minustah-deployment-in-mirebalais-for-cholera-epidemic-haiti
CATEGORY: Operational Context
DATE: 10/26/2010 06:01:22 AM
-----
BODY:
We've received word of community outcry and rumor transmission regarding sewage from a Nepalese MINUSTAH deployment contaminating the Artibonite River. We do not know if the UN has evaluated this complaint, but as is often the case in unusual epidemics, ostracism has appeared in a few places now as locals attempt to explain the unusual and place blame. Very common phenomenon in our operational experience.
We did a cross-check on Nepal and cholera activity and discovered that [ref=[...]] Kathmandu issued a cholera outbreak alert on Sept 23rd. They reported an abrupt increase of 25 cases, which obviously represents a small outbreak but officials were concerned enough to mount an organized response. Cholera is endemic in Nepal.
The only way to know for sure is to conduct a site investigation and compare samples from Nepal and the MINUSTAH Nepalese troops.
Cross-check of the peer-reviewed literature indicates the sole serotype of cholera in Nepal reported to the Nepal National Laboratory from 2008-2009 was 01 Ogawa El Tor (see attached).
-------------------------
It was this information that prompted the ground verification and forensic epidemiological investigation discussed in the book. Frerichs did not know this part of the story because we did not advertise more broadly our operational activities in Haiti.
James M Wilson V, MD FAAP
Former Executive Director, Praecipio International
Intercept Team Lead, Haiti Disaster Response 2010
Top reviews from other countries
Tout en décrivant la méthodologie scientifique rigoureuse de l'investigation et de l'analyse, il décrit également les aspects politiques et les controverses pseudo-scientifiques qui ont tentés d’empêcher cette investigation et la publication de la réalité.
je le recommande très vivement aux étudiants et professionnels de santé, et à tout ceux qui s’intéressent à la politique internationale dans le cadre du développement et de la santé.