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Brian Masaru Hayashi

Democratizing the Enemy: The Japanese American Internment Hardcover – July 26, 2004

by Brian Masaru Hayashi (Author)

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During World War II some 120,000 Japanese Americans were forcibly removed from their homes and detained in concentration camps in several states. These Japanese Americans lost millions of dollars in property and were forced to live in so-called "assembly centers" surrounded by barbed wire fences and armed sentries.

In this insightful and groundbreaking work, Brian Hayashi reevaluates the three-year ordeal of interred Japanese Americans. Using previously undiscovered documents, he examines the forces behind the U.S. government's decision to establish internment camps. His conclusion: the motives of government officials and top military brass likely transcended the standard explanations of racism, wartime hysteria, and leadership failure. Among the other surprising factors that played into the decision, Hayashi writes, were land development in the American West and plans for the American occupation of Japan.

What was the long-term impact of America's actions? While many historians have explored that question, Hayashi takes a fresh look at how U.S. concentration camps affected not only their victims and American civil liberties, but also people living in locations as diverse as American Indian reservations and northeast Thailand.

Print length

352 pages
Language

English
Publisher

Princeton University Press
Publication date

July 26, 2004
Dimensions

6.5 x 1 x 9.5 inches
ISBN-10

0691009457
ISBN-13

978-0691009452
See all details

Editorial Reviews

Review

"Winner of the 2006 Robert G. Athearn Award, Western History Association"

"Hayashi's book provides a newer, deeper insight into Japanese American history. Hayashi's book is a masterpiece and should be read by anyone writing on the Japanese American internment."---Eriko Yamamoto, History

"This fresh and far-reaching interpretation of the World War II Japanese American exclusion and detention experience achieves benchmark historiographical status. . . . Brian Hayashi has written a book that dramatically reconfigures how the topic of the Japanese American internment will be approached in the coming generation of scholarship."---Arthur A. Hansen, Journal of American History

"Brian Masaru Hayashi's ambitious effort makes available much new archival data and presents original and provocative interpretations. . . . Democratizing the Enemy is an original and stimulating examination of the World War II incarceration of Japanese Americans, and as such, it brings new perspectives to the topic. It should be read by all those interested in this unique and tumultuous period."---Stephen S. Fugita, Western Historical Quarterly

Review

"Brian Hayashi's book is one of the most detailed, insightful and thoroughly documented accounts of the Japanese American experience during World War II. It will set a new standard for scholars for years to come."―Lane Ryo Hirabayashi, University of California, Riverside, author, Inside an American Concentration Camp: Japanese American Resistance at Poston

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Product details

Publisher ‏ : ‎ Princeton University Press (July 26, 2004)
Language ‏ : ‎ English
Hardcover ‏ : ‎ 352 pages
ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0691009457
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0691009452
Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 1.38 pounds
Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6.5 x 1 x 9.5 inches

Best Sellers Rank: #7,012,558 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #2,931 in Asian American Studies (Books)
- #50,749 in World War II History (Books)
- #275,662 in United States History (Books)

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John Matlock

A New View in a Shameful time of American History

Reviewed in the United States on September 12, 2004

I first heard of the incarceration of the Japanese-Americans from a friend in Utah. While still a teenager, he and his family who were living in Seattle were given 48 hours to sell their home and business and were moved into a cencentration camp. He lived in the camp until he was 18, at which time he was drafted into the Army. They took one look at him in the Army and said, You're going to be a Japanese interpreter. His reply, Man, I'm third generation American, I don't speak a word of Japanese. His brother enlisted in the Army to get out of the camp and was a member of the famous 442 Regimental Combat Team fighting in Italy where he was severly wounded.

This was one of the more disgraceful acts of our Government. There was not any movement to move Americans of German or Italian descent into camps. The Japanese Americans on Hawaii were not affected, only those on the west coast of the mainland. And there was never a case of spying by the Japanese Americans.

This splendid book brings a new level of research and understanding to thie shameful time in our history.

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Lee E. Branch

Pro-Axis 'Death Squad' in Manzanar

Reviewed in the United States on November 29, 2016

How absurd to expect that the U.S. military (abetted by some FBI or local police?) could possibly be able to responsible for the security of all the defense plants and armed forces establishments on the West coast with thousands of devoted followers of Fascism and the Emperor of Japan, left to travel about freely. Does it not seem evident that the fanatics among the internees would have been eager, even at the loss of their own lives, to create havoc with atrocious attacks such as has been seen in the bombings of the Fed. Building in Oklahoma City, the Boston Marathon, etc? Nitrogen based fertilizer (easily converted for the purpose of creatong an incredibly powerful explosive) was commonly available in the agricultural communities of the coastal area and easily could have been employed in attacks all over the Western Defense Zone. I recall well, that a simple chain link fence separated, perhaps by 20 feet, one of the main roads adjacent to the Lockheed, Burbank, plant and hundreds of P-38's and Hudson bombers parked in rows within the airport premises. All the other L.A. area aircraft plants were similarly accessible and defenseless against a determined penetration by those willing to crash a truck through the minimal fencing.
A booklet available from the Manzanar historical site, titled 'Death Valley: It's Impounded People' is the 'smoking gun' proving how much in error are those who urge us to believe that those of Japanese descent "who were wrongfully inconvenienced by relocation away from the Western Defense Zone, were innocent truck farmers, fishermen and small business owners who were just as patriotic as any other Americans."
'Impounded People' contains the information that proves that, there, within Manzanar, was an element which harbored a killer mentality and would readily take the life of those who were seen as having a strong patriotic feeling toward the Allied cause. In his post-war investigations of the incidents within Manzanar, Carey McWilliams, a noted leftest, makes mention of the fact that, while at Manzanar with his wife and young son, Karl Yoneda, (a new enlistee in the U.S. Army and awaiting orders to report for basic training) was threatened by Harry Uyeno, a leader of the Fascist element, with these words: "When, in a few months, the Japanese Infantry marches into Manzanar, you will be the first one I have stood up against the wall and shot!". This quote is buried in the footnotes at the end of 'The Martyr of Manzanar'. This book ('M.O.M.') is a 'tribute' to Harry Uyeno's asserted 'courage' in what is described as a conflict "with a corrupt camp administration." Yoneda's wife, Elaine Black Yoneda, is the subject of a biography titled 'Red Queen': she was a major player in the pre-war West Coast Communist party: As is quoted in this bio, she, Elaine, wrote her husband at his Army post, of her fearful existence in Manzanar as the wife of a U.S. loyalist: "Can't the FBI or the Army do something? The Fascist have control of Manzanar!") The major 'corruption'~ at Manzanar'~ was in Uyeno's mind and soul. If he was a 'martyr' it was to the Imperial Japanese cause he so devoutly hoped would prevail in it's war against the U.S.
Uyeno and his close associates compiled a 'Death List' of those who supported the U.S. and the Allied cause. Elaine Yoneda was on the 'list'. She had been told by friends that the Fascist element stated that "Karl Yoneda may have gotten away, but we still have his wife and kid." Elaine, threatened and dowsed in human waste by assailants, would flee in the night for sanctuary within the Administration section of the camp during the events of 12-06-2106,.
Uyeno was one of those who Tayama said tried to kill him. FT was a supporter of the war against Fascism. On 12-6-1942, the first anniversary of the Japanese victory at Pearl Harbor, Tayama had been beaten badly by Uyeno's 'goons', Tayama was rescued by on-lookers and taken to the Administrative area and placed in the hospital. Later that evening a full riot broke out motivated, to a definite extent, by the plan to obtain forced access to the hospital in order to "finish off Tayama," The medical staff hid Tayama under a bed and told his would be assassins that he had already been transferred to the hospital in Bishop. This loyal patriot, Tayama, is now termed a 'inu' or 'dog': He is characterized as being an a 'informer' for the FBI. Both FT and Elaine Yoneda were among those moved quickly, for their own safety, to Cow Creek. I note how any reference to the Cow Creek encampment always cites it's 'location in Death Valley': apparently this emphasis on the name and the locale is with the intention to suggest life there was somehow nearly unbearable. Quite to the contrary: It was in the midst of quite delightful Spring weather of 1943: DV was the home of the refugees for only a few months: They went their own way to enter society at large at the end of that few months. For them, there was only a sense of contentment in having escaped the Fascist dominated Manzanar. According to 'Impounded People', the former members of that group honored one of the Park Service administrators, a few years later, in Los Angeles, upon the occasion of his retirement.
The real 'shame of Manzanar' was that cruel treatment then, (and now, in the literature concerning the internment) of those, such as Tayama, whose only sin was that he was urging young JA men to take up arms on behalf of the cause of freedom. There was a signal lack of success in persuading the young military-eligible JA men to go to war to open the gates of the 'death camps' of Europe and the similarly macabre establishments of the Japanese military. We all know of the horrors of the Nazi death camps: The Tokyo trial of Japanese 'war criminals' revealed excesses similarly far beyond the pale of human reason. Let me cite one example from the War Crimes Tribunal in Tokyo: There was testimony that one prisoner, for purposes of gangrene studies, at the main Japanese Army research hospital, had each of his limbs individually frozen over a period of time. When the gangrene had developed, each limb, in turn, was surgically removed. He was left, finally, lying on a tin tray, on a hospital bed, living on, alive as only a torso. This is incredibly inhumane, yet there are people critiquing the JA relocation of 1942 who would seriously insist that the relocation and interment of JA here was no different than what was occurring in the Axis concentration camps. This is beyond all human reason!
Existence in the living hell of Axis captivity, was far from the life within Manzanar and other relocation camps: Ie., Is anyone familiar with the DVD titled 'Manzanar Fishing Club'? It might still be available: It relates the enjoyment of many of the internees of the trout streams in the mountains adjacent to Manzanar. This DVD suggests that there was little or no interest by the Manzanar administration in strict enforcement of excursions from the camp premises (one guard shown his spotlight to enable an easier pre-dawn departure)~ and this DVD suggests that on one occasion a individual internee roamed the mountains with his fly rod for several weeks before returning to camp with a full creel. The baseball teams had a full season in '42 and the league championship was won by the 'San Fernando Stars' (from the San Fernando Valley, near Los Angeles) who arrived in camp as a group with all their equipment including full uniforms.
Fly fishing? Baseball? No mandatory daily work required? This was doubtless, a major respite for many who would not have earlier had such free time when struggling for a living in their pre-War lives: It is no wonder that the author and later College President and U.S. Senator, S.I. Hayakawa, commented that "Many of them never had it so good."?
To conclude: Anyone in the free world, capable of military service, who would not march, sail or fly against the horrors of the Axis imprisonments and overall domination by the totalitarian ideology that fostered it, was and is, a shameful individual. Shame on those young internees in the interment camps, and their elders who counseled them, for their failure to respond to and to assist those in desperate need from relief from the totalitarian despots. A mere 6% went into the U.S.armed forces: (Ie., only 1 out of 16 of the young JA males, eligible for induction, did serve!). The valor of the 442nd is completely acknowledged, why is the otherwise, far larger remission of a sense of duty and lack of loyalty, also not acknowledged?
When the general population of the U.S was called by their WWII draft board (or other wars), they too were taken from family, friends and home and put camps in godforsaken locales. In contrast to those at Manzanar, that experience was made as nearly intolerable as was possible by abusive training cadre, who, in the guise of 'instructing' the troops, were really imposing 'a rule by intimidation' that would result in each of us being fearful of not responding blindly to any order which might come our way in combat. When it was all over, none of us was given a $20,000 compensation for the indignities we had suffered.
Yes, the internment was imbued with 'shameful' circumstances, but more on the part of the 'revisionists' than as a result of FDR's Executive Order. And 'No; Hoover never said the removal was not necessary: His report was a compilation of the many responses sent to him by regional FBI offices on the West Coast: The San Diego office can be found to have reported (I paraphrase here) that "There are 3,000 JA locally. Their loyalty is uncertain and they should be removed." The full Hoover Report can be found on line and you can verify this from that original source.
Not to many of us old timers left and I have a compulsive need to set the facts before this generation in order that the truth might be preserved. There was a 442nd G.I. of my knowledge, who, when asked about the behavior of other JA's, those who preferred to 'sit it out' in the camps rather than take arms against the Axis menace, sad of them, "They make my blood boil." Couldn't agree more with his irritability!

VBR
Lee:

2 people found this helpful

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Bob

Addresses the fact the threat was real.

Reviewed in the United States on January 20, 2006

While Hayashi is critical of the evacuation saying "despite the obvious presence of Japanese nationalistic sentiments before and during the camps, since people cannot and should not be locked up on the basis of political sentiment but rather on the basis of acts committed." - at least he acknowledges the threat of Japanese nationalism.

As for the first reviewer, his history is just plain wrong.

1. Internees included 10,995 Germans, 16, 849 Japanese (5,589 who voluntarily renounced U.S. citizenship and became enemy aliens), 3,278 Italians, 52 Hungarians, 25 Romanians, 5 Bulgarians, and 161 classified as "other". Only a small fraction of enemy aliens were interned. Japanese citizens with families were sent to Crystal City, Texas and lived side-by-side with German and Italian families.

It should be noted that all 16,849 Japanese enemy-aliens including the 5,589 that renounced American citizenship were eligible for an apology from the United States and a $20,000 reparations payment while the Germans, Italians, Hungarians, Romanians and Bulgarians received nothing.

German Americans on the east coast and throughout the country were arrested, interned, and in some cases deported. Almost 11,000 German Americans were interned in the U.S. during World War II. Many German Americans sat, worked, played and went to school in the same camps as their Japanese American counterparts.

Furthermore even before the first person was interned, 600,000 Italian Americans and 300,000 German Americans were deprived of their civil liberties when they (all persons, male and female, age 14 and older) were required to register as "Alien Enemies." This registration entailed photographing, fingerprinting and the issuance of identification cards which the Alien Enemies had to have on their possession at all times. In addition they were forbidden to fly; to leave their neighborhoods; to possess cameras, short-wave radio receivers, and firearms. Finally, these persons were required to report any change of employment or address to the Department of Justice.

2. According to the 1940 census, ethnic Japanese made up 40% of the population of Hawaii. In California, the population was 1.6%. Military authorities had considered moving all ethnic Japanese to Molokai or the West Coast but moving 40% of the population was logistically and indeed financially impossible. That said, there was an internment camp in Hawaii at Sand Harbor. More importantly, Hawaii was under military martial law at the time.

If the the authorities could have evacuated all ethnic Japanese from Hawaii they would have. They could not so they did not.

As an aside, Japan had a battle plan in place for the invasion of Hawaii that intended to utilize ethnic Japanese during the occupation. The plan was scrapped after Japan's defeat at Midway.

3.It is more accurate to say that no Japanese Americans were charged or found guilty of such crimes during the war. Those suspected were simply sent to internment -- not relocation -- camps. For example, in Hawaii, three Japanese Americans on Niihau aided a downed Imperial Navy aviator to the point where they attempted to kill some of their Hawaiian neighbors. One of the Japanese was killed in a struggle and the other two surrendered to authorities. (This "Niihau Incident" is considered the trigger that largely justified the relocation order.)

In another case, AJA Richard Kotoshirodo actively aided Japanese spies keeping track of ship movements in Pearl Harbor. Until martial law, however, watching ships from public property was not a crime. Another AJA was shot in Kaneohe when he fled after being discovered signaling a Japanese submarine.

The last American convicted of treason was a Japanese American, Tom Kawakita. Iva Tokuri D'Aqino also aided Japan rather than be sent to a civilian internment camp in Japan along with her fellow Americans. Japanese American women assisted in the escape of German POWs from a POW camp in the American Southwest during the war....

Americans need to study this history a little more thoroughly. Hayashi has the integrity to be honest at least.

15 people found this helpful

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