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Do Not Disturb: The Story of a Political Murder and an African Regime Gone Bad Paperback – January 17, 2023
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We think we know the story of Africa’s Great Lakes region. Following the Rwandan genocide, an idealistic group of young rebels overthrew the brutal regime in Kigali, ushering in an era of peace and stability that made Rwanda the donor darling of the West, winning comparisons with Switzerland and Singapore. But the truth was considerably more sinister.
Vividly sourcing her story with direct testimony from key participants, Wrong uses the story of the murder of Patrick Karegeya, once Rwanda’s head of external intelligence and a quicksilver operator of supple charm, to paint the portrait of a modern African dictatorship created in the chilling likeness of Paul Kagame, the president who sanctioned his former friend’s assassination.
- Print length512 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherPublicAffairs
- Publication dateJanuary 17, 2023
- Dimensions5.5 x 1.55 x 8.25 inches
- ISBN-101541703219
- ISBN-13978-1541703216
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Editorial Reviews
Review
“Do Not Disturb is a disturbing book, showing the reach of the Rwandan state into its opponents’ lives around the globe…Do Not Disturb is a vital intervention.”―Foreign Affairs
“Devastating… comprehensive and compelling.”―The Washington Post
“A devastating book by Michela Wrong, comes something of a reckoning — or at the very least a reassessment. Do Not Disturb is a damning j’accuse on many fronts. An extraordinarily brave piece of reporting.”―The Financial Times
“[A] Massively documented and footnoted book… her conclusions are persuasive.”―The Economist
“Superb… an epic tale of blood, bitterness and betrayal… a gripping tale.”―Times UK
“Meticulously researched, with substantial new material and interviews.”―The Guardian
“Imagine a journalist of the 1930s brave enough to investigate one of the mysterious assassinations of Stalin’s opponents who had fled abroad—and to tell that story to a world where too many people were enamored of the Soviet leader. Michela Wrong has taken on a similar job today: to use a killing to expose a man today seldom recognized as a ruthless dictator. Her skills as a writer and expert knowledge of Africa make this a chilling story.”―ADAM HOCHSCHILD, author of King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa
“In this extremely important and profoundly disturbing book, Michela Wrong sets out all the miss-steps that were ignored, all the flagrant human rights abuses that were overlooked and all the criminality for which excuses were found, until the new horrors that have been visited upon that country were perpetrated. Ms Wrong is not suggesting that we become Afro-pessimists but telling us that not only is the price of freedom eternal vigilance, but also that we must, in the words of Amilcar Cabral, ‘tell no lies, claim no easy victories’”―Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize
“A withering assault on the murderous Rwandan regime of Paul Kagame, and a melancholy love song to the lost dreams of the nations of Africa’s Great Lakes. Michela Wrong proves once again that she is an intrepid and highly professional researcher of the subject she knows best. It’s a major accomplishment, very driven, very impassioned.” ―JOHN LE CARRÉ, best-selling author of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy
"A unique insight into many hitherto little known dark sides of a profoundly criminal regime. Based on first hand observations and numerous interviews with key players, victims and witnesses, this book is an indictment of those complicit in ensuring President Kagame’s impunity during the last quarter century."―FILIP REYNTJENS, author of Political Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda (Cambridge University Press).
"The author paints a frightening picture of Rwanda as a police state that reminds one of hallmarks of the Stalinist era, where opponents to the regime are not disappeared because they are guilty but whose disappearance is sufficient proof of their culpability. Refreshingly free of jargon, the book breaks important new ground in the literature on Rwanda, in a lively and suspenseful prose. This is revisionist history at its best. I cannot recommend it too highly."―RENÉ LAMARCHAND, Emeritus Professor, University of Florida
"Michela Wrong takes her readers on an absorbing political journey, in which Rwandan comrades-in-arms Paul Kagame and Patrick Karegeya steadily mutate into lethal adversaries upon achieving power. The ghosts of other historic mortal fallouts – Stalin and Trotsky, Sankara and Compaore, Robespierre and Danton, Mugabe and Mujuru – haunt this story, but more importantly, it draws our attention to the significant structural problems created by ex-military leaders’ participation in the building of post-war democracy and peace." ―MILES TENDI, author of The Army and Politics in Zimbabwe: Mujuru, the Liberation Fighter and Kingmaker
“Journalist Wrong (It’s Our Turn to Eat) delivers a distressing and deeply reported exposé of Rwandan president Paul Kagame and his control over an increasingly authoritarian state…This expert takedown packs a punch.”―Publishers Weekly
“In Wrong’s panoramic cast of characters, the voices of those whose lives were destroyed ring out the loudest…Gripping, stylish journalism that proves the modern history of Rwanda is hardly settled.”―Kirkus Reviews
“Wrong’s book is an eloquent and entirely convincing plea for that same glaze not to come over the world’s eyes when uncomfortable truths are told.”―The Los Angeles Review of Books
“Michela Wrong lays out the context of her story with great care…The story is compelling.”―Democracy in Africa
“Do Not Disturb is part murder mystery and part sweeping history of an extended family tragedy spread over two countries, three wars, four decades and a genocide. Along the way, Wrong asks hard questions about the true nature of Kagame’s rule and the claims made for Rwanda’s rebirth.”―The Observer
"Do Not Disturb is a remarkable catalog of lies the R.P.F. sold to western apologists and the realities they covered up."―Current Affairs
“A brave and tremendous book... she has produced a classic.”―The Spectator UK
“It is… a remarkable study in the exercise of power by a small elite, and systematic mendacity in politics – which also resonates with our current moment.”―David Edgerton, The Guardian
About the Author
She is the author of three books of non-fiction and a novel.
She was awarded the 2010 James Cameron prize for journalism that combines "moral vision and professional integrity." She is regularly interviewed by the BBC, Al Jazeera and Reuters on her areas of expertise. She has published opinion pieces and book reviews in the Observer, Guardian, Financial Times, New York Times, New Statesman, Spectator, Standpoint Foreign Policy magazine, and travel pieces for Conde Nast's Traveler magazine. She speaks fluent Italian and French. She is a consultant for the Miles Morland Foundation, which funds a range of literary festivals, workshops and scholarships for African writers.
Michela Wrong lives in London.
Product details
- Publisher : PublicAffairs; Reprint edition (January 17, 2023)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 512 pages
- ISBN-10 : 1541703219
- ISBN-13 : 978-1541703216
- Item Weight : 15.2 ounces
- Dimensions : 5.5 x 1.55 x 8.25 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #472,074 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #98 in Central Africa History
- #284 in African Politics
- #1,932 in Murder & Mayhem True Accounts
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

Half British, half Italian, Michela Wrong has spent nearly two decades writing about Africa. As a Reuters correspondent based in first Cote d'Ivoire and former Zaire, she covered the turbulent events of the mid 1990s, including the fall of Mobutu Sese Seko and Rwanda's post-genocide period. She then moved to Kenya, where she became Africa correspondent for the Financial Times. In 2000 she published her first non-fiction book, "In the Footsteps of Mr Kurtz", the story of Mobutu. Her second non-fiction work, "I Didn't Do it for You", focused on the Red Sea nation of Eritrea. Her third, "It's Our Turn to Eat", tracked the story of Kenyan whistleblower John Githongo. "Borderlines", set in a fictional country in the Horn of Africa with a fiercely-disputed border, marked a move into fiction. "Do Not Disturb", which came out in 2021, is a scathing assessment of Rwanda under President Paul Kagame. She lives in London.
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In Do Not Disturb, Wrong weaves several themes into a compelling and dramatic story. The story is complicated. The book is nevertheless lucid and readable. It’s written like an action novel and page turner, except it’s non-fiction!
Wrong opens with the assassination of Patrick Karegeya by Rwandan agents in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2013. She moves on to the origin story of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) in Uganda during the 1980s. She concludes with a revised history of the Rwandan Genocide of 1994 and of the country’s recovery and growth. There is an over-arching theme: her disillusionment and growing disgust with Paul Kagame, the leader of the RPF invasion that stopped the Genocide and Rwanda’s president and strong man for the past 27 years.
Patrick Karegeya was one of the key cadres of the RPF and a ally of Paul Kagame. Karegeya served as the head of Rwandan intelligence and was hence the bearer of Kagame’s secrets. Kagame turned on Karegeya, who fled to South Africa, where he joined in creation of an opposition movement led by Kagame’s former supporters. Karegeya was apparently an affable man, who loved to socialize and pursue women, and this led him to a hotel room along, which exposed him to a hit.
The facts are not really in dispute. A South African judge formally stated Rwanda’s culpability, and the tapes of the planning of the hit can be found on Youtube.
There is nevertheless a flaw in Wrong’s account of the assassination: it depends mostly on interviews with a small group of political refugees. These are Karegeya himself, General Kayumba, former Chief of Staff of the Rwandan Army and frequent target of assassination attempts, Theogene Rudasingwa, former head of the RPF and former ambassador to the US, and jurist Gerald Gahima. These are distinguished men. But their objective is to topple President Kagame. Therefore, their testimony cannot be entirely objective. In short, they have an incentive to say what makes Kagame look bad.
Moreover, several of Wrong’s informants remain anonymous. I understand how fear could drive anonymity. However my experience in many years of working on development is that anonymous informers are usually reporting rumor.
It is hard to distinguish the truth in the muddled world of politics, betrayals, spies, and hit men. The rational response is to ignore rumor and anonymous informants and instead to apply common sense.
The significance of the assassination of Patrick Kageyera is not the incident in itself but rather its place in a pattern that extends back at least 20 years. In 2000, Kagame ejected Pasteur Bizimungu, a Hutu and RPF member since 1990, from the Presidency. Bizimungu was imprisoned in 2001, after he started an opposition political party. Since then, Kagame has broken with a long list of political allies, former comrades, aides, and doctors. The allies usually flee the country. At least ten have been assassinated. This suggests a presidential mind-set of suspicion, even paranoia.
After writing about Kageyera, Michela Wrong moves on to a well-researched account of the origins of the RPF and its leaders. The RPF fighters were mostly children of Tutsi refugees from massacres in Rwanda in 1959. They grew up in Uganda and felt treated with suspicion as a guest minority.
Many Rwandan-origin fighters joined Museveni’s National Resistance Movement (NRM) in the 1980s. The movement fought a guerilla war against the rule of Milton Obote. The National Resistance Army seized Kampala in 1986. About a quarter of its fighters at that time were of Rwandan origin. The NRA commander was Fred Rwigema, a charismatic leader who would go on the lead the RPF. Paul Kagame was Museveni’s chief of intelligence. The ambiguous and uncomfortable status of Rwandans in Uganda, and in the NRM was the motivating force in the formation of the RPF its drive to return the 1959 caseload Tutsi refugees to Rwanda.
Wrong portrays Kagame as twisted from the start, with a history of punitive violence while in Museveni's NRM, and a spymaster’s paranoia. For her, Kagame is a psychopath. She describes him as losing his temper and personally whipping his commanders who disappointed him. He’s accused of blithely ordering executions.
I’m not sure this a credible, and I wish she had attempted a more nuanced biography of Kagame’s character as evolving under the influence of the NRM’s guerilla struggle, his experiences in intelligence, his successful leadership of the 1994 invasion of Rwanda. It seems more likely that President Kagame grew more suspicious and psychologically isolated over his decades in power.
Wrong’s final theme is a revision of Rwandan history through 1994. The conventional telling stresses General Kagame and the RPF’s role in stopping the Genocide, which killed possible 800,000 Rwandans, many of them Tutsis. There is no accurate statistic on the number slaughtered, just a range of estimates.
Wrong stresses the killing of Hutus by RPA soldiers, and in particular the massacre at Kibeho. This is not new information. The most reliable history of the Genocide is French historian Gerard Prunier’s, The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide, Columbia University Press, 1995. Prunier estimates the number of Hutus massacred by the RPA at about 30,000 –the same figure cited in Wrong’s book. The UN intervention force estimated the dead at Kibeho at 4,000. Once again, there are no exact figures.
Wrong is correct to hold the RPF responsible for killing civilians. The problem is the way her account meshes with Genocide denial. The former genocidalists and their supporters deny there was a genocide, they say there was just a civil war with massacres on both side. There is no moral equivalence between the two sides. The Rwandan Army (FAR) and the Interahamwe militias systematically killed 800,000. This is not comparable to the killing of an estimated 30,000 killed by RPA troops.
There’s widespread misperception of the motive for killing. Yes, ethnic hatred played a role, supported by the anti-Tutsi hate propaganda of Radio Mille Collines. This was not a strictly ethnic or political genocide. There was a major underlying motive: land. By killings, Hutu extremists -and others- seized land from the dead. This is an all-important motive in a country where the average family size is six and the average land-holding only a half-hector. An path-breaking study of a Hutu-only village found that the victims of the killing were mainly peasants with slightly larger than average land holding.
Wrong accuses Kagame of ordering the downing of Rwandan President Habyarimana’s airplane as it landed in Kigali in April 1994 --the event which triggered the Genocide. This is a murky affair, and there are few facts.
Common sense provides the best answer. It is hard to believe that Kagame would order a hit that would risk the deaths of so many Tutsis, yet Wrong reports that he didn’t care. Her sources are confessions from RPF leaders who now oppose Kagame. These leaders must say what they have to. A hero must be toppled on his own terms. As the man who stopped the Genocide, Kagame’s reputation can be dirtied by blaming him for the Genocide.
Wrong’s book was published just after the publication of the French historians commission on the Genocide. French officials and courts have accused Kagame of ordering the downing Habyarimana’s plane. Yet the French historian’s report says the French external intelligence agency (the DGSE) never believed this.
The available evidence suggests that Kagame and the RPF are innocent. The missiles that downed the plane were launched from the corner of Habyarimana's palace at Kanombe, adjacent to the airport, controlled by the mainly Hutu FAR. The missiles were most likely launched by Hutu military outraged by Habyarimana’s compromises with the RPF (for example, in the Arusha Accord). The Genocide started full-throttle within a day of the downing. It seems likely that Hutu extremists planned for the Genocide to follow.
Finally, Wrong challenges the government claim to extraordinary economic management. According to the official data, GDP per capita rose from a bit over $126 per person in 1994 to US$ 820 in 2019. I am unsure whether I fully believe these figures. However, I’ve seen for myself, in numerous field visits, the massive improvement in health care, education, and living conditions since 1995. There has been a large decline in the poverty rate.
Unfortunately, the decline recorded in 2015 probably did not occur. The true poverty rate was probably 6 percentage points higher than reported. An article in the African Review of Political Economy explains the problems with the statistic. Importantly, the consultants responsible for the calculation, from Oxford Policy Management, decline to validate the published numbers.
Finally, I was shocked by her statement in the introduction that Rwandans delight in lying. The statement crosses a line. Wrong should know better.
It’s true that if you speak with spymasters, commanders, and politicians-- you’ll hear lies. That's as true in the US and France as in Rwanda. I worked with Rwandans for many years and did NOT find them to be liars. The Kinyarwanda style of communication can be indirect and can draw on folk sayings and metaphor, but this is not lying.
Hope the world reads and understands
It's not the thriller-style narration that many reviews describe, but it does seem to be thorough with explanations without devolving into a classic textbook. I tend to get a little disoriented at the culture and lost with respect to who the good guys are, but it does hold my interest.
Top reviews from other countries
6 Millions de morts ne sont que CONGO et non CHARLY
Now I know better and feel ashamed of my previous naivete. The question to which I could never convincingly find answers and which had troubled me for many years was “Why?”. Nothing I read or heard about the genocide seemed to add up. Along, then, comes Ms Wrong and nearly everything I had held to be certain has been blown up. The only certainty I now have is that a genocide occurred in 1994. The gruesome, chilling realisation that this book expertly steered one towards is that the mass killing of innocent people, Tutsi or Hutu, did not begin or end in 1994, not even vaguely; Paul Kagame and his crew precipitated the genocide and then went on such a massive killing spree of Hutus in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo that one shivers at the thought.
But I am not alone in having been previously beguiled; Ms Wrong is forced to revisit some of the conclusions she had previously drawn when researching the region for her excellent first book, In the Footsteps of Mr Kurtz, and think them through afresh – a probably bitterly frustrating experience for this meticulously thorough investigative journalist.
The book is set off by the cleverly planned assassination of Patrick Karegeya – previously Rwanda’s head of external intelligence and a leading light in Paul Kagame’s close-knit band of Tutsi strongmen – on New Year’s Eve, December 2013 in a hotel room at the Michelangelo in Sandton, Johannesburg. Karegeya, had uncharacteristically lowered his guard and agreed to meet an old close friend and business associate from Rwanda. It was a tragic mistake. There is no doubt in the author’s mind who is responsible for this and other similar atrocities from across the globe: a tall, softly spoken, spooky-looking man with heavy-rimmed glasses. The ingenuity through which Patrick Karegeya met his horrible end is testament to Kagame’s practised skill at disposing of his enemies. He is brilliant.
If one of Kagame’s “good guys” – the team of intrepid Tutsi liberators from 1994 who earned international plaudits as ‘liberators” - can be garrotted in such a ghastly fashion in a foreign country, does anybody who has fallen foul of the irascible, violent, evil Kagame feel safe anywhere in the world?
Considering the grisly nature of Ms Wrong’s account, I was pleasantly surprised to find the book to be as page-turningly breathtaking as any John Le Carre spy thriller. I have read all of Ms Wong’s previous books and this is without a doubt her finest, most extensively researched and footnoted effort by far.
I cannot recommend this book highly enough and salute Ms Wrong for the enormous effort (and immense courage!) that went into it. The author even had to suffer acts of sabotage on her computer perpetrated by no less than the Rwandan High Commissioner to the Court of St James!. It was certainly not an easy book to write: the paranoia of Kagame is so intense that he seems to spend more time and energy spying on supposed enemies than anything else. Doubtless, anybody who cooperated with Ms Wrong on this work has reason to fear for his or her life – hence the numerous interviews with valuable witnesses who demanded anonymity.
Should Ms Wrong be suffering sleepless nights for having placed herself squarely at the top of Paul Kagame’s list of enemies? Probably. But journalists of this calibre are built differently; the danger of encountering rough stuff like that is probably what drives them on!
Gitau
27 April 2021
The title takes its name from the sign Karegeya’s murderers hung on his hotel room door to facilitate their escape. By the time staff entered the room and found his corpse, his killers were out of the country. The book exposes the crimes of Kagame and the RPF, including the mass murder of Hutus within and beyond Rwanda’s borders, its predatorial aggression against its neighbour the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and its imposition of an Orwellian police state at home.
This book has many attributes. First and foremost is its iconoclasm. Wrong provides a context for the historic antagonism between Tutsi and Hutu during the colonial and post-colonial eras and the horror of 1994. She shreds all mythology of the Kagame’s regime as a benevolent one. Further, she addresses Rwanda’s two invasions of the DRC, the assassination of that country’s president, Laurent Kabila, and the larger regional Great Lakes War it led. Most importantly, she introduces the reader to a rich body of scholarship that often evades the popular press. This includes Alison Des Forges, “Leave None to Tell the Story:”Genocide in Rwanda (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1999), Mahmood Mamdami, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism and the Genocide in Rwanda (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), Gérard Prunier, Africa’s World War: The “Congolese” Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), Filip Reyntjens, Political Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), Judi Rever, In Praise of Blood: The Crimes of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (New York: Random House, 2013), and Jason Stearns, Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa (New York: Public Affairs, 2011). Wrong is to be applauded in making this narrative accessible to a popular audience.
But perhaps Wrong tries too hard. The title of the book borders on the verbose, reading like the title of a contemporary Swedish novel. Her frequent use of informal and colloquial language clouds the narrative. Although she provides detailed footnotes, the absence of a bibliography requires the reader to dig for the pertinent scholarship. Related to this is the plethora of anonymous sources. While understandable why interview subjects need protection, this must be balanced with the need for verification. And for those who might get lost in abbreviations, Wrong has fortunately provided a list of acronyms. It is much needed.
Despite these shortcomings, Do Not Disturb educates. Wrong has turned our understanding of Paul Kagame and the RPF on its head. Once seen as salvation from genocide, they now must be viewed as something akin to the peace that the Socialist Unity Party brought to East Germany in the wake of Nazism. This is a book well worth reading.








