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Don't Sleep, There Are Snakes: Life and Language in the Amazonian Jungle (Vintage Departures) Paperback – Illustrated, November 3, 2009
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Part passionate memoir, part scientific exploration, a life-changing tale set among a small tribe of Amazonian Indians in Brazil that offers a riveting look into the nature of language, thought, and life itself.
"Immensely interesting and deeply moving.... One of the best books I have read."—Lucy Dodwell, New Scientist
A riveting account of the astonishing experiences and discoveries made by linguist Daniel Everett while he lived with the Pirahã, a small tribe of Amazonian Indians in central Brazil.
Daniel Everett arrived among the Pirahã with his wife and three young children hoping to convert the tribe to Christianity. Everett quickly became obsessed with their language and its cultural and linguistic implications. The Pirahã have no counting system, no fixed terms for color, no concept of war, and no personal property. Everett was so impressed with their peaceful way of life that he eventually lost faith in the God he'd hoped to introduce to them, and instead devoted his life to the science of linguistics.
- Print length320 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherVintage
- Publication dateNovember 3, 2009
- Dimensions5.14 x 0.69 x 7.94 inches
- ISBN-100307386120
- ISBN-13978-0307386120
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Editorial Reviews
Review
"Absorbing.... Shares its author's best traits: perseverance, insight, humor and humility. Both the Pirahas and their interpreter make splendid company."—The Plain Dealer
"Immensely interesting and deeply moving.... One of the best books I have read."—Lucy Dodwell, New Scientist
"A story of language and faith along the sweeping banks of the Maici River.... Verdict: Read."—Time
"Destined to become a classic of popular enthnography."—The Independent, London
"A genuine and engrossing book that is both sharp and intuitive; it closes around you and reaches inside you, controlling your every thought and movement as you read it.... Impossible to forget."—Sacramento Book Review
"Three stars.... [A] spiritual adventure story."—People
"A fascinating look into the lives of the Piraha, an Amazonian community of hunter-gatherers."—The Minneapolis Star Tribune
"Don't Sleep, There Are Snakes makes the rain forest sound like a magic mushroom."—Harper's Magazine
"A riveting account of a Christian missionary 'converted' to the viewpoint of the Amazonian Indians he had intended to evangelize."—The Huntsville Times
"Vivid.... The book is fascinating.... May serve to bring the furor of linguistics and language research to readers who otherwise never catch sight of it."—Science
"In this fascinating and candid account of life with the Pirahã, Everett describes how he learned to speak fluent Pirahã (pausing occasionally to club the snakes that harassed him in his Amazonian "office"). He also explains his discoveries about the language-findings that have kicked off more than one academic brouhaha."--Publishers Weekly (Signature Review)
"Rich account of fieldwork among a tribe of hunter-gatherers in Brazil . . . introduce[s] non-specialists to the fascinating ongoing debate about the origin of languages. . . . Everett's experiences and findings fairly explode from these pages and will reverberate in the minds of readers."—Kirkus Reviews (Starred Review)
"Dan Everett has written an excellent book. First, it is a very powerful autobiographical account of his stay with the Pirahã in the jungles of the Amazon basin. Second, it is a brilliant piece of ethnographical description of life among the Pirahã. And third, and perhaps most important in the long run, his data and his conclusions about the language of the Pirahã run dead counter to the prevailing orthodoxy in linguistics. If he is right, he will permanently change our conception of human language."—John Searle, Slusser Professor of Philosophy, University of California, Berkeley
"Dan Everett is the most interesting man I have ever met. This story about his life among the Pirahãs is a fascinating read. His observations and claims about the culture and language of the Pirahãs are astounding. Whether or not all of his hypotheses turn out to be correct, Everett has forced many researchers to reevaluate basic assumptions about the relationship among culture, language and cognition. I strongly recommend the book."—Edward Gibson, Professor of Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
About the Author
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
“Look! There he is, Xigagaí, the spirit.”
“Yes, I can see him. He is threatening us.”
“Everybody, come see Xigagaí. Quickly! He is on the beach!”
I roused from my deep sleep, not sure if I was dreaming or hearing this conversation. It was 6:30 on a Saturday morning in August, the dry season of 1980. The sun was shining, but not yet too hot. A breeze was blowing up from the Maici River in front of my modest hut in a clearing on the bank. I opened my eyes and saw the palm thatch above me, its original yellow graying from years of dust and soot. My dwelling was flanked by two smaller Pirahã huts of similar construction, where lived Xahoábisi, Kóhoibiíihíai, and their families.
Mornings among the Pirahãs, so many mornings, I picked up the faint smell of smoke drifting from their cook fires, and the warmth of the Brazilian sun on my face, its rays softened by my mosquito net. Children were usually laughing, chasing one another, or noisily crying to nurse, the sounds reverberating through the village. Dogs were barking. Often when I first opened my eyes, groggily coming out of a dream, a Pirahã child or sometimes even an adult would be staring at me from between the paxiuba palm slats that served as siding for my large hut. This morning was different.
I was now completely conscious, awakened by the noise and shouts of Pirahãs. I sat up and looked around. A crowd was gathering about twenty feet from my bed on the high bank of the Maici, and all were energetically gesticulating and yelling. Everyone was focused on the beach just across the river from my house. I got out of bed to get a better look—and because there was no way to sleep through the noise.
I picked my gym shorts off the floor and checked to make sure that there were no tarantulas, scorpions, centipedes, or other undesirables in them. Pulling them on, I slipped into my flip- flops and headed out the door. The Pirahãs were loosely bunched on the riverbank just to the right of my house. Their excitement was growing. I could see mothers running down the path, their infants trying to hold breasts in their mouths.
The women wore the same sleeveless, collarless, midlength dresses they worked and slept in, stained a dark brown from dirt and smoke. The men wore gym shorts or loincloths. None of the men were carrying their bows and arrows. That was a relief. Prepubescent children were naked, their skin leathery from exposure to the elements. The babies’ bottoms were calloused from scooting across the ground, a mode of locomotion that for some reason they prefer to crawling. Everyone was streaked from ashes and dust accumulated by sleeping and sitting on the ground near the fire.
It was still around seventy- two degrees, though humid, far below the hundred- degree- plus heat of midday. I was rubbing the sleep from my eyes. I turned to Kóhoi, my principal language teacher, and asked, “What’s up?” He was standing to my right, his strong, brown, lean body
tensed from what he was looking at.
“Don’t you see him over there?” he asked impatiently. “Xigagaí, one of the beings that lives above the clouds, is standing on the beach yelling at us, telling us he will kill us if we go to the jungle.”
“Where?” I asked. “I don’t see him.”
“Right there!” Kóhoi snapped, looking intently toward the middle of the apparently empty beach.
“In the jungle behind the beach?”
“No! There on the beach. Look!” he replied with exasperation.
In the jungle with the Pirahãs I regularly failed to see wildlife they saw. My inexperienced eyes just weren’t able to see as theirs did.
But this was different. Even I could tell that there was nothing on that white, sandy beach no more than one hundred yards away. And yet as certain as I was about this, the Pirahãs were equally certain that there was something there. Maybe there had been something there that I just missed seeing, but they insisted that what they were seeing, Xigagaí, was still there.
Everyone continued to look toward the beach. I heard Kristene, my six- year- old daughter, at my side.
“What are they looking at, Daddy?”
“I don’t know. I can’t see anything.”
Kris stood on her toes and peered across the river. Then at me. Then at the Pirahãs. She was as puzzled as I was.
Kristene and I left the Pirahãs and walked back into our house. What had I just witnessed? Over the more than two decades since that summer morning, I have tried to come to grips with the significance of how two cultures, my European- based culture and the Pirahãs’ culture, could see reality so differently. I could never have proved to the Pirahãs that the beach was empty. Nor could they have convinced me that there was anything, much less a spirit, on it.
As a scientist, objectivity is one of my most deeply held values. If we could just try harder, I once thought, surely we could each see the world as others see it and learn to respect one another’s views more readily. But as I learned from the Pirahãs, our expectations, our culture, and
our experiences can render even perceptions of the environment nearly
incommensurable cross- culturally.
The Pirahãs say different things when they leave my hut at night on their way to bed. Sometimes they just say, “I’m going.” But frequently they use an expression that, though surprising at first, has come to be one of my favorite ways of saying good night: “Don’t sleep, there are snakes.” The Pirahãs say this for two reasons. First, they believe that by sleeping less they can “harden themselves,” a value they all share. Second, they know that danger is all around them in the jungle and that sleeping soundly can leave one defenseless from attack by any of the numerous predators around the village. The Pirahãs laugh and talk a good part of the night. They don’t sleep much at one time. Rarely have I heard the village completely quiet at night or noticed someone sleeping for several hours straight. I have learned so much from the Pirahãs over the years. But this is perhaps my favorite lesson. Sure, life is hard and there is plenty of danger. And it might make us lose some sleep from time to time. But enjoy it.
Life goes on.
I went to the Pirahãs when I was twenty- six years old. Now I am old enough to receive senior discounts. I gave them my youth. I have contracted
malaria many times. I remember several occasions on which the Pirahãs or others threatened my life. I have carried more heavy boxes, bags, and barrels on my back through the jungle than I care to remember. But my grandchildren all know the Pirahãs. My children are who they are in part because of the Pirahãs. And I can look at some of those old men (old like me) who once threatened to kill me and recognize some of the dearest friends I have ever had—men who would now risk their lives for me.
This book is about the lessons I have learned over three decades of studying and living with the Pirahãs, a time in which I have tried my best to comprehend how they see, understand, and talk about the world and to transmit these lessons to my scientific colleagues. This journey has taken me to many places of astounding beauty and into many situations I would rather not have entered. But I am so glad that I made the journey—it has given me precious and valuable insights into the nature of life, language, and thought that could not have been learned any other way.
The Pirahãs have shown me that there is dignity and deep satisfaction in facing life and death without the comfort of heaven or the fear of hell and in sailing toward the great abyss with a smile. I have learned these things from the Pirahãs, and I will be grateful to them as long as I live.
Product details
- Publisher : Vintage
- Publication date : November 3, 2009
- Edition : Illustrated
- Language : English
- Print length : 320 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0307386120
- ISBN-13 : 978-0307386120
- Item Weight : 10.4 ounces
- Dimensions : 5.14 x 0.69 x 7.94 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #90,880 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #73 in Linguistics Reference
- #102 in Cultural Anthropology (Books)
- #2,159 in Memoirs (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

Dan Everett (1951) was born in Holtville, California. He worked in the Amazon jungles of Brazil for over 30 years, among more than one dozen different tribal groups. He is best-known for his long-term work on the Pirahã language. He has published more than 100 articles, as well as 13 books on linguistic theory, life in the Amazon, and the description of endangered Amazonian languages. His book, Don't sleep, there are snakes: life and language in the Amazonian jungle (Pantheon), was selected by National Public Radio as one of the best books of 2009 in the US, by Blackwell's bookstores as one of the best of 2009 in the UK , and was an 'editor's choice' of the London Sunday Times. It was also a featured BBC Radio 4 Book of the Week. His book, Language: The cultural tool (Pantheon), was a New York Times Editor's Choice .
His book from the University of Chicago Press is: Dark Matter of the Mind: The Culturally Articulated Unconscious. In this book, whose primary audience is intended to be professional cognitive scientists (especially anthropologists and linguists), he develops a theory of tacit knowledge and culture that proposes a model of embodied empiricism.
His next book, How Language Began: The Story of Humanity's Greatest Invention, published by Liveright Publishers (US) and Profile Books (UK), is due out August 2017.
A documentary of his life and work, The Grammar of Happiness, was released worldwide in 2012. It is available through the Smithsonian Channel in the USA. The Grammar of Happiness has now won first prize for Human Sciences at the Jackson Hole Film Festival. It won the Young Europeans Jury Award at the FIPA Film Festival in Biarritz, France. It is a finalist for best science film of 2012 at the Pariscience Film Festival.
A play based on Everett's life, Don't Sleep, There Are Snakes, premiered in London in the spring of 2016. Another piece of performance art based on Don't Sleep, There Are Snakes, was performed in Berlin, also in late spring 2016.
Everett is currently Dean of Arts and Sciences at Bentley University in Waltham, Massachusetts.
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Customers find the book thoroughly interesting and engaging, with detailed linguistic content that makes it an excellent introduction to anthropological linguistics. Moreover, they appreciate its cultural insights, particularly how it explores the deep ties between culture and language, and provides intriguing perspectives on human spirituality. Additionally, the book receives positive feedback for its authenticity, with one customer specifically praising the author's honesty. However, the story quality receives mixed reviews, with several customers finding it unsatisfactory.
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Customers find the book engaging and thoroughly interesting, with one customer describing it as a memoir written as a personal odyssey.
"Great book. If only we could still find copies of the movie." Read more
"...I found the linguistic chapters a little dry, but interesting. They weren't academic enough that I skipped any of them...." Read more
"...purists, but the book nevertheless makes good points and is a great read." Read more
"A very interesting book that covers Daniel's day to day experiences, mixed with linguistics, and finally with spiritual and philosophical thoughts..." Read more
Customers appreciate the book's language content, particularly its detailed exploration of the Piraha language, and find it an easily understandable introduction to the field of linguistics.
"...I love that aspect of the story. A must read for language nerds." Read more
"...I found it to be a fun and easy read." Read more
"...Peter Ladefoged came out and checked him out, but his morphology and syntax are sloppy...." Read more
"...An amazing story of anthropology and linguistics and the deep ties between culture and language. One of the best books I've read in a while." Read more
Customers appreciate the book's language and cultural insights, describing it as an excellent introduction to anthropological linguistics that explores the deep connections between culture and language.
"Extremely interesting as anthropology, and not enough of that. Some of the linguistics discussio0n were difficult to follow but interesting...." Read more
"...Besides being a fun read, it is interesting, informative and thought provoking...." Read more
"A wonderful description of a culture and people including the author's personal revelations...." Read more
"...in the jungle with the tribe, which give us a window into this fascinating tribe and their culture and language, while, at all times, remaining..." Read more
Customers appreciate the book's insights into human spirituality, with one customer noting how it provides a new perspective on human interaction, while another mentions it offers a lesson in tolerance and empathy.
"...He has already demonstrated himself a generous communicator with a rich personal history and I hope that he will share more of his stories with us..." Read more
"...The Piraha are both fatalistic and innocent, perfectly adapted to their home in the Amazon. Everett sees them as worthy of emulation, which I do not...." Read more
"...nature, this book is also a bit of an adventure story and a spiritual journey, one very similar to my own as I have explored other cultures around..." Read more
"...they have different "morals", Dan found them to be kind, caring, family oriented, and really decent people...." Read more
Customers appreciate the authenticity of the book, with one customer particularly admiring the author's honesty.
"...I love the work of Daniel Everett as described by Thomas Wolfe in his book Speech Kingdom...." Read more
"This authentic and very interesting book shows the reader a new perspective on human interaction...." Read more
"...Overall though I really liked this book and admire the honesty of the author." Read more
"...The book is an easy read with forthright and clear language. It merits reading more than once." Read more
Customers find the story quality of the book unsatisfactory.
"...But, as an ethnography, it sucks." Read more
"...No, this isn't a novel. In fact, it's not even a simple story. It shouldn't be read that way...." Read more
"...These stories look dubious. There are lots of apparent contradictions...." Read more
"...language and cultural structures for students, it's not the best book to use with students who have never read an ethnography...." Read more
Top reviews from the United States
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- Reviewed in the United States on May 27, 2012This was one of the most interesting books that I have ever read. I hasten to add the disclaimer that it might be due to my own personal interest, having grown up as the son of SIL missionaries (the same mission Everett was with) and subsequently rejecting my childhood faith (as Everett did). Whatever the reason, this was a well-written and fascinating narrative.
Everett writes of moving, with his family, to live amongst the Pirahã tribe in the Amazon. This book is a clever weave of anecdotes of the author's ordeals living in the jungle with the tribe, which give us a window into this fascinating tribe and their culture and language, while, at all times, remaining engaging and humorous.
We learn that the people of the tribe are materially poor with little to no health-care and no long-lasting artifacts. Yet Everett finds them bewilderingly content with their lives and therefore completely inoculated against the sway of the outside world, referring to foreigners with the derogatory term "crooked heads." Despite a century of contact with missionaries and traders no one from the tribe has ever learned a foreign language or converted. Everett claims they value the present and observable so highly that they make no effort to make long-lasting artifacts or to invent creation myths. He claims their contentment and conservatism, rather than any differences in ability, are behind their rejection of bilingualism, written language and foreign culture and goods.
After starting out as a Christian missionary with a strong belief in Chomsky's theories of language, Everett is challenged in both beliefs by observing the tribe. He comes to reject Chomsky's theories of universal language, controversially claiming that the Pirahã language lacks sentence-level recursion and that language is much better understood as a product of culture. He finds the cultural value of the present and observable embedded in the Pirahã language which has few kinship terms or abstract concepts. He also comes to reject Christianity through the tribe's gentle skepticism: they doubt its usefulness due to their own contentment and because Everett has never met Jesus personally and therefore cannot answer such basic questions as Jesus' skin colour.
The book ends with a plea from Everett to preserve minority languages. From his thesis as language as an embodiment of culture, Everett sees the loss of a language as more than the loss of an abstract, arbitrary set of symbols for communicating, but as the loss of a set of solutions for the universal problems of life: meaning, relationships and values. The Pirahã tribe exists a 300 people living precariously in one area rapidly being encroached by the outside world, and yet there is so much more we have to learn from just this tribe, let alone the many others at risk.
It is an excellent book and reveals much about Everett and the Pirahã's contribution to our understanding of human language. It also communicates an existential challenge: a tribal group that finds satisfaction without materialism or modern science and technology seems to live happily and contentedly (near the end of the book Everett relates to the tribe the trauma of his step-mother suiciding which causes amusement as "Pirahã don't kill themselves").
My one disappointment, which doesn't reflect poorly on the book but the blurbs: it contains little about the process of Everett's rejection of Christianity. The focus of this book is squarely, and rightfully, on the Pirahã and their language. However, Everett does mention that for nearly 20 years of being a missionary he was secretly an atheist, his subsequent "coming out" has lead to the breakup of his marriage and conflict with his children. Since these events happened only a few years before this book was published perhaps such stories were too fresh to be told. Perhaps partly out of desire to understand my own change better, I do hope that Everett writes another book where he can focus on the process of changing his core beliefs, the struggles of living with that change internally for so many years and finally the challenge of "coming out." He has already demonstrated himself a generous communicator with a rich personal history and I hope that he will share more of his stories with us in the future.
Thanks to DM for helpful comments on an earlier draft.
- Reviewed in the United States on September 16, 2016This is an important book, in that the author’s discovery of the (so far as is is currently known) unique language feature of the Piraha Indians, non-recursive sentence structure, shows an effect of culture on language strong enough to make the Chomskyan “universal grammar” theory appear to be less than universal.
I found the book a fascinating account of a USA born linguist and Christian missionary given an extremely difficult challenge, to decipher an isolated language of an Amazonian jungle people and then translate the New Testament into their language. Which translation, after he had learned their language, turned out to be impossible. Not only were these happy, independent (dangerous if drinking alcohol) people unimpressed with religion, their effect on the author caused him to abandon blind faith in favor of trusting his perceptions and reason.
Dr Everett provides an exciting, astounding account of the Pirahas, their daily lives, and his life living among them with his wife and three children, especially their life-changing effect on him. He also goes into much detail about the difference between his changed views about the relationship between grammar, culture, and human ‘grammar instinct’. I’m not that interested in the fine points of linguistics, but I could see how being aware of such could be valuable in examining other little-known languages and avoiding errors through theory-bias.
For me the anthropological descriptions and information of these unique Piraha, all 300 or so of them, made this a worthwhile read. The difficult linguistics discoveries very interesting, as well as the author’s struggle with his beliefs and the eventual triumph of reason over blind faith. It could have been edited for a smoother read, but that would be nitpicking when I think of what torture the author went through, eg, clouds of mosquitos and other biting insects, ubiquitous 3-inch long cockroaches, tarantulas, snakes, crocodiles, jaguars, 110 degree humid heat, malaria which almost killed his wife and a daughter, dangerous confrontations with Brazilian traders,etc.in this heroic project.
Top reviews from other countries
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Danilo Vaz-CuradoReviewed in Brazil on November 5, 20235.0 out of 5 stars Um livro fantástico sobre a vida, os costumes e a linguagem da Amazônia
Ótimo livro. Uma narrativa que prende o leitor do início ao fim. Textos leves e de grande profundidade.
Jim Van WyckReviewed in Canada on January 8, 20255.0 out of 5 stars Wonderful book
Daniel L. Everett's book is a captivating blend of memoir, anthropology, and linguistics. Living among the Pirahã people in the Amazon, Everett uncovers a unique culture and language that challenge conventional theories.
The Pirahã's language lacks certain features common in others, such as numbers and fixed color terms. This simplicity reflects their focus on immediate experience, offering profound insights into human cognition and communication.
SCIENCE NEWS
Everett's narrative is engaging and thought-provoking. His journey from missionary to linguist, and the personal transformations he undergoes, add depth to the story. The book also provides a rich account of fieldwork among a tribe of hunter-gatherers in Brazil.
KIRKUS REVIEWS
This book is a must-read for those interested in language, culture, or human nature. It challenges preconceived notions and broadens understanding of the diverse ways humans interpret the world.
Overall, Don't Sleep, There Are Snakes is a fascinating exploration of the intersection between language and culture, offering readers a unique perspective on the human experience.
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LNGReviewed in Japan on July 30, 20255.0 out of 5 stars 多様性を考える一助に!
フィールドワークでの人々との出会いは,まさに人生観,哲学を変えるくらいのインパクトがある。
Chris ShepherdReviewed in Australia on February 13, 20185.0 out of 5 stars Great book. Less boring than most academic books since ...
Great book. Less boring than most academic books since the academic parts are interspersed with stories of the experience of the author and his family among the particular group of tribal Amazonian people with whom the author lived for some 30 years.
victoria bradleyReviewed in Spain on March 31, 20245.0 out of 5 stars Wonderful
Really enjoyed the book. I'm an English learner and it has teached many things about language. Beside is an amazing story about the piranha people and his own conversation into atheistsm







