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Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union (Culture and Society after Socialism) Paperback – June 15, 2005
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When the Bolsheviks seized power in 1917, they set themselves the task of building socialism in the vast landscape of the former Russian Empire, a territory populated by hundreds of different peoples belonging to a multitude of linguistic, religious, and ethnic groups. Before 1917, the Bolsheviks had called for the national self-determination of all peoples and had condemned all forms of colonization as exploitative. After attaining power, however, they began to express concern that it would not be possible for Soviet Russia to survive without the cotton of Turkestan and the oil of the Caucasus. In an effort to reconcile their anti-imperialist position with their desire to hold on to as much territory as possible, the Bolsheviks integrated the national idea into the administrative-territorial structure of the new Soviet state.
In Empire of Nations, Francine Hirsch examines the ways in which former imperial ethnographers and local elites provided the Bolsheviks with ethnographic knowledge that shaped the very formation of the new Soviet Union. The ethnographers―who drew inspiration from the Western European colonial context―produced all-union censuses, assisted government commissions charged with delimiting the USSR's internal borders, led expeditions to study "the human being as a productive force," and created ethnographic exhibits about the "Peoples of the USSR." In the 1930s, they would lead the Soviet campaign against Nazi race theories.
Hirsch illuminates the pervasive tension between the colonial-economic and ethnographic definitions of Soviet territory; this tension informed Soviet social, economic, and administrative structures. A major contribution to the history of Russia and the Soviet Union, Empire of Nations also offers new insights into the connection between ethnography and empire.
- Print length392 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherCornell University Press
- Publication dateJune 15, 2005
- Reading age18 years and up
- Dimensions6.12 x 0.88 x 9.25 inches
- ISBN-100801489083
- ISBN-13978-0801489082
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Editorial Reviews
Review
Hirsch does not simply... posit another ideological or epistemological model of Soviet history. She instead provides a completely new kind of analysis. Her book is more than an innovative study of high quality; it stakes out a position that cannot fail to have a long-standing impact on the historiography of the Soviet state.
-- Marina Mogil'ner ― Ab ImperioReferring to the Soviet Union as an 'empire of nations,' Hirsch demonstrates through prodigious research how ethnographers from the former tsarist regime collaborated with the Leninists to shape the new state. Hers is the tale of a modernizing, self-styled scientific state that imposed categories, names, and programs on ethnic populations with relatively little say in their own fate.... Empire of Nations is an exceptionally rich book and a significant addition to the growing literature on the construction of the Soviet state. Beautifully written and clearly presented even when the story hovers on complicated administrative matters, Hirsch's account of the Soviet Union as a 'work in progress' that neither began with a blueprint nor achieved completion reaffirms the now widely accepted view of nation-formation as a process of human intervention and invention.
-- Ronald Grigor Suny ― The Moscow TimesThis innovative and important book reinterprets the formation of the Soviet Union in the years after the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. Instead of focusing on the views of the Soviet leadership and the events surrounding the official formation of the Soviet Union in 1922, Hirsch takes a broader perspective on the processes involved with establishing a nationalities policy in the Soviet Union from the prerevolutionary background through the 1930s by looking at the activities of experts and local elites, among others. Highly recommended.
― ChoiceReview
Turning the tsarist empire into the Soviet Union involved equal parts brutality and ingenuity. Francine Hirsch exposes both in this insightful and provocative study of Soviet nation-building. Empire of Nations is the sharpest and most careful tour yet of the ethnographic workshop that was at the heart of the Soviet experiment.
-- Willard Sunderland, author of Taming the Wild Field: Colonization and Empire on the Russian SteppeFrom the Inside Flap
"Francine Hirsch approaches the formation of the Soviet Union as a process that begins rather than ends when the USSR was created in 1922. Concentrating on the role of ethnographers over the next twenty years, she places these social scientists in the context both of wider European developments and particular local struggles, providing an account that is both comprehensive and rooted in specific experiences. The result is a sophisticated view of the unexpectedly important role played by anthropologists and ethnographers, who through a complicated collaboration with state officials both shaped the forms and categories of Soviet citizenship and simultaneously came under tremendous pressure to bring their own discipline into line."-Douglas Northrop, author of Veiled Empire: Gender and Power in Stalinist Central Asia
About the Author
Francine Hirsch is Associate Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Product details
- Publisher : Cornell University Press; 1st edition (June 15, 2005)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 392 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0801489083
- ISBN-13 : 978-0801489082
- Reading age : 18 years and up
- Item Weight : 1.26 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.12 x 0.88 x 9.25 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #1,255,718 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #1,737 in General Anthropology
- #1,745 in Communism & Socialism (Books)
- #2,836 in Russian History (Books)
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In short, Hirsch argues that to set in motion their goal of producing a unified communist state, the Bolsheviks incorporated ethnographic knowledge into their social planning for the population. Ethnographic knowledge significantly influenced the creation of officially recognized "nationalities," territorial boundaries, and the construction of personal identity in the USSR - and continues to do so in the post-soviet states. Furthermore, referencing Benedict Anderson, Hirsch argues that the Bolsheviks solidified these divisions in the population, partly through the top-down implementation of "Cultural Technologies of Rule" and partly because they were adopted by local actors seeking to use this discourse of nationalism to their advantage (12). Finally, this ethnographic emphasis allows Hirsch to focus her narrative so as to challenge some prevailing tenets of soviet historiography. The three most important of these are: first, the assertion that far from a unified consensus, early Bolshevik policy about the division of the USSR was reached through significant debate and compromise. Second, whereas Anderson maintains that Cultural Technologies of Rule act in concert to promote a cohesive discourse on nationalism, Hirsch demonstrates that the rhetoric of Soviet museums often contradicted that of censuses and maps. Third, Hirsch rejects the idea that the borders of soviet republics were drawn to prevent a unified front against Russian, Communist hegemony, and instead stresses their division as part the "double assimilation" on the path to communism - first the assimilation from tribes into nations and then from nations into communist solidarity(14).
Hirsch divides her text into three sections that are both chronological and thematic. Section One covers 1905 to 1924 and focuses on the reception of European ideas on nationalism by tsarist academics and Bolshevik revolutionaries. Chapter One examines the state of ethnography in Russia during the late tsarist period and focuses on the relationship between tsarist ethnographers and Bolshevik thinkers. Chapter Two examines the debate within the Bolshevik Party over territorial organization in the new soviet state, detailing the arguments of those who sought, to establish boundaries determined by national character, or alternatively, by economic specialization. Part Two, covering 1924-1934, examines Anderson's Cultural Technologies of Rule in more detail, as they apply to the soviet use of censuses, maps, and museums. Chapter Three, Four, and Five respectively, are dedicated to each technology. Section Three covers 1931-1941, focusing on the soviet response to Nazi Germany. Chapter Six examines ethnographic and anthropological studies by soviet scientists in Eurasia designed to refute Nazi correlations between racial inferiority and societal advancement. Chapter Seven addresses ethnography in the Great Terror and focuses on the changes in official nationality categories in the 1937 and 1939 censuses, as well as the introduction of internal passports and the NKVD's use of ethnographic data. An epilogue extends the significance of early soviet decisions beyond the collapse of the USSR.
This is a well-written and complex monograph based on significant original research and is meticulously annotated. The fluidity with which Hirsch handles both qualitative and quantitative sources is impressive, as is her ability to build a well-organized narrative that utilizes a multidisciplinary approach. The book is highly recommended for graduate and undergraduate Russian history students, and for those interested in ethnography or Empire. Hirsch's deft management of her three-part narrative allows each section to simultaneously support the others, and to stand on its own as a cogent whole. The effect of this structure is to produce a work that is engaging and informative for both academics and for enthusiasts.
The second theme is that of Russia as an 'Empire'. Recent scholarship shows how Russia used 'colonial methods' to extrapolate and study and compile census's of the peoples that inhabited russia. The problem with this line of reasoning is two fold. First it is unequivacally a fact that Russia raised the awareness of the peoples they encountered, bringing them alphabets and encoruaging native literature. At the same time it is not neccesarily 'colonial' to want to census the people that live in your country. However the theory is that all this understanding ethnicity work had colonial overtones.
Leaving this behind this is a fascinating, illuminating and wonderful work that opens a door unto the multitude of peoples that inhabited soviet Russia. In many places where a people existed that had no boundaries, no written language and no schalarly culture the Soviets created local elites, education systems and drew boundaries where the minority would be a majority.
Russia became an 'empire of nations' in this manner. Mostly the book looks at the first 20 years of Soviet rule, from 1917 when Soviet forces enlisted minorities in the fight against the Whites through to Stalins encouragement of diversity. In the end the programs were abandoned to some degree in the late 1930s as the build up to WWII began, in the aftermath corrupt elites built on this system, creating nationalism, discriminating against ethnic russians and in many cases creating national awareness where non existed before. A good book.
Seth J. Frantzman







