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On the Eve: The Jews of Europe Before the Second World War Kindle Edition
In the 1930s, as Europe spiraled toward the Second World War, the continent’s Jews faced an existential crisis. The harsh realities of the age—anti-Semitic persecution, economic discrimination, and an ominous climate of violence—devastated Jewish communities and shattered the lives of individuals.
The Jewish crisis was as much the result of internal decay as of external attack. Demographic collapse, social disintegration, and cultural dissolution were all taking their toll. The problem was not just Nazism: In the summer of 1939 more Jews were behind barbed wire outside the Third Reich than within it, and not only in police states but even in the liberal democracies of the West. The greater part of Europe was being transformed into a giant concentration
camp for Jews. Unlike most previous accounts, On the Eve focuses not on the anti-Semites but on the Jews. Wasserstein refutes the common misconception that they were unaware of the gathering forces of their enemies. He demonstrates that there was a growing and widespread recognition among Jews that they stood on the edge of an abyss.
On the Eve recaptures the agonizing sorrows and the effervescent cultural glories of this last phase in the history of the European Jews. It explores their hopes, anxieties, and ambitions, their family ties, social relations, and intellectual creativity—everything that made life meaningful and bearable for them.
Wasserstein introduces a diverse array of characters: holy men and hucksters, beggars and bankers, politicians and poets, housewives and harlots, and, in an especially poignant chapter, children without a future. The geographical range also is vast: from Vilna (the “Jerusalem of the North”) to Amsterdam, Vienna, Warsaw, and Paris, from the Judeo-Espagnol-speaking stevedores of Salonica to the Yiddish-language collective farms of Soviet Ukraine and Crimea.
Wasserstein’s aim is to “breathe life into dry bones.” Based on comprehensive research, rendered with compassion and empathy, and brought alive by telling anecdotes and dry wit, On the Eve offers a vivid and enlightening picture of the European Jews in their final hour.
Review
"Meticulous, closely researched, movingly evocative....As an encyclopaedic record of Jewish life before the second world war, Wasserstein's book is nothing less than a marvel. Nothing escapes his gaze....As he shows, Jewish society had a cultural richness and diversity to match any in Europe….Wasserstein's great achievement is to show just how far Jewish life in Europe was embattled even before war broke out in 1939. This was not some lost golden age.” (Sunday Times of London)
“A bright, hard glimpse at the final thriving days of European Jewry…[s]traightforward, scholarly and tidily organized…[a] wide-ranging, marvelously complete overview of a diverse, teeming civilization poised for ruin." (Kirkus Reviews, starred review)
“A substantive, perceptive, and highly valuable kaddish for lost lives and lost worlds.” (Publishers Weekly, starred review)
"At last, we have a comprehensive, richly textured account of Jewish life in Europe before the Holocaust. Bernard Wasserstein is unsparingly honest in his portrayal of a highly diverse, highly accomplished community, weakened by internal divisions and demographic decline as a much larger disaster loomed. On the Eve is essential reading for anyone seeking to understand the world that was about to disappear." (Andrew Nagorski, author of Hitlerland )
“The Holocaust lingers in the memory not just because of the scale of the terror visited on Europe's Jews but because of the many, many questions the event has raised that remain unanswered. Wasserstein creates a kaleidoscopic portrait of the many different ways Jews lived from France into Russia. An important study with an important message.” (Michael Goldfarb, author of Emancipation: How Liberating Europe's Jews from the Ghetto Led to Revolution and Renaissance )
"Takes the reader step by step through the history of the Jews of Europe between the two world wars and provides a comprehensive survey of their situation throughout the continent. It is a rare and excellent introduction, an evaluation that furnishes a deeper understanding of the events of the Holocaust." (Yad Vashem International Book Prize citation)
“Wasserstein chronicles European Jewry in the decade before the war, boldly exploring problems within the community as well as the external pressures of anti-Semitism…I suspect that we think we know all there is to know about this subject, but we don’t; Wasserstein should have us covered. Important.” (Library Journal)
“Wasserstein . . . is not only an expert about his subject matter but also a lucid writer. . . . superb” (Christian Science Monitor)
“Judicious and comprehensive . . . in the process of covering such a wide chronological and geographic scope, Wasserstein frequently brings in the lives and experiences of specific individuals, thereby offering the reader a sense of life as it was lived.” (HistoryBookClub.com)
“An enlightening and moving evocation of the richness and heterogeneity, both vast and under-documented, of Jewish life in pre-war Europe.” (The Jewish Chronicle)
About the Author
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherSimon & Schuster
- Publication dateMay 1, 2012
- File size39428 KB
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Product details
- ASIN : B005GG0M74
- Publisher : Simon & Schuster; Reprint edition (May 1, 2012)
- Publication date : May 1, 2012
- Language : English
- File size : 39428 KB
- Text-to-Speech : Enabled
- Screen Reader : Supported
- Enhanced typesetting : Enabled
- X-Ray : Not Enabled
- Word Wise : Not Enabled
- Sticky notes : On Kindle Scribe
- Print length : 569 pages
- Page numbers source ISBN : 1416594272
- Best Sellers Rank: #541,413 in Kindle Store (See Top 100 in Kindle Store)
- #729 in Jewish History (Kindle Store)
- #758 in 20th Century World History
- #2,154 in Jewish History (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
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Like the previous reviewer ,I believe every Jew and indeed every person who desires to know more than the "Cliff Notes" version of the History of the Jews in Europe until 1939 should read it.
It was recommended to me by a dear non-Jewish friend who insisted that I read it as one of the most profoundly moving books I would ever read.
He was right!
It does contain a volume of information which would be difficult to discover elsewhere.
An extremely scholarly book. Not judgmental but insightful.
Top reviews from other countries
We learn in great detail of all the different religious groups and their schools in Eastern Europe; and about the position of women inside Jewish communities; about various kinds of Jewish delinquents. There is even a section about Jewish deaf-mutes and the institutions that cared for them. Jewish sporting achievements are recorded, and we learn that in table tennis "all the Polish national champions in the inter-war period were Jews".
It is well known that many Jews tried to escape being regarded as Jews by changing their names or by conversion - here documented with many individual stories. (There is also the story of an entire community of 80 Italian "primitive and illiterate" peasants converting TO Judaism in the early 1930s, persevering in the faith even after the fascists introduced anti-Jewish laws in 1938). There are striking portraits of Jews who publicly lambasted Jews as a group, and of a handful who wanted to be followers of Hitler - but this section is one of several that made me feel that, in his desire to be as comprehensive as possible, Wasserstein sometimes gives as much weight in his accounts to comparatively unrepresentative groups of Jews as he does to more representative ones. At other times he illustrates his general theme with innumerable instances, some vivid, others more of a catalogue.
As the Nazis led in the persecution of the Jews, many other countries, some, like Poland and Romania with their own antisemitic traditions and even Italy where Jews had been fully accepted stepped up their own anti-Jewish measures. A harrowing chapter goes into detail about the dilemma of Jews who desperately wanted to emigrate from these countries, and of Jews, like those of Polish origin, who were expelled from Nazi Germany and Nazi Austria, but were not admitted to Poland. Many of those who managed to get out of Germany were in refugee camps: "Indeed, in the summer of 1939, more Jews were being held in camps outside the Third Reich than within it."
In the face of all this, the Jews were deeply divided among themselves: the religious against the secular; the various socialist groups against each other and against the Jewish bourgeoisie; the Zionists, themselves divided between the General Zionists and the Revisionists.
But long before Wasserstein came to the mounting horror of the thirties, he showed the pressure which Jewish culture was experiencing, and which was not the direct result of persecution. There is, for example, a discussion of the decline of the several Jewish languages spoken in Europe, seen by Wasserstein as sign of the decline of the vitality of Jewish culture. Several times, from the opening to the closing pages, he shows how by 1939, before the Holocaust, "European Jewry was close to terminal collapse" (p.xvii), were indeed "far advanced on a road towards what one of their most perceptive and sympathetic observers called `race suicide'." (p. 434) This is shown many times over as he catalogues the diminishing fortunes of Yiddish plays, films, music, novels, libraries, newspapers, schools etc. The Holocaust of course speeded up the process, and it continued when that nightmare was over and has been chronicled in Wasserstein's earlier book, Vanishing Diaspora (1996).





