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Failure to Disrupt: Why Technology Alone Can’t Transform Education Hardcover – September 15, 2020
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A leader in educational technology separates truth from hype, explaining what tech can―and can’t―do to transform our classrooms.
Proponents of large-scale learning have boldly promised that technology can disrupt traditional approaches to schooling, radically accelerating learning and democratizing education. Much-publicized experiments, often underwritten by Silicon Valley entrepreneurs, have been launched at elite universities and in elementary schools in the poorest neighborhoods. Such was the excitement that, in 2012, the New York Times declared the “year of the MOOC.” Less than a decade later, that pronouncement seems premature.
In Failure to Disrupt: Why Technology Alone Can’t Transform Education, Justin Reich delivers a sobering report card on the latest supposedly transformative educational technologies. Reich takes readers on a tour of MOOCs, autograders, computerized “intelligent tutors,” and other educational technologies whose problems and paradoxes have bedeviled educators. Learning technologies―even those that are free to access―often provide the greatest benefit to affluent students and do little to combat growing inequality in education. And institutions and investors often favor programs that scale up quickly, but at the expense of true innovation. It turns out that technology cannot by itself disrupt education or provide shortcuts past the hard road of institutional change.
Technology does have a crucial role to play in the future of education, Reich concludes. We still need new teaching tools, and classroom experimentation should be encouraged. But successful reform efforts will focus on incremental improvements, not the next killer app.
- Print length336 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherHarvard University Press
- Publication dateSeptember 15, 2020
- Dimensions5.5 x 1 x 8.5 inches
- ISBN-100674089049
- ISBN-13978-0674089044
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Editorial Reviews
Review
“In a few dozen pages, Reich lays out the embarrassing cycle of copied ideas, massive hype, enormous wasted funding, and the unmet promises of edtech―why so many innovations and companies find only dramatically downsized and incremental uses, leaving education fundamentally not disrupted over and over again…A must-read for the education-invested as well as the education-interested.”―Derek Newton, Forbes
“I'm not sure if Reich is as famous outside of learning science and online education circles as he is inside. He should be…Reading and talking about Failure to Disrupt should be a prerequisite for any big institutional learning technology initiatives coming out of COVID-19.”―Joshua Kim, Inside Higher Ed
“Helps readers understand the systems operating through ed tech over the last 60 years: how venture capital backed technologies fall short of disruption; why people prefer incremental changes in how we learn, rarely transforming pedagogy; that tech―even when it’s free―favors those who already have privilege.”―Ki Sung, KQED
“His account of digital technology, neither utopian nor dystopian, offers ‘a tinkerer’s guide to learning at scale,’ to fit―not disrupt―the complex system of school and university education.”―Nature
“Reich is to be congratulated on writing an important corrective to our public fascination with ‘disrupting’ higher education. It is all the more devastating for its even-handedness. There is no cheap online solution to delivering world class higher education that meets our nation’s ideals and needs. Anything proposed to do so runs roughshod over closely held values: rigor, access, equality, and justice. This is a must-read for anyone with even a passing interest in the present and future of higher education.”―Tressie McMillan Cottom, author of Lower Ed: The Troubling Rise of For-Profit Colleges in the New Economy
“This magisterial book offers a remarkable account of the different approaches to online learning and what can be expected of them. Comprehensive, wide-ranging, and incisive, this book offers a definitive account of the past, present, and future of technology-assisted learning. If you had to pick one book to learn about all things online learning, this would be the one.”―Jal Mehta, coauthor of In Search of Deeper Learning: The Quest to Remake the American High School
“If you have already decided that educational technology is a utopia or a dystopia, there’s no need to read this―or, indeed, any―book. But if you desire a clear, balanced, and insightful evaluation of the range of educational technologies, Justin Reich’s book will inform and delight you.”―Howard Gardner, author of Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences
“Technology in learning carries a high cost economically and culturally. In a game of trade-offs between efficiency and human development, research remains the critical lens to guide decisions. This exceptional book is the best resource currently available to guide readers to understanding the failure of technology in classrooms, what needs to be done to make a real impact, and the critical importance of education as community.”―George Siemens, Executive Director of the Learning Innovation and Networked Knowledge Research Lab, The University of Texas at Arlington
About the Author
Product details
- Publisher : Harvard University Press (September 15, 2020)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 336 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0674089049
- ISBN-13 : 978-0674089044
- Item Weight : 1.1 pounds
- Dimensions : 5.5 x 1 x 8.5 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #873,841 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #323 in Distance & Online Learning
- #780 in Computers & Technology Education
- #2,181 in Education Administration (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

Justin Reich is a learning scientist interested in learning at scale, practice-based teacher education, and the future of learning in a networked world. He is an Assistant Professor in the Comparative Media Studies/Writing department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the director of the MIT Teaching Systems Lab. The Teaching Systems Lab designs, implements, and researches the future of teacher learning. He is the instructor for five free, openly-licensed MOOCs about change leadership in education. He is also the host of the TeachLab Podcast. He was previously the Richard L. Menschel HarvardX Research Fellow, a lecturer at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, and faculty associate of the Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society. His writings have appeared in Science, The Atlantic, Educational Researcher, the Washington Post, Inside Higher Ed, the Christian Science Monitor, and other publications. Justin started his career teaching wilderness medicine, and later taught high school world history and history electives, and coached wrestling and outdoor activities.
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Learn more how customers reviews work on AmazonReviewed in the United States on September 24, 2020
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Top reviews
Top reviews from the United States
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The challenge for us all is that today’s vast edtech industry is enormously convoluted and connects virtually every sector in education. It’s deucedly difficult to get a “bird’s eye” view of the playing field, because there are so many players with so many motives and perspectives, ranging from lawmakers and university administrators to kindergarten teachers, from charismatic high-tech entrepreneurs to established industry players.
One would need an extraordinary intellect to understand and float between all the worlds and layers. Fortunately for us, Justin Reich not only has the intellect and writing chops to make sense of the landscape, but his positions at Harvard and then MIT have given him an unparalleled opportunity to interact with or be aware of virtually every major trend in edtech. Additionally, with the advent of COVID, edtech is shifting. The “built from the foundations” nature of this book’s explanations—which cover networked communities, assessment, gamification, adaptive tutors, and far, far more—will help you understand where the shifts are going to have their biggest impact. (Incidentally, I love Reich's Law—"People who do stuff do more stuff, and people who do stuff do better than people who don't do stuff.")
Oddly enough for a book with “failure” in the title, Reich is an optimist, and his book provides a sunny outlook on the gradual improvements taking place, tweak by tiny tweak, in education aided by technology. When Reich finds unsuccessful areas in edtech (and there are many), he relates them cheerfully, so that even the partial deadends seem worthwhile. Reich is able to suss out the ideologies that underlie the various educational approaches, looking beneath them and dispassionately describing what’s effective and what’s not.
This is masterful writing and thinking that helps us all see more clearly how to help students succeed. Highly recommended!
Reviewed in the United States 🇺🇸 on September 24, 2020
The challenge for us all is that today’s vast edtech industry is enormously convoluted and connects virtually every sector in education. It’s deucedly difficult to get a “bird’s eye” view of the playing field, because there are so many players with so many motives and perspectives, ranging from lawmakers and university administrators to kindergarten teachers, from charismatic high-tech entrepreneurs to established industry players.
One would need an extraordinary intellect to understand and float between all the worlds and layers. Fortunately for us, Justin Reich not only has the intellect and writing chops to make sense of the landscape, but his positions at Harvard and then MIT have given him an unparalleled opportunity to interact with or be aware of virtually every major trend in edtech. Additionally, with the advent of COVID, edtech is shifting. The “built from the foundations” nature of this book’s explanations—which cover networked communities, assessment, gamification, adaptive tutors, and far, far more—will help you understand where the shifts are going to have their biggest impact. (Incidentally, I love Reich's Law—"People who do stuff do more stuff, and people who do stuff do better than people who don't do stuff.")
Oddly enough for a book with “failure” in the title, Reich is an optimist, and his book provides a sunny outlook on the gradual improvements taking place, tweak by tiny tweak, in education aided by technology. When Reich finds unsuccessful areas in edtech (and there are many), he relates them cheerfully, so that even the partial deadends seem worthwhile. Reich is able to suss out the ideologies that underlie the various educational approaches, looking beneath them and dispassionately describing what’s effective and what’s not.
This is masterful writing and thinking that helps us all see more clearly how to help students succeed. Highly recommended!
Top reviews from other countries
El argumento central de Reich (la tecnología en sí misma no puede transformar la educación) no se invalida por este nuevo auge de los MOOC, por lo que continúa siendo un texto relevante que valdrá la pena revisitar después de que las cosas vuelvan a "la normalidad".









