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Fast Tanks and Heavy Bombers: Innovation in the U.S. Army, 1917–1945 (Cornell Studies in Security Affairs) Paperback – April 15, 2003
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The U.S. Army entered World War II unprepared. In addition, lacking Germany's blitzkrieg approach of coordinated armor and air power, the army was organized to fight two wars: one on the ground and one in the air. Previous commentators have blamed Congressional funding and public apathy for the army's unprepared state. David E. Johnson believes instead that the principal causes were internal: army culture and bureaucracy, and their combined impact on the development of weapons and doctrine.
Johnson examines the U.S. Army's innovations for both armor and aviation between the world wars, arguing that the tank became a captive of the conservative infantry and cavalry branches, while the airplane's development was channeled by air power insurgents bent on creating an independent air force. He maintains that as a consequence, the tank's potential was hindered by the traditional arms, while air power advocates focused mainly on proving the decisiveness of strategic bombing, neglecting the mission of tactical support for ground troops. Minimal interaction between ground and air officers resulted in insufficient cooperation between armored forces and air forces.
Fast Tanks and Heavy Bombers makes a major contribution to a new understanding of both the creation of the modern U.S. Army and the Army's performance in World War II. The book also provides important insights for future military innovation.
- Print length304 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherCornell University Press
- Publication dateApril 15, 2003
- Reading age18 years and up
- Dimensions6.12 x 0.69 x 9.25 inches
- ISBN-100801488478
- ISBN-13978-0801488474
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Editorial Reviews
Review
A fine place to get a feel for the enormous task of military transformation―and also get a gritty appreciation of the risks involved―is David Johnson's Fast Tanks and Heavy Bombers. The War on Terror and accelerating demands for change in the Pentagon... make this book extremely relevant. Every military transformer should read it―and reckon with it.
― Houston ChronicleA powerful book.... Johnson convincingly takes aim at the current wishful thinking that a sound defense depends merely on money spent, and that only politicians, not soldiers, are responsible for their lack of preparedness. His powerful and convincing historical analysis offers profound implications for today.
― Foreign AffairsIn Fast Tanks and Heavy Bombers, David Johnson does an excellent job of taking in the big picture, breaking it down into its parts and then tieing it back together to form a cohesive whole of U.S.Army policy during the interwar period.
― Air Power HistoryJohnson's book should be read and his conclusions debated. His work is timely and relevant to the Army and Air Force today.
― Army MagazineJohnson's densely factual volume is elegantly written.... He successfully demonstrates that the United States Army that entered World War II reflected the biases and resistance to innovation that existed throughout the interwar years.
― Journal of American HistoryJohnson's nicely researched and well written study is much more than an interesting account of tank and airplane development during the interwar years. Fast Tanks and Heavy Bombers is a fascinating intellectual and cultural history of the interwar Army with intriguing implications for our own day..
― ParametersThe subject of Fast Tanks and Heavy Bombers is familiar―an interwar army, crippled by austerity and public apathy―fails to modernize and enters the next war unprepared for the challenges it faces. But David E. Johnson departs from traditional interpretations of this scenario.... Johnson paints a bleak picture of an Army designed to preserve itself rather than prepare for the next war.
― Military ReviewThis book gives great insights into our military's (not just the U.S. Army's) innovative process during the interwar years. As we now find ourselves in a similar interwar period, with similar interwar opportunities for either stagnation or innovation, the book is extremely relevant to today's national defense establishment. There is great insight to be derived from these pages.... Johnson has done a superb job of researching his subject. He has written an interesting book based on mountains of documentation.... There is much more to Fast Tanks and Heavy Bombers than documented history. To the educated reader, this book is a warning for today.
― Marine Corps GazetteThis well documented and convincingly argued book... speaks to the follies of extremists in today's airpower versus land power debates.
― Naval War College ReviewReview
David Johnson has written a must-read for anyone following today's Pentagon debates concerning the culture and budgets of the United States military. He has provided one of the most insightful analyses of the development of the U.S. Army and Air Force between the World Wars with a special set of lessons to be learned about how a bureaucratic military system precludes the best decisions for the good of the nation's overall national security missions.
-- William A. Owens, Vice Chairman of the Board of Teledesic and CEO of Teledesic Holdings, Ltd.From the Inside Flap
"David Johnson has written a must read for anyone following today's Pentagon debates concerning the culture and budgets of the United States military. He has provided one of the most insightful analyses of the development of the U.S. Army and Air Force between the World Wars with a special set of lessons to be learned about how a bureaucratic military system precludes the best decisions for the good of the nation's overall national security missions."--William A. Owens, Vice Chairman of the Board of Teledesic and CEO of Teledesic Holdings, Ltd.
About the Author
David E. Johnson is a senior research staff member at RAND. A retired U.S. Army field artillery colonel, he served in a variety of command and staff assignments in the United States, Korea, Germany, and Hawaii. His last assignment was at the National Defense University, where he served as Director of Academic Affairs, Chief of Staff, and Professor.
Product details
- Publisher : Cornell University Press; 1st edition (April 15, 2003)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 304 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0801488478
- ISBN-13 : 978-0801488474
- Reading age : 18 years and up
- Item Weight : 15.5 ounces
- Dimensions : 6.12 x 0.69 x 9.25 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #1,586,568 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #736 in History of Engineering & Technology
- #1,421 in Conventional Weapons & Warfare History (Books)
- #1,657 in History of Technology
- Customer Reviews:
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Leaving aside the parochial halters the Old Army put on its best personnel in the 1930s, and Old Navy did in the same era, this book comes through with a primary message that gives me pause. How much was learned?
Johnson was a career soldier before going to RAND. He has a deep sense of how military cultures operate. His portrait of the cavalry wing rejecting modernity is humorous and tragic simultaneously. It is a case study in how large bureaucracies protect themselves and their caste system from being threatened by new developments.
Equally, if not more fascinating, is his conclusion that the Air Corps was equally one sided in favoring its theory of big bombers. While the cavalry drove out officers who believed the time of the horse was past, the Air Corps drove out officers who believed fighter planes were powerful opponents for bombers. In some ways the Air Corps self-blindness was as dangerous as the cavalry's total identification with an obsolete past. The refusal to recognize the vulnerability of the bomber meant that bomber crews in Europe would have the greatest risk of dying of any elements of the American military.
Johnson also reports on the tankers fixation with lighter, less powerful "fast tanks" rather than the heavier, more powerfully armed versions the Germans settled on. The American fixation was on a fast tank that could break through and run amok behind enemy lines but was incapable of standing up to German tanks in one on one fights. The result was a tank that led to many more American casualties than necessary. Interestingly, all post World War II American tank designs have been based on the German model of heavy armor and heavy guns.
This is a very thoughtful book filled with quotes from sincere, serious professional military men who were dead wrong but determined to protect their views and to use their position in the hierarchy to get the job done.
It is a sobering story for anyone who would modernize a large, complex military bureaucracy.









