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Fentanyl, Inc.: How Rogue Chemists Are Creating the Deadliest Wave of the Opioid Epidemic Hardcover – September 3, 2019
A deeply human story, Fentanyl, Inc. is the first deep-dive investigation of a hazardous and illicit industry that has created a worldwide epidemic, ravaging communities and overwhelming and confounding government agencies that are challenged to combat it. “A whole new crop of chemicals is radically changing the recreational drug landscape,” writes Ben Westhoff. “These are known as Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) and they include replacements for known drugs like heroin, cocaine, ecstasy, and marijuana. They are synthetic, made in a laboratory, and are much more potent than traditional drugs”―and all-too-often tragically lethal.
Drugs like fentanyl, K2, and Spice―and those with arcane acronyms like 25i-NBOMe― were all originally conceived in legitimate laboratories for proper scientific and medicinal purposes. Their formulas were then hijacked and manufactured by rogue chemists, largely in China, who change their molecular structures to stay ahead of the law, making the drugs’ effects impossible to predict. Westhoff has infiltrated this shadowy world. He tracks down the little-known scientists who invented these drugs and inadvertently killed thousands, as well as a mysterious drug baron who turned the law upside down in his home country of New Zealand. Westhoff visits the shady factories in China from which these drugs emanate, providing startling and original reporting on how China’s vast chemical industry operates, and how the Chinese government subsidizes it. Poignantly, he chronicles the lives of addicted users and dealers, families of victims, law enforcement officers, and underground drug awareness organizers in the U.S. and Europe. Together they represent the shocking and riveting full anatomy of a calamity we are just beginning to understand. From its depths, as Westhoff relates, are emerging new strategies that may provide essential long-term solutions to the drug crisis that has affected so many.
- Print length356 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherAtlantic Monthly Press
- Publication dateSeptember 3, 2019
- Dimensions6 x 0.75 x 9 inches
- ISBN-100802127436
- ISBN-13978-0802127433
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Editorial Reviews
Review
“Our 25 Favorite Books of 2019”―St. Louis Post-Dispatch
“Best Books of 2019”―Buzzfeed
“Best Nonfiction of 2019”―Kirkus Reviews
“50 Best Books of 2019”―Daily Telegraph
“Best Nonfiction Books of 2019”―Tyler Cowen
“Best Books of 2019”―Yahoo Finance
“A really fascinating book on a terrifying subject.”―Joe Rogan
“Timely and agonizing . . . [Westhoff’s] book is the product of a four-year deep-dive into the world of designer drugs, and it’s an impressive work of investigative journalism. He interviewed 160 people and visited laboratories all over the world; he even infiltrated a pair of Chinese drug operations.”―USA Today
“A history lesson on American drug use and drug laws, a crash course in chemistry and neuroscience, a multifaceted portrait of addiction, and a look at how harm reduction programs can atone for the failures of the War on Drugs . . . A finely woven and accessible analysis of the connection between university chemistry professors, dark web sales, drug cartels, law enforcement, and the dealers and addicts dependent on it . . . Westhoff is a skilled and empathetic biographer, and this gift serves the composite of the dealers, users, and bereaved of Fentanyl, Inc. . . . It’s in this focus on the human cost of the crisis, of empathy over criminalization, that this accomplished book feels most urgently important.”―St. Louis Post-Dispatch
“Excellent . . . Readable and alternately engaging and chilling in its account of the development, deployment, and devastating consequences of NPS . . . Politicians, police, and the public continue to debate how to handle the use of psychoactive substances in our culture and legal system. Westhoff’s Fentanyl, Inc. should be required reading for anyone who wishes to contribute to a knowledgeable discussion.”―Winnipeg Free Press
“An exhaustive history of the development and rise of the drug at the center of the opioid crisis . . . Where the book really shines is in Westhoff’s ability to get inside the lives of his characters . . . A feat of reporting [and] an important book that arrives at a key juncture in the opioid crisis.”―New York Journal of Books
“A sucker-punch of a read, cinematic in scope, zooming in to scenes around the world―undercover in a drug factory in China; with the cartels in Mexico; among middle-class youngsters in Dallas dying in droves.”―Daily Telegraph
“The most frightening book of the year, and it’s mandatory reading . . . Epic . . . This is a story about people, and Fentanyl, Inc. features a roster of villains and victims who stray far from movie archetypes.”―Dig Boston
“A fascinating look into how China is playing a major role in the spread of fentanyl across the U.S. The book connects the dots between the pharmaceutical companies and their role in the opioid crisis with the Chinese labs manufacturing the illicit fentanyl and maneuvering it through Mexico to get it into the U.S. Highly recommend it!”―Yahoo Finance
“Setting Fentanyl, Inc. apart from most other books that focus on the supply-side of illegal drugs, Westhoff smartly avoids pro-drug-war narratives that push for an intensified law-and-order response to the proliferation of more potent synthetic drugs . . . The War on Drugs and misguided law enforcement efforts have not stemmed the spread of fentanyl, but instead have contributed to its takeover, Westhoff carefully explains.”―Filter
“Extensively reported and vividly written . . . Westhoff elevates his impressive examination of the opioid epidemic by reporting on the U.S. government’s failed war on drugs and the promise of innovative ‘harm reduction’ policies that recognize that ‘Just Say No’ is a losing proposition.”―National Book Review
“Westhoff looks at the new wave of synthetic drugs that are taking the opioid epidemic to a whole new deadly level. He managed to go undercover into one of the many labs in China where these drugs are being manufactured, and the results of his research there and elsewhere are terrifying . . . Anyone who is interested in learning more about the opioid crisis, or has read Dopesick, is going to want to check this out.”―Omnivoracious, the Amazon Book Review
“An information-packed work of reporting that traces the rise of designer drugs, including synthetic and/or more dangerous versions of weed, acid, and heroin, the last of which gives the book its title. Fentanyl, a synthetic opioid that’s chemically similar to morphine and heroin, is the top cause of fatal drug overdoses in the United States. The most illuminating parts of the book are those that reveal the business practices of Chinese labs that supply illicit fentanyl to U.S. dealers. These labs are a source of death and destabilization for our country, American officials say, while Chinese leaders contend that it’s on us to deal with Americans’ appetite for the stuff.”―Francie Diep, Pacific Standard
“The author seamlessly blends past and present in his profiles of Belgian chemist Paul Janssen, who was responsible for fentanyl’s initial development in 1959; police officers; politicians; LSD drug kingpins; and St. Louis street dealers . . . Perhaps most compelling is Westhoff’s undercover infiltration of several rogue Chinese drug operations . . . Drawing material from official reports, drug databases, scores of interviews, and years of personal research, Westhoff presents an unflinching, illuminating portrait of a festering crisis involving a drug industry that thrives as effectively as it kills. Highly sobering, exemplary reportage delivered through richly detailed scenarios and diversified perspectives.”―Kirkus Reviews (starred review)
“Westhoff explores the many-tentacled world of illicit opioids, from the streets of East St. Louis to Chinese pharmaceutical companies, from music festivals deep in the Michigan woods to sanctioned ‘shooting up rooms’ in Barcelona, in this frank, insightful, and occasionally searing exposé . . . Offers a truly multifaceted view of the landscape of fentanyl use and abuse. The disparate narrative strands he weaves together―including tragic stories of drug users, straightforward analysis of the history of opioid use, tension-filled episodes of drug runs and supplier meet-ups, and the humane and hopeful work of the ‘harm reduction’ movement―all come together to provide a more complex understanding of the rise of, and response to, the opioid epidemic. Westhoff’s well-reported and researched work will likely open eyes, slow knee-jerk responses, and start much needed conversations.”―Publishers Weekly
“Will assist policymakers, activists, and general readers in understanding better how to respond to the drug crisis that is only more intractable now.”―Library Journal
“So many substance abuse books are a mix of hysterical in tone and a disappointing ‘paint by numbers’ in their execution, but [Fentanyl, Inc.] really stands out for its research, journalism, and overall analysis . . . It is also a great book on China, and how China and the Chinese chemicals industry works, backed up by extensive original investigation . . . Definitely recommended.”―Tyler Cowen, Marginal Revolution
“In Fentanyl, Inc., Ben Westhoff lays bare the twisted history that led to opioids wreaking havoc on twenty-first century America. If you want to understand the bloody cycle of addiction and death gripping the nation, you need to read this book.”―Ioan Grillo, author of El Narco and Gangster Warlords
“This is an exceptionally useful and well-timed book. I hope anyone concerned about this era’s new addiction epidemic will read it and put its messages to use. Ben Westhoff very skillfully combines pharmacology, politics, law enforcement, and gripping international intrigue in his account of America’s number-one public health problem. I hope Fentanyl, Inc. is widely read and influential.”―James Fallows
“Through his courageous reporting Ben Westhoff takes us to the heart of the problem. In Fentanyl, Inc., he shines a light on the human wreckage and damage caused by the most powerful and dangerous of the opioids, fentanyl and its derivatives. He shows us how addiction, mislabeling, purposefully or mistakenly mixed drugs lead to tragic ends. The drug is often created out of factories operating with the permission of the Chinese government. To solve this epidemic, we must understand it. Make no mistake; the fentanyl problem is a global issue. Fentanyl, Inc., is a must-read, pulling the curtain back and showing us how this human tragedy occurs and how insidious and addictive a drug can be.”―Katherine Tobin, Ph.D., Former Member of the U.S.-China Economic & Security Review Commission
Praise for Original Gangstas:
“This may be the best book ever written about the hip hop world.”―S. Leigh Savidge, co-writer and Oscar nominee, Straight Outta Compton
“[Adds] fresh detail to the oft-told stories . . . [A] history that won’t settle for easy heroes or villains.”―Rolling Stone
“An impressive and exhaustive look inside the real world of the pioneering group that brought gangsta rap to the masses.”―People
“A provocative, multifaceted portrait of essential rap pioneers . . . As raw, authoritative, and unflinching as the music Westhoff’s narrative chronicles.”―Kirkus Reviews (starred review)
“An unforgettable history of the last time music was ever really dangerous.”―Stephen Witt, author of How Music Got Free
Praise for Dirty South:
“Dirty South is a must-read for anybody interested in hip-hop’s ever-growing role in America's cultural consciousness.”―Forbes
“Packed with lively reporting and colorful social history . . . Doesn’t shy away from the bigger questions. Westhoff grapples with Southern rap’s troubling racial politics and takes on the critics.”―Rolling Stone
“Even if you only barely recognize the names in the full title . . . you can still understand and enjoy Ben Westhoff’s new book.”―Seattle Times
“A fascinating exploration of the musical and personal terrain of what has come to be known as the Southern sound of rap.”―Publishers Weekly
“Westhoff offers an excellent introduction to hip-hop in the South that will be informative and enjoyable for both newbies and those familiar with Southern hip-hop . . . A great introduction to Southern hip-hop, and a fun book for those familiar with the genre and its artists.”―Library Journal
About the Author
Product details
- Publisher : Atlantic Monthly Press (September 3, 2019)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 356 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0802127436
- ISBN-13 : 978-0802127433
- Item Weight : 1.2 pounds
- Dimensions : 6 x 0.75 x 9 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #364,560 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #42 in Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Industry (Books)
- #196 in Sociological Study of Medicine
- #992 in Criminology (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

Ben Westhoff is a best-selling, award-winning investigative journalist who writes about culture, drugs, and poverty. His books are taught around the country and have been translated into languages all over the world.
Ben Westhoff's new book Little Brother: Love, Tragedy, and My Search For the Truth (May 24, 2022, Hachette Books) is a true crime memoir detailing his investigation into the unsolved killing of Jorell Cleveland, Westhoff's mentee in the Big Brothers Big Sisters program for 11 years.
His previous book Fentanyl, Inc.: How Rogue Chemists Are Creating the Deadliest Wave of the Opioid Epidemic is the highly-acclaimed, bombshell first book about fentanyl, which is causing the worst drug crisis in American history. Westhoff was interviewed about the book on Fresh Air and Joe Rogan, and published an excerpt in The Atlantic. Since the book’s publication, Westhoff has advised top government officials on the fentanyl crisis, including from the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives, the U.S. embassy in Beijing, and the U.S. State Department.
His previous book Original Gangstas: Tupac Shakur, Dr. Dre, Eazy-E, Ice Cube, and the Birth of West Coast Rap is one of the best-selling hip-hop books of all time. It received raves from Rolling Stone and People, and a starred review in Kirkus. S. Leigh Savidge, Academy Award nominee and co-writer of Straight Outta Compton said it "may be the best book ever written about the hip hop world."
Westhoff's work has appeared in The New York Times, the Library of Congress, The Atlantic, The Guardian, The Wall Street Journal, Los Angeles Times, NPR, Rolling Stone, Forbes, Vice, Oxford American, Pitchfork, and others. He's been honored by the National Association of Black Journalists, the National Entertainment Journalism Awards, Religion Newswriters Association, Best Music Writing, Best of Southern Food Writing, L.A. Press Club, and the Missouri Press Association.
He has been interviewed as an expert commentator for CNN, BET, A&E, and ITV, and is the former L.A. Weekly music editor and Voice Media Group Senior music editor. He's a contributor to the Smithsonian Anthology of Hip-Hop and Rap, and his 2011 book on southern hip-hop, Dirty South: OutKast, Lil Wayne, Soulja Boy, and the Southern Rappers Who Reinvented Hip-Hop continues to be a strong backlist title.
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Customers find the book very interesting and well-written. They also describe the writing style as clear, engaging, and well crafted. Readers also mention that the book provides a worldwide overview of the synthetic drug problem.
AI-generated from the text of customer reviews
Customers find the book very interesting, informative, and wide-ranging. They also say the author does an amazing job uncovering and explaining the truth about drugs. Customers also mention that the book covers all different classes of drugs, such as marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and pharmaceuticals.
"...Very fascinating read. Most synthetics are produced in China in an ironic reversal of the West poisoning China w opium...." Read more
"...Ben Westhoff writes an engaging and wide-ranging book that encompass raw material providers in China, an abandoned ICBM base that was used by a..." Read more
"...It was eye-opening to learn about all kinds of drugs and exactly what they do...." Read more
"...I'm also impressed with the range of knowledge displayed, from organic chemistry nomenclature to finance to life as a local distributor or consumer...." Read more
Customers find the writing style clear and engaging.
"...Fentanyl, Inc is well written and combines an worldwide overview of the synthetic drug problem with passionate advocacy...." Read more
"Well crafted, linguistically. One of the first books in a long time I don't want to put down. And I'm judgy." Read more
"I am almost halfway through the book. I'm impressed with the clarity of the writing...." Read more
"Well-written and published in such important times...." Read more
Customers find the story engaging and wide-ranging.
"...Ben Westhoff writes an engaging and wide-ranging book that encompass raw material providers in China, an abandoned ICBM base that was used by a..." Read more
"...Dealers like to mix fentanyl into whatever they sell. It's instantly addicting, and even though their clients are more likely to die, it's not a..." Read more
"...Otherwise enjoyable, but really needs better editing IMHO" Read more
Customers find the writing quality of the book well crafted and as described.
"Well crafted, linguistically. One of the first books in a long time I don't want to put down. And I'm judgy." Read more
"Condition of book as described.....pleased." Read more
"I hope this author's book, an excellent piece of work, sounds an alarm ?..." Read more
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Top reviews from the United States
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The main thesis of the book is that synthetic drugs are becoming more dangerous. Changes to how their manufacturing including more impurities have only made them deadlier. He advocates increasing information available to the users by allowing third-party groups to test for impurities. Most of these testing groups are on the margins of the law at best. Fentanyl, Inc is well written and combines an worldwide overview of the synthetic drug problem with passionate advocacy. I am not sure how realistic Westhoff's ideas are but they are fascinating change of pace from those wanting additional enforcement or rampant legalization.
Fentanyl was originally a breakthrough drug that allowed for pain reduction during surgery. It and its analogues have been hijacked in a movement away from plant based drugs to those concocted in labs. Many of the chemists behind the drugs fret about how they are now used: they allow for cheap production, are easy to smuggle and do not appear in drug tests.
Westhoff somehow gains access to a drug facility in China. Amazingly, most of the production is done legally and often times benefit from Chinese subsidies. The owners know how to coyly move from one concoction to another to sidestep local laws. These newly created drugs have interactions that are unknown to anyone. Hanging over this narrative is the possible strategic benefit China may be gaining by drugging large swaths of citizens in the United States.
From there, Mexican cartels (operating like "McDonalds") buy the product, cut it and distribute it through North America and Europe. Oddly, the US's ability to cut down on more natural drugs has created a market for designer drugs that can be made quietly in a lab and are easy to mail. The most concerning impact of all of this is that addicts who believe they are buying a natural drug in which they know the dosage are now buying products of unknown provenance. 93% of users would prefer to use traditional marijuana over synthetics and its most likely a similar story for those who use N-bombs over LSD. However, instead of getting the right products, they are taken chemicals never ingested by humans before (something like 90% of MDMA tested was not MDMA).
Numbers on the problem:
-Carfentanil was responsible for killing more than eleven hundred Ohio residents between July 2016 and June 2017 alone.
-American cocaine overdose deaths remained fairly steady throughout the first decade of the 2000s—ranging from roughly four thousand to seven thousand—but in the second decade began to surge, exceeding fourteen thousand in 2017.
-According to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 150 new illicit drugs were bought and sold between 1997 and 2010. Another 150 appeared in just the next three years, and since then, in some years as many as 100 new chemicals have appeared, with synthetic cannabinoids especially common.
-In 2012, St. Louis saw 92 opioid-related deaths, a number that rose to 123 in 2013 and up to 256 in 2017.
Exacerbating all of this is that the number of addicts increased dramatically during the prescription opioid crisis. The author mentions the anecdote that in Kermit, WV (population 400, nine million pills were distributed in two years. And in one of the (sadly) more prescient thoughts by a politician, Arlen Specter attacked a mere monetary settlement against Perdue Pharma in 2007 by saying, "I see fines with some frequency and think that they are expensive licenses for criminal misconduct. I do not know whether that applies in this case, but a jail sentence is a deterrent and a fine is not.”
Westhoff suggests not blaming China as they have often been very strict in drug enforcement. Also, supply can easily move to other countries such as India. Better to focus on demand to limit the criminal element (great Friedman quote: "“See, if you look at the Drug War from a purely economic point of view, the role of the government is to protect the drug cartel, that’s literally true.” Policies in Slovenia and Spain are examined. Testing drugs for quality, supervised usage and decriminalization seem to help.
Top reviews from other countries
The primary purpose was to provide an overview of actors, causes and forces within the Fentanyl crisis. As such, he has consciously chosen to avoid complex discussions of molecular modelling to instead discuss topics such as: health and drug policy, pharmaceutical marketing, as well as the history of pain medicine r&d.
That said, I believe that the author has done only a decent job of this. Too often, the author jumped to conclusions/connections, framed evidence in a manner meant solely to support his argument or simply restated well-known information as though it was the first time it was being reported.
Overall, I’d recommend the book if you are looking for an easy and quick read (only 281 pages) that will provide a cursory overview of this modern crisis. But, if like me, you’re more wonkish in your interests, you’d be better spent reading something more technical or at least written by someone more well-versed in the fields of policy and science.
Fair score is 3.5 to 4 stars.









