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The Founder's Dilemmas: Anticipating and Avoiding the Pitfalls That Can Sink a Startup (The Kauffman Foundation Series on Innovation and Entrepreneurship) Paperback – April 1, 2013
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Noam Wasserman
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Print length496 pages
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LanguageEnglish
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PublisherPrinceton University Press
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Publication dateApril 1, 2013
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Dimensions6.3 x 1.3 x 9.2 inches
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ISBN-100691158304
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ISBN-13978-0691158303
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Editorial Reviews
Review
"Winner of the 2013 Silver Medal Book Award in Entrepreneurship, Axiom Business"
"Finalist for the 2013 George R. Terry Book Award, Academy of Management"
"[A] seminal work. . . . Sure to be required reading in business school curricula, this illuminating and captivating read will also appeal to aspiring entrepreneurs or founders who want to make better decisions in existing ventures." ― Publishers Weekly
"[A] first-aid manual to help resuscitate ailing start-ups."---Jessica Bruder, journalist, author, and adjunct professor at Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism, You're the Boss blog, New York Times
"Wasserman illustrates his findings with real world examples that translate into immediately applicable advice. But rather than creating a prescriptive list of commandments that would be impossible to follow, he adopts a more holistic approach. Encouraging entrepreneurs to study how others have handled similar challenges in the past, his insights highlight the common ground found in seemingly unique situations." ― ForeWord
"Harvard Business School professor Noam Wasserman is one of the writers and teachers who best captures the high stakes decisions that entrepreneurs face every day."---Scott Kirsner, Boston Globe
"There are plenty of books, lots with stories, anecdotes, and suggestions, but none that are particularly systematic about going through all of the issues. Noam's book is the first I've read--and he totally nails it."---Brad Feld, Feld Thoughts
"[T]he definitive book on the topic. . . . If you are a founder or thinking about becoming one, you should read this book."---Dharmesh Shah, OnStartups.com
"This is a serious book for a serious endeavor: creating a company from scratch that can be a world-beater and life-changer. . . . Wasserman's book is a towering guide to making these decisions thoughtfully and purposefully. Every founder should read it--and take the time to digest its rich data and lessons."---Jeff Bussgang, Seeing Both Sides
"Wasserman's book is on track to take as lofty a position in the entrepreneurial literature as HBS's Clayton Christensen's The Innovator's Dilemma did in the field of technological change."---Peter Cohan, Forbes
"Highly recommended for those who plan to embark or are already living the entrepreneurial lifestyle, it can serve as a guide to very tough situations for founders to evaluate the best possible way out."---Bernard Leong, SGEntrepreneurs
"Ten years of extensive research combined with winning case studies make this a trustworthy source not only for the potential startup owner but also for the classroom." ― Library Journal
"[A] must-read for anyone thinking of creating a startup, who is currently involved with one or who is an investor/advisor in the startup ecosystem."---Dilip James, Business Standard
"This book, upon release, becomes the single-most indispensible guide for founders of startups. Comingling research, straight talk, and a human voice―so often lacking in books with an academic bent―Dilemmas totally rocks as a business school required read and a founder's gripping, absolute must-read. Turning the last page, anyone with an entrepreneurial femur in their body will be fully armed with a battery of knowledge that can make or break a passionate first or even fifteenth venture. Do not start a startup without this book."---Ted Sturtz, New York Journal of Books
"[S]obering. . . . Professor Wasserman provides a great deal of data and stories about high-potential technology and life-sciences startups. His book offers much more information than most entrepreneurs can handle at once, but it is probably essential for them to know."---Harvey Schachter, Globe & Mail
"Wasserman presents a series of entrepreneurship vignettes and case studies, drawn from a massive 10,000-founder survey he created. Due to the size of this business start-up survey, several of the stories, including accounts from founders of Blogger, Sittercity, and SmarTix, should prove fresh to readers. Much of the advice in the book governs key decisions founders have to make and factors that can cause decisions to turn out well or badly. . . . [T]his work includes valuable, unique content." ― Choice
"[A] uniquely valuable resource for any entrepreneur."---Terrence Murray, Financialist
"The Founder's Dilemmas can't prevent entrepreneurs from repeating the mistakes of their predecessors; we all know how well human beings learn from history. But it's a worthwhile, prudent read for anyone considering or engaging in entrepreneurship. In pointing out the patterns, the common quandaries and routes, The Founder's Dilemmas can eliminate one headache along the path of business-building."---Tamara Micner, LSE Politics and Policy blog
"The guru on this subject is Noam Wasserman, who wrote an insightful book called The Founder's Dilemmas."---Luke Johnson, BusinessDay
Review
"The Founder's Dilemmas is required reading for entrepreneurs, venture capitalists, and the professionals who work with them. Few entrepreneurs appreciate the far-reaching implications of decisions they need to make at the beginning of a startup venture. Most founders make these critical decisions based on their gut instincts; backed up by data covering ten thousand founders, Noam Wasserman shows that the most common choices made at the outset of a new venture are often the wrong ones. This book also shines a light on the difficult conversations that entrepreneurs need to have with their colleagues and with their investors, and makes plainspoken, commonsense recommendations that facilitate this dialogue."―Pascal Levensohn, founding partner of Levensohn Venture Partners and member of the board of directors of the National Venture Capital Association (2007―2011)
"The Founder's Dilemmas will change the way we think about the internal dynamics that can make or break startup companies. Drawing on substantial research and considerable insight into practice, Wasserman uncovers the inner lives of startups, exploring the personal and professional conflicts that founders encounter on their entrepreneurial journeys. His book will appeal to academics and practitioners alike."―Thomas Hellmann, University of British Columbia
"The research that Noam Wasserman has assembled here can help entrepreneurial companies who want to prepare well for their future. The Founder's Dilemmas is a must-read for anyone thinking about starting a business."―Timothy C. Draper, founder of Draper Fisher Jurvetson
"Looking at the real-life founder issues of many accomplished entrepreneurs, Noam Wasserman draws insights that are both universal and timeless. If you're thinking of starting a new venture, do your homework and read this first."―Jeremy Stoppelman, CEO and cofounder of Yelp
"Noam Wasserman takes you through every major issue in a startup and shows you how to handle it in a prescriptive, logical way. The Founder's Dilemmas is for everyone thinking about starting a serious company, with their eye on a big prize, and for the people who invest in those companies."―Paul Maeder, chairman of the National Venture Capital Association, founder and general partner of Highland Capital Partners
"If you're starting a new company, you probably already know that a crazy variety of land mines await you. What if you had a map that showed exactly where they are and how to avoid them? Wasserman's recommendations are backed up by rigorous research―a rare thing in books about entrepreneurship―and his stories and anecdotes serve as accessible illustrations of situations faced by thousands of companies. Having seen these dilemmas derail countless startups, I wish every entrepreneur and prospective founder would read this book."―Eric Ries, author of The Lean Startup
"Every entrepreneur faces trade-offs when founding and growing their company. As we discovered at YouTube, those early decisions have far-reaching impacts and lead to unforeseen pitfalls down the road. Noam Wasserman uses vivid anecdotes and deep research to expertly outline the key early choices that define a startup, making The Founder's Dilemmas an invaluable alternative to real-world trial and error."―Chad Hurley, founder-CEO of YouTube
"[A] wonderful book. . . . It's a must read before you have even one more discussion with anyone about starting a company with them."―Melinda Thomas, Entrepreneur-in-Residence for the City of New York
"The Founder's Dilemmas fills an important gap in the entrepreneurship literature by providing an in-depth treatment of the people problems that confront all new business founders. Wasserman argues that people problems are responsible for a significant portion of startup failures, and that entrepreneurs tend to underestimate their potentially dangerous long-term effects. In this pathbreaking book, he grounds the analysis of these problems in both richly textured case examples and rigorously developed concepts and theories."―Ari Ginsberg, director of the Berkley Center for Entrepreneurial Studies at New York University's Stern School of Business
"This book offers a rich understanding of the central personal dilemmas that entrepreneurs uniquely face. These dilemmas are tied to particular choices for entrepreneurs that can have subtle and unexpected ramifications. I don't know of any other book that comes close to examining these specific and important issues."―Kathleen M. Eisenhardt, Stanford University, coauthor of Competing on the Edge: Strategy as Structured Chaos
From the Back Cover
"This book provides the rare combination of practical advice and scholarly research. It gets to the heart of the people issues that can bedevil every, and I do mean every, startup. Issues such as founder motivations, equity splits, and equity control can make or break a company. I guarantee that the price of this book is approximately one-thousandth of what you'll pay lawyers to clean up your mess if you don't read it."--Guy Kawasaki, author of Enchantment and former chief evangelist of Apple
"The Founder's Dilemmas is required reading for entrepreneurs, venture capitalists, and the professionals who work with them. Few entrepreneurs appreciate the far-reaching implications of decisions they need to make at the beginning of a startup venture. Most founders make these critical decisions based on their gut instincts; backed up by data covering ten thousand founders, Noam Wasserman shows that the most common choices made at the outset of a new venture are often the wrong ones. This book also shines a light on the difficult conversations that entrepreneurs need to have with their colleagues and with their investors, and makes plainspoken, commonsense recommendations that facilitate this dialogue."--Pascal Levensohn, founding partner of Levensohn Venture Partners and member of the board of directors of the National Venture Capital Association (2007--2011)
"The Founder's Dilemmas will change the way we think about the internal dynamics that can make or break startup companies. Drawing on substantial research and considerable insight into practice, Wasserman uncovers the inner lives of startups, exploring the personal and professional conflicts that founders encounter on their entrepreneurial journeys. His book will appeal to academics and practitioners alike."--Thomas Hellmann, University of British Columbia
"The research that Noam Wasserman has assembled here can help entrepreneurial companies who want to prepare well for their future. The Founder's Dilemmas is a must-read for anyone thinking about starting a business."--Timothy C. Draper, founder of Draper Fisher Jurvetson
"Looking at the real-life founder issues of many accomplished entrepreneurs, Noam Wasserman draws insights that are both universal and timeless. If you're thinking of starting a new venture, do your homework and read this first."--Jeremy Stoppelman, CEO and cofounder of Yelp
"Noam Wasserman takes you through every major issue in a startup and shows you how to handle it in a prescriptive, logical way. The Founder's Dilemmas is for everyone thinking about starting a serious company, with their eye on a big prize, and for the people who invest in those companies."--Paul Maeder, chairman of the National Venture Capital Association, founder and general partner of Highland Capital Partners
"If you're starting a new company, you probably already know that a crazy variety of land mines await you. What if you had a map that showed exactly where they are and how to avoid them? Wasserman's recommendations are backed up by rigorous research--a rare thing in books about entrepreneurship--and his stories and anecdotes serve as accessible illustrations of situations faced by thousands of companies. Having seen these dilemmas derail countless startups, I wish every entrepreneur and prospective founder would read this book."--Eric Ries, author of The Lean Startup
"Every entrepreneur faces trade-offs when founding and growing their company. As we discovered at YouTube, those early decisions have far-reaching impacts and lead to unforeseen pitfalls down the road. Noam Wasserman uses vivid anecdotes and deep research to expertly outline the key early choices that define a startup, making The Founder's Dilemmas an invaluable alternative to real-world trial and error."--Chad Hurley, founder-CEO of YouTube
"[A] wonderful book. . . . It's a must read before you have even one more discussion with anyone about starting a company with them."--Melinda Thomas, Entrepreneur-in-Residence for the City of New York
"The Founder's Dilemmas fills an important gap in the entrepreneurship literature by providing an in-depth treatment of the people problems that confront all new business founders. Wasserman argues that people problems are responsible for a significant portion of startup failures, and that entrepreneurs tend to underestimate their potentially dangerous long-term effects. In this pathbreaking book, he grounds the analysis of these problems in both richly textured case examples and rigorously developed concepts and theories."--Ari Ginsberg, director of the Berkley Center for Entrepreneurial Studies at New York University's Stern School of Business
"This book offers a rich understanding of the central personal dilemmas that entrepreneurs uniquely face. These dilemmas are tied to particular choices for entrepreneurs that can have subtle and unexpected ramifications. I don't know of any other book that comes close to examining these specific and important issues."--Kathleen M. Eisenhardt, Stanford University, coauthor of Competing on the Edge: Strategy as Structured Chaos
About the Author
Product details
- Publisher : Princeton University Press; 1st Edition (April 1, 2013)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 496 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0691158304
- ISBN-13 : 978-0691158303
- Item Weight : 1.5 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.3 x 1.3 x 9.2 inches
-
Best Sellers Rank:
#27,334 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #44 in Strategy & Competition
- #58 in New Business Enterprises (Books)
- #86 in Strategic Business Planning
- Customer Reviews:
Customer reviews
Top reviews from the United States
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Just occasionally you read a book that you wish you had read 25 years ago. I worked in the entrepreneurial/venture capital sector 1984-2007 and I so wish I had read this book in 1984. Unfortunately it was not published until 2012 so it was not possible but if you are (budding) entrepreneur, potential start-up hire, angel investor or venture capitalist you should really read this book. This is the first book that really gets to the human side of entrepreneurship but is based on the evidence of a ten year study of some 2000 technology and life science start-ups for the period 2000-9.
Note the title; it is dilemmas not dilemma. In this book Wasserman identifies a number of defining moments in the trajectory of a start-up where the entrepreneur must make a choice which while it may appear to be operational or tactical ends up having significant strategic consequences For example a the first decision for an founder to determine what is his or her motivation? Is it wealth-or-control ("do you want to be king or want to be rich?").
This really resonated with me. For 12 years I was the Executive Chairman of Nanyang Ventures which had three early stage funds doing Series A & B investments. One of innovations when I introduced at Nanyang Ventures was to psychologically profile the entrepreneurs. What we discovered after five years is that our winners had three key characteristics.
1. They had high numerical intelligence. They could understand the numbers. We thought we could compensate for those who had high general and verbal intelligence but low numerical IQ with a competent CFO. We were wrong.
2. They were dominated by the desire for economic success. The personality tool we used was the Humm Wadsworth as it is one of the few tests that measures this factor. Initially we were looking for energetic team builders who were decisive and competitive (kings). Again we were wrong. Wasserman lists the problems that ‘king’ entrepreneurs and venture capital investors may have. We had all of them, many in triplicate.
3. They were also dominated by the desire to complete projects and saw the start-up as a series of projects. They were extremely task orientated and focused on the technical details. They were into planning and compulsively reading everything they could about a project. Their passion ignited the rest of their team. We had not picked this factor as being necessary; again we were wrong.
Some of the Amazon reviews criticise it for being academic. I could not disagree more. This book resonates with reality
The problem is that of seven start-ups only two will be operating in a year later! That is a 71% failure rate. Imagine if close to all business that started succeeded, and went on to employ only five people. In a short time our “national scar,” unemployment, would be on the way down and prosperity on the way up.
Naom Wasserman has assembled superb data from his research on over 10,000 new businesses that were set to grow large. His research focused exclusively on businesses that were intended to grow large, not on lifestyle businesses intended only to keep the founder comfortable. He also accessed a wide range of reliable data from other sources to formulate this book.
What makes Wasserman’s book so unusual is his focus on a fact over research overlooks. More business start-ups fail because of internal problems caused by the founders’ errors of judgement than by external causes. If founders in the initial stages could make better decisions, many more businesses would be saved, and more would thrive.
Wasserman has identified clear a set of dilemmas facing founders. Choices have to be made between alternatives with no choice obviously better than another. All come with significant upsides and downsides. Solved appropriately, the founders will survive to face the next dilemma. Fail, and there could be no next dilemma.
“This book’s central message is that these founding decisions need to be made by design, not by default,” say Wasserman.
There are four primary founding decisions that make up the content of the book. Each dilemma is analysed, and its implications made clear. This clarity will help you, and those you care about make better, safer decisions.
At the “Pre-founding” stage, there are a set of dilemmas regarding when to launch the start-up. There are at least three major areas of considerations. If you do not have enough money, it may be wise to work for someone else until you do. Perhaps you should you borrow money and start right now? If you delay the start of the business, will you have missed the wave?
There is no one right answer to this question, and it requires the consideration of a number of factors. Are you able to ensure the security of your family (if you are responsible for one?) If you have savings or a retrenchment package will that suffice? Does your life-partner earn sufficiently to support the family? If she does, is she completely committed to your success to pay her part while you play yours? If not, the strain of founding the business may exhaust your strength and shatter your relationship. Are you locked in the golden handcuffs of a secure job?
These and many more profound and difficult questions need probing and honest answers.
Once you have made the decision to start a business, you face the “Founding Team Dilemmas” . Are you able to start a business alone or should you have others doing this with you? There are always skills that are required, but cannot reside in one person. Then there may be a need to work with another person who has your commitment to the success of the venture.
The need to work with others raises the “Relationship Dilemma” of to attract. Will the business work best if you team up with friends, family, acquaintances or strangers? Should you seek someone you have actually worked with before?
The “Role Dilemma” follows from this. What are the positions each one of you should assume in the new business?
How should each person be rewarded for their contribution to the venture? If you reward with more equity than is deserved, you cannot take it back when this becomes apparent. “Reward Dilemmas” are especially dangerous at the beginning of a business when there is nothing tangible. Giving away half of nothing but a promise is easy. However, when the business makes money, paying dividends to someone who never deserved it takes on a different hue. Few mistakes sour relationships more profoundly.
Beyond the dilemmas of the founding team are the “Investor Dilemmas.” Most businesses require funding to take off in a meaningful way.
You can turn to family and friends, “angel” investors, or venture capitalists. Accessing each these sources become progressively harder, and each poses its dilemmas.
For example, when take money from you pensioned parents, you do this believing you will succeed. Five of seven businesses never succeed causing great harm to people close to you. Borrowing from family and friends is best when it is a gift that come with love, not an investment.
Angel investors are investors but tend not to be professional investors. They are often people who have money and are prepared to “take a punt” on what looks like a “good idea” in exchange for equity and a high return. As with all investors, you will be required give up a portion of your business to the investor in exchange for the support.
At every stage there are dilemmas that if not confronted and not addressed thoughtfully, will do more damage to the fledgling business than problems that come from external forces.
Self-inflicted wounds can be avoided. Forewarned is forearmed. Read Wasserman’s profound book.
Readability Light ---+- Serious
Insights High +---- Low
Practical High -+--- Low
*Ian Mann of Gateways consults internationally on leadership and strategy and is the author of Strategy that Works.
Top reviews from other countries
It’s rigged up as a parallel structure between serious statistical research and anecdotal stories that are meant to guide you, the entrepreneur, in the early decisions that stand to influence the future success of your business.
So you get told “Evan next decided he would only hire junior developers via Craigslist” and then you get presented with the relevant performance of the 3,000 startups that only hired juniors versus the 3,500 that hired senior developers. And so on.
Nice idea and a decent way for a professor to lay out all the studies he’s ever done, but you know what? It’s a sad state of affairs if people are running statistical studies of all these things, it kind of tells me we’re hitting a “top” and, more relevantly, it adds up to 400 pages.
400 pages!
What entrepreneur has time to read 400 pages? Would Brad, Eric or Jeff ever invest in some loser who found the time to read 400 pages about the statistical advantages of starting a company with your girlfriend versus starting it with three guys you met in business school?
(I secretly hope the answer is “yes,” because I must confess I finished this thick tome, but my excuse is I take the green line from Earl’s Court to Mansion House every day and the time I travel there’s no elbow room for the FT)
So I can’t recommend this. It’s too long. But I read it and I kind of enjoyed it and I picked up some stuff here and there I had not thought about. it wasn’t a bad book, it just went on forever, basically.
If you plan on reading it, look away now, here come the takeaways:
1. People mainly start companies for two reasons: autonomy and power. Well, that’s what they say, but the rest of the book is structured around two other axes: control and financial reward.
2. Hold off starting your company until (i) you’re not giving up too much (for example rewards, or relevant learning) by leaving your current job (ii) the personal angle is covered, including an adequate financial cushion and a family that’s on board and (iii) the market you’re about to tackle is on the up and uncrowded.
3. Generally speaking you should get yourself some co-founders, to get on board as much as possible of three types of “capital:” Human (skills), Social (connections) and Financial. You don’t need to do it right off the bat, but the stats say you’ll do better if you do.
4. Your co-founders really should not be friends or family, because there’s stuff that is best left unsaid or undone in a friendship or within a family that you absolutely need to discuss or do in business, but it won’t feel right to do so.
5. It’s rather good to start a business with past co-workers and particularly so if you carry on working with the same hierarchy.
6. The C-level titles (yes, American book, or maybe only I have a filthy mind) matter. CEO is the biggie and it typically goes to the “idea person” and correlates well with future reward. The rest can act to motivate and that’s good, provided they are appropriate and you don’t find yourself having to take them away later. CEO statistically gets underpaid relative to what he’d get in the outside world, though. The rest don’t.
7. You and your co-founders need to have the same goals, particularly on the “control versus financial reward” axis.
8. Do not split the ownership equally just to avoid conflict. Do not split it equally, period. Do it right, reflecting past, present and expected future contribution. Maybe even formalize how it will all take place and how it may all be revised. And remember that once you’ve taken outside money this question will be out of your hands.
9. At the beginning, all hiring will be done by the CEO, who will be hiring cheap and friendly-to-him “generalists,” but over time this goes away and the firm will start hiring “specialists” and the CEO won’t know what specialists to hire in all departments. So then you move to “impersonal searches” (like an ad in the paper) and eventually you move on to hiring a headhunter to do it.
10. It is possible to hire expensive “specialists” too early. It’s also possible that you’ll hire them at the right time, but they won’t be able to operate in a small company. The right time to hire them is when on top of their skills you also need the credibility they bring to your operation, their ability to hire others like themselves and the stability that will come from not having to replace them later.
11. An outsider, non-founding CEO gets 6% on average to join. COO gets 2.9, CTO gets 1.7 and COO gets 1.3. VPs get 1 to 1.3. They all need to stay 4 years to vest.
12. Don’t take money from friends and family. Many bad things can happen. You can lose it all. Or you can lose your sanity as you try to protect their investment. Well, if you cannot get it anywhere else, take it, but know it sucks.
13. Angel investors, if you can get money from them, are a much better idea because you don’t get any of that baggage, plus they can put you in touch with other sources of funding later, or even with people to hire. And they don’t just do tech and biotech. They are good for half a million, usually. They eventually get chased / bought out by the VCs, should you get to that stage.
14. VCs bring the financial muscle your business will need. And the cred. And the connections. And they’ve done it before and they’ll put together a board that will lead you and bring you structure. They’re not going anywhere these guys, they outlast you. They will exert their control via the board.
15. Three times out of four, the founder who took money from VC will not get a penny beyond his salary. He will lose control or he will sell for less than was necessary to participate in the spoils. Typically because in the interest of the firm being a success he will sign on some pretty optimistic terms that leave him with zip unless some targets (business or financial) are met.
16. If the firm is a success you get chucked. You need to get ahead of this process. If you embrace it and help appoint your replacement, typically a professional CEO who’s done it all before, you do a lot better than if you find out from your board the day they announce it to everybody else. It is the “paradox of entrepreneurial success.”
17. Get your head straight, right from the beginning: do you want control or do you want success? If you as much as think about both you will get neither. Pick one and make every single decision you will ever make consistent with this one goal. Serial entrepreneurs have a history of swinging from wanting control to wanting success, but successful ones do not make any sharp turns while they are with the same company. While you’re with the same company make it one or the other.
Really makes you want to take the leap, doesn’t it? Maybe that’s why the book is 400 pages. In the hope that you won’t make it till the end!
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