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Free to Move: Foot Voting, Migration, and Political Freedom
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People can vote with their feet through international migration, by choosing where to live within a federal system, and by making decisions in the private sector. These three types of foot voting are rarely considered together, but Somin explains how they have important common virtues and can be mutually reinforcing. He contends that all forms of foot voting should be expanded and shows how both domestic constitutions and international law can be structured to increase opportunities for foot voting while mitigating possible downsides.
Somin addresses a variety of common objections to expanded migration rights, including claims that the "self-determination" of natives requires giving them the power to exclude migrants, and arguments that migration is likely to have harmful side effects, such as undermining political institutions, overburdening the welfare state, increasing crime and terrorism, and spreading undesirable cultural values. While these objections are usually directed at international migration, Somin shows how a consistent commitment to such theories would also justify severe restrictions on domestic freedom of movement. That implication is an additional reason to be skeptical of these rationales for exclusion. By making a systematic case for a more open world, Free to Move challenges conventional wisdom on both the left and the right.
Named one of the Best Nonfiction Books of 2020 by Stephen Carter, Yale Law School, Bloomberg.
- ISBN-100190054581
- ISBN-13978-0190054588
- PublisherOxford University Press
- Publication dateMay 13, 2020
- LanguageEnglish
- Dimensions9.1 x 1.1 x 6.3 inches
- Print length272 pages
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Editorial Reviews
Review
Named one of the Best Nonfiction Books of 2020 by Stephen Carter, Yale Law School, Bloomberg.
"It is the best book on geographic mobility and exit that has been written to date, and... I am happy to recommend it heartily." -- Tyler Cowen, Marginal Revolution
"In this excellent book, Somin makes a compelling case that migration — or foot voting — provides far more political power than voting. Any one voter has a trivially small chance of altering an election, but any household can choose a new state and local government by simply moving. This insight implies that devolving power to local governments will generate far more political voice than any conceivable reform to national elections. Freer international migration would empower even more people to choose their own government. Somin's case is strong, his thinking is clear, and his writing is eloquent." -- Edward Glaeser, Fred and Eleanor Glimp Professor of Economics, Harvard University and author of The Triumph of the City
"Ilya Somin shows that mobility-the freedom to move from here to there-might be the most underrated underpinning of a free society. It is especially important in America, where states can compete with one another to have social policies welcoming to enterprise and liberty. Voting is important; so is what Somin calls 'foot voting.'"--George F. Will, columnist, Washington Post, and author of The Conservative Sensibility
"First rate."—Robert Guest, Foreign Editor, the Economist, and author of Borderless Economics
"This eminently readable, tightly-argued, and compelling book is a model for how empirically-informed democratic theory ought to proceed. Somin shows us that in modern democracies, even when everyone has equal voice, that voice is usually close to worthless. Taking political freedom seriously requires a serious solution: foot voting. We need to ensure everyone has the right and power to move and work where they please. Exit beats voice almost every time, and the competition isn't even close. Somin deftly considers and rebuts every major objection to his view. In the end, the conclusion is inescapable: the arguments for democracy don't so much justify participatory democracy; they instead justify real freedom of movement."--Jason Brennan, Robert J. and Elizabeth Flanagan Family Term Professor of Strategy, Economics, Ethics, and Public Policy, McDonough School of Business, Georgetown University; author of The Ethics of Voting
"Many find majority voting with ballots to be the highest guarantor of liberty. They may never have found themselves in the minority on a question vital to their well-being. Ilya Somin brilliantly and accessibly points to the central, additional role of voting with your feet - moving to a place with better policy - in protecting liberty. His book mines a deep vein of law and philosophy, but you'll find mercifully little jargon here. What you will find is a book that gives to common assumptions a taut and compelling challenge, and might leave you transformed. It offers a new way to think about international migration, but not just that. It is nothing less than a proposal for a higher form of democracy, built on the critical roles of both ballot-voting and foot-voting as guardians of freedom." -- Michael Clemens, Senior Fellow, Center for Global Development and author of The Walls of Nations
"Free to Move shows that foot voting works better than we think, is more common than we think, and that there are many opportunities to improve political freedom by encouraging foot voting.... Chapter 5.... convincingly rejects both individualistic and communitarian arguments that self-determination can justify the exclusion of people. It offers as clear and convincing a rejection of discrimination based on parentage and place of birth as this author has ever seen... One of the outstanding features of the book is that it is robust to criticism. The reason is that Somin deals with potential critiques in a fair way. There are no straw person arguments." -- Ilia Murtazashvili, Public Choice
"A powerful book." -- Richard A. Epstein, New York University School of Law, author of The Classical Liberal Constitution.
"Ilya Somin's book is terrific." -- Guy-Uriel Charles, Law professor at Duke Law School and the co-director of the Center on Law, Race, and Politics, Twitter
"Ilya Somin gives the reader a theory of Federalism writ (internationally) large: A great book." -- Professor Roderick Hills, NYU School of Law, Twitter
"Immigration policy is the most debated and controversial issue of our time....Related to these political and policy developments is the perceived partisan sorting of voters into different geographic regions, the rise of.... identity politics, and a general sense of deepening political polarization.... Ilya Somin deftly combines these issues into one forceful thesis in his new book, Free to Move: Foot Voting, Migration, and Political Freedom. There are many new books about immigration, but Somin's is the only one that argues that the ability to exit a political jurisdiction and enter another... is the cheapest and best way to improve individual political freedom.... I've read many of Somin's other books and I recommend them all, but if you only have time to read one work by this prolific scholar to understand much of his thinking on current policy issues, Free to Move is the book for you." -- Alex Nowrasteh, Cato Institute
"[I] don't agree with some points, but a lot of really smart and clear arguments here, and some particularly great ripostes to common anti-migration positions." -- John Washington, author of The Dispossessed: A Story of Asylum and the US-Mexican Border and Beyond
"Somin offers a compelling and ingenious justification for free global movement ... The book's combination of rigorous thought and engaging argument makes "Free to Move" a must-read for those interested in the future of immigration law and policy." -- Peter Margulies, Lawfare
"Ilya Somin has done it again, producing a compelling new book, rich with insights about democratic theory, law, and economics. Free to Move takes a familiar idea-that people should be allowed and encouraged to choose the entities that govern them by moving between jurisdictions-and shows why it is valuable and how taking it seriously as a form of political choice provides a clear set of answers to some of our most pressing social problems. Those who share Somin's belief in the value of 'voting with your feet,' will see the scope of their commitment pushed by his consistency and range, and those who do not will find themselves challenged and perhaps even convinced."--David Schleicher, Professor, Yale Law School
About the Author
Ilya Somin is Professor of Law at George Mason University, author of Democracy and Political Ignorance: Why Smaller Government is Smarter, and The Grasping Hand: Kelo v. City of New London and the Limits of Eminent Domain, and a regular contributor to the Volokh Conspiracy law and politics blog, hosted by Reason. His writings have appeared in the Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, New York Times, The Atlantic, and many other publications.
Product details
- Publisher : Oxford University Press (May 13, 2020)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 272 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0190054581
- ISBN-13 : 978-0190054588
- Item Weight : 1.2 pounds
- Dimensions : 9.1 x 1.1 x 6.3 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #1,614,902 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #127 in Civil Rights
- #234 in Immigration Policy
- #251 in Emigration & Immigration Law (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

ILYA SOMIN is Professor of Law at George Mason University. His research focuses on constitutional law, property law, and the study of popular political participation and its implications for constitutional democracy. He is the author of Free to Move: Foot Voting, Migration, and Political Freedom (Oxford University Press, 2020), Democracy and Political Ignorance: Why Smaller Government is Smarter (Stanford University Press, 2nd edition, 2016), and The Grasping Hand: Kelo v. City of New London and the Limits of Eminent Domain (University of Chicago Press, 2015, rev. paperback ed., 2016), coauthor of A Conspiracy Against Obamacare: The Volokh Conspiracy and the Health Care Case (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), and co-editor of Eminent Domain: A Comparative Perspective (Cambridge University Press, 2017).
Somin's work has appeared in numerous scholarly journals, including the Yale Law Journal, Stanford Law Review, Northwestern University Law Review, Georgetown Law Journal, Critical Review, and others. Somin has also published articles in a variety of popular press outlets, including the Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, The Atlantic, Los Angeles Times, the New York Times Room for Debate website, USA Today, Newark Star Ledger, US News and World Report, Politico, South China Morning Post, Legal Times, National Law Journal and Reason. He has been quoted or interviewed by the New York Times, Washington Post, BBC, and the Voice of America, among other media. Somin writes regularly for the popular Volokh Conspiracy law and politics blog, affiliated with Reason.
He has served as visiting professor of law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School. Somin has also been a visiting professor at the University of Hamburg, Germany, Zhengzhou University in China, and the University of Torcuato Di Tella in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Before joining the faculty at George Mason, he was the John M. Olin Fellow in Law at Northwestern University Law School in 2002-2003. In 2001-2002, he clerked for the Hon. Judge Jerry E. Smith of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. Professor Somin earned his B.A., Summa Cum Laude, at Amherst College, M.A. in Political Science from Harvard University, and J.D. from Yale Law School.
Somin was born in the Soviet Union and immigrated to the United States with his parents when he was six years old. His interests include juggling, science fiction and fantasy literature, and sports history.
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The book considers foot voting as a form of political expression and participation that can be as significant as traditional ballot box voting. It allows individuals to exercise their preferences, values, and desires by selecting the government, laws, and policies they wish to live under. Foot voting enables people to make choices based on personal preferences, seek better economic opportunities, escape political persecution, and find communities that align with their values. It can foster competition among jurisdictions, leading to better governance and policy outcomes.
Of course, politicians dislike foot-voting precisely because it puts constraints on their ability to coerce individuals to live according to rules dictated by authorities where they happen to be living. But, Somin argues, the more we allow free migration both within and among countries, the more prosperous and free we will be.
All in all, an excellent and original contribution to the literature on political freedom.
Somin does an excellent job of tackling "foot voting" in the abstract (using some concrete data, as well). Foot voting need not compete with "voice voting" or the normal ballot box method, but I think that Somin makes a fairly persuasive case for making foot voting easier. People can make decisions through foot-voting that will clearly affect their livelihood. Unlike ballot voting (which the book certainly says is important as well), you have full control over the policy of where you live (at least in a democratic, free nation). This leads to arguments for loosening most types of migration (whether within a state or between them). I think Somin takes on all the arguments against such a position well. He gives reasons for his position, but admits that local circumstances may balance out the arguments. Everything depends on the details of the situation, but Somin argues there is a strong argument for favoring easy migration (barring specific circumstances militating against), which should be considered by all (and I thought was fairly persuasive as a general argument in favor, though we must always consider the details of the situation).
I'm sure it won't be convincing to all people, but I think Somin has made a good contribution to the public debate, and it should give you things to think about when it comes to immigration and how we can have people feel ike they are making political/economical decisions important for themselves, their families, and (possibly) their countries.







