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Free Speech: A History from Socrates to Social Media Hardcover – February 8, 2022
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“The best history of free speech ever written and the best defense of free speech ever made.” —P.J. O’Rourke
Hailed as the “first freedom,” free speech is the bedrock of democracy. But it is a challenging principle, subject to erosion in times of upheaval. Today, in democracies and authoritarian states around the world, it is on the retreat.
In Free Speech, Jacob Mchangama traces the riveting legal, political, and cultural history of this idea. Through captivating stories of free speech’s many defenders—from the ancient Athenian orator Demosthenes and the ninth-century freethinker al-Rāzī, to the anti-lynching crusader Ida B. Wells and modern-day digital activists—Mchangama reveals how the free exchange of ideas underlies all intellectual achievement and has enabled the advancement of both freedom and equality worldwide. Yet the desire to restrict speech, too, is a constant, and he explores how even its champions can be led down this path when the rise of new and contrarian voices challenge power and privilege of all stripes.
Meticulously researched and deeply humane, Free Speech demonstrates how much we have gained from this principle—and how much we stand to lose without it.
- Reading age1 year and up
- Print length528 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- Dimensions6.38 x 1.5 x 9.5 inches
- PublisherBasic Books
- Publication dateFebruary 8, 2022
- ISBN-101541600495
- ISBN-13978-1541600492
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Editorial Reviews
Review
“[An] expansive, atypical history… When free speech advances, as [Mchangama] shows, rulers and other elites often grow alarmed and conclude that it has gone “too far.” Long before governments and thinkers panicked about the spread of noxious ideas via social media, they panicked over the spread of noxious ideas via the printing press…Free Speech is addressed especially to the well-meaning among would-be censors. They should know how rarely censorship goes as planned.”―Wall Street Journal
“Mchangama’s conclusions, presented in a crisp and confident march through Western history, are sobering.”―Economist
"Smart, insightful, and astute… Mchangama provides a sweeping and lively account, rich in historical detail from societies around the world, exploring how the forces of authority and control — religious, political, ideological, economic, social, and cultural — relentlessly seek to impose restrictions on what people can think, write, and say, while the human instincts to freely express ourselves, to learn, and to spread new ideas, valiantly and persistently resist."―Los Angeles Review of Books
“[A] tour-de-force… Free Speech covers a lot of ground, offering an account of the history that is at once panoramic and intricately detailed… Most notably, though, Mchangama’s work is profoundly relevant for our current historical moment… What we have is precious—and must be protected and preserved. Gaining a sense of perspective, especially a global one, is precisely what makes Mchangama’s book so essential.”―Washington Monthly
“Engrossing and comprehensive.”―Washington Examiner
"A book that’s this thorough, detailed and balanced is especially valuable now, given our country’s current fit of polarization."―St. Louis Post-Dispatch
“A work with no real counterpart, at once vividly told, masterfully researched, and exceptionally executed page after page as the history of free speech breaches the barriers of time to come alive with verve and profundity. Given its breadth and depth, Mchangama’s work may well prove to be one of the most important books on free speech published in our lifetimes — an extraordinary achievement!”―First Amendment News
“[Free Speech makes] a persuasive argument that free discourse is essential to democracy, breaking down systems of oppression, and challenging existing social hierarchies… Readers on both the right and the left seeking insights into modern day debates over free speech will welcome this evenhanded and wide ranging history.”―Publishers Weekly
“A well-structured and compelling examination of the costs and benefits of free speech.”―Kirkus, Starred Review
“A provocative exploration of a transformative political right.”―Booklist, Starred Review
“Mchangama has written an insightful, nicely woven history that provides a coherent picture of how free speech has developed globally... With accessible and engaging writing, Mchangama’s book is a highly recommended intellectual history."―Library Journal, Starred Review
“The best history of free speech ever written and the best defense of free speech ever made. Jacob Mchangama never loses sight of the trouble freedom causes but always keeps in mind that lack of freedom creates horrors.”―P.J. O’Rourke
“Freedom of speech has emerged as a major issue of this decade, but most of the discussion consists of outrages over speech or the repression of speech. Missing is the intellectual background: What does free speech really mean? What is its history? How has it played out in world events? Why should we defend it? Jacob Mchangama lays out this context with deep erudition, strong writing, and a light touch.”―Steven Pinker, Johnstone Professor of Psychology, Harvard University, and the author of Enlightenment Now and Rationality
“A lot of people now claim that free speech is a danger to democracy or social inclusion. In this vital book, which is as entertaining as it is erudite, Jacob Mchangama shows why that is dead wrong. Drawing on both historical analysis and normative argument, he makes a compelling case for why anyone who cares about liberty or justice must defend free speech.”―Yascha Mounk, author of The Great Experiment: Why Diverse Democracies Fall Apart and How They Can Endure and associate professor at Johns Hopkins University
“Jacob Mchangama’s history of the world's strangest, best idea is the definitive account we have been waiting for. It teems with valuable insights, lively characters, and the author's passion for the cause he has done so much to advance. Mchangama brings to life the ancient struggles which established free speech and also the modern dangers which embattle it. Free Speech is that rare book which will impress scholars as much as it entertains readers, all while telling the world's most improbable success story.”―Jonathan Rauch, author of The Constitution of Knowledge
“Jacob Mchangama's panoramic exploration of the history of free speech offers a vivid, highly readable account of how today's most pitched battles over free speech reflect tensions and impulses that are as old as history itself. Mchangama persuasively dismantles the persistent claims, common to every era and technological evolution, that unprecedented new threats warrant expanded constraints on speech. This indispensable book is a must for both defenders of free speech and, even more so, for those entertaining the notion that free speech should or must be traded away in order to advance other public goods.”―Suzanne Nossel, CEO of PEN America and author of Dare to Speak: Defending Free Speech for All (2020)
“In Free Speech, Jacob Mchangama presents a compelling case for the unique, universal, enduring importance of free and equal speech for all people, regardless of their particular identities or ideologies. This fascinating account, of magisterial scope, demonstrates the constant liberating and equalizing force of free speech, throughout history and around the world. It also documents the constant censorial pressures, including many that reflect positive aims, and their inevitable suppression of full and equal human rights.”―Nadine Strossen, Former National President, American Civil Liberties Union
“In Free Speech, Jacob Mchangama offers an ambitious and eloquent defense of one of our most cherished - and contested - ideals. With the rigor of a historian and the urgency of a contemporary observer, Mchangama takes readers on an illuminating journey into the fight for free expression that has shaped civilizations. This book is a stirring call to defend the messy, imperfect freedom that remains our best safeguard against tyranny, and to rise to the challenge of fostering a world where ideas - even offensive ones - can collide and evolve. Whether you leave its pages inspired, challenged, or both, Free Speech is a vital read for anyone invested in the future of democracy.”―Renée DiResta, author of Invisible Rulers
About the Author
Product details
- Publisher : Basic Books (February 8, 2022)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 528 pages
- ISBN-10 : 1541600495
- ISBN-13 : 978-1541600492
- Reading age : 1 year and up
- Item Weight : 1.65 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.38 x 1.5 x 9.5 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #292,025 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #358 in Censorship & Politics
- #702 in Political Conservatism & Liberalism
- #1,124 in History & Theory of Politics
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

Jacob Mchangama is the founder and executive director of the Danish think tank Justitia and the host of the podcast Clear and Present Danger: A History of Free Speech. His writing and commentary on free speech have appeared in global media and many languages around the world including the Economist, the Washington Post, WSJ Europe, Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, NPR, Slate.fr, Indian Express, Raseef, BBC World, France24, Deutsche Welle, El Pais and many other outlets. In 2016 Jacob was a Marshal Memorial Fellow and from 2018 to 2020 he was a visiting fellow at the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE), in 2018 he was a visiting scholar at Columbia’s Global Freedom of Expression Center in New York. Jacob has won numerous prizes and awards for his work and commitment to free speech and human rights. He lives in Copenhagen, Denmark.
Customer reviews
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Learn more how customers reviews work on AmazonCustomers say
Customers find the book provides useful information and analysis for defending free speech on campuses. They appreciate its light touch in presenting the topic. Overall, customers describe it as an engaging read with quality data and analysis.
AI-generated from the text of customer reviews
Customers find the book's debate content interesting and useful for preparing for campus debates. They appreciate the references, data, and analysis needed to effectively defend free speech. The author presents the topic with a light touch, making it understandable. Overall, readers describe the book as thoughtful and powerful.
"An extremely thoughtful and powerful book about the history of free speech...." Read more
"...text with its detailed references, the data and analysis needed to effectively defend free speech. Highly recommended without any reservations!" Read more
"...The author is a free speech advocate, but has a light touch in presenting topic, such that one can understand and respect contrary views...." Read more
"Very interesting discussion. Learned/slogged through a lot of history to get through." Read more
Customers find the book readable and insightful. They appreciate the quality data and analysis for defending free speech on campuses.
"An extremely thoughtful and powerful book about the history of free speech...." Read more
"Quality Data and Analysis for Defending Free Speech on Campus..." Read more
"Very good and timely..." Read more
"Good read. Lotsa history...." Read more
Top reviews from the United States
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- Reviewed in the United States on February 14, 2022An extremely thoughtful and powerful book about the history of free speech. I couldn't put it down and the book has since been the main conversation topic at our home. I highly recommend this book to anyone who is interested in free speech.
- Reviewed in the United States on March 6, 2022Mchangama's "Free Speech" is an outstanding work of scholarship and along with John S. Mill's "On Liberty", an excellent preparation for campus debates on whether their should be limits on free speech. In his history of free speech from the ancient Hittites to the present, McHangama provides in the text with its detailed references, the data and analysis needed to effectively defend free speech. Highly recommended without any reservations!
- Reviewed in the United States on May 11, 2022A presentation that presents a history that can give one perspective on current period. So much of current discussion is reactionary in a way that seems unwise, but also familiar based on history. The author is a free speech advocate, but has a light touch in presenting topic, such that one can understand and respect contrary views. His history seems quite extensive, and makes it clear that pastmovement towards less restrictions, had some significant long-term tragic costs. It gets you out viewing issue through obsessions of the moment. That seems useful and needed!
- Reviewed in the United States on November 17, 2024Great book! The chapter on censorship during the Weimar and Nazi eras alone makes it worth the price. Highly recommended!
- Reviewed in the United States on January 6, 2023This book is a very comprehensive review of free speech in large parts of the world from ancient times to the present. It is exhaustively researched and complete. The author is primarily a narrator and does not express strong opinions or emotional arguments. The history tells us very clearly though that we have been through free speech cycles of relaxation, backlash, and crackdown many times in the past and across the world. Each historical cycle informs us about the challenges of living with free speech, the conceptual pitfalls, and subtle practical difficulties. I learned a lot about the history of free speech from this book. At the end, the section on social media and modern free speech issues is covered, but I was left wanting more in this area. I hope the author writes another book to cover modern issues in a full volume.
- Reviewed in the United States on February 16, 2022It would be insulting to think I could say it better than PJ O'Rourke, so I'll just plagiarize him.
“The best history of free speech ever written and the best defense of free speech ever made.“
It really is. And Mchangama does a tremendous job of telling the story through the ages without giving away much in terms of ideological leanings. Even the conclusions and wrap up are even handed and level headed. Just a great and important book through and through
- Reviewed in the United States on December 7, 2022This book is a very well-researched and enjoyable history examining one of the more timely topics of our time: free speech
- Reviewed in the United States on October 15, 2022Very interesting discussion. Learned/slogged through a lot of history to get through.
Top reviews from other countries
Stuart ChambersReviewed in Canada on May 16, 20225.0 out of 5 stars Phenomenal book
This is one of the best books on free speech ever written. I could not put it down. It has profound insights on the censors of free speech throughout history.
stephenReviewed in the United Kingdom on July 11, 20245.0 out of 5 stars The precious value of freedom
Outstanding book and informative to a world of populism. Recommended reading for those who fear for the decline of democracy and shapes of things to come.
Thomas LennoxReviewed in Australia on May 1, 20225.0 out of 5 stars Brilliant analysis
Mr Mchangama has provided a thoughtful and well researched history and analysis of free speech. He has combined a short world history with the thread of a recurring debate of free speech within a broader theme of freedom and tyranny. He carefully explores the limits of free speech (the limited First Amendment test of imminent risk of violence is probably the best) and persuasively argues that limits on free speech will prove to be counterproductive and harmful to those the limit professes to protect. A great read and a brilliant analysis!
Monocled LibertarianReviewed in Canada on July 23, 20244.0 out of 5 stars Good book with a blind spot....
This book contains interesting historical facts about the evolution of the preciously precarious concept of free speech. It does a good job of contextualization that it remains very much a work in progress. It recounts various periods going back to the Ancient Greeks and Romans to Victorian England and right into contemporary times. The West's journey into freedom of expression and speech has been filled with 'boom and bust' moments but yet it always manages to find its footing. At the moment, we're clearly in a reactionary lull and period.
And this is where the blind spot arises. One of the biggest examples of censorship in real time happened during Covid. The book made no mention of the censorship - in both legacy and social media - legitimate experts who dissented (even though many simply defended EXISTING accepted principles of how to handle pandemics and therefore actually followed empirical evidence and questioned the mere declarations of public health officials who supported dubious and harmful measures) from the COVID narrative as dictated by media, public health and the government. An illusion of consensus was crafted and the public was not given the full facts of this episode. The author dubiously, which explains perhaps why he chose to not include this problem in the book, asserted the 'vaccines (these are gene editing medical procedures. Not my definition but straight out of Moderna and the National Library of Medicine among other places) 'saved millions'. There is no valid cost-analysis (non-observational and non-mathematical modelling) study to my knowledge that supports this claim. It's important to focus on this because this episode has led to the eradication of ethics, informed consent and medical autonomy. Strike one in my book.
Another is the singling out of Donald Trump and how his rhetoric threatened free speech. The funny part about this, despite how he was supposed to 'take away rights' it never materialized. His rhetoric on free speech was no more problematic than any Democrat leader be it Obama (who lost many court battles), Hilary Clinton and Joe Biden. In fact, go look at Obama's record against the free press. One could conclude it was more punitive than Trump. The Biden, for its part, administration was fully implicated in silencing dissent during Covid as the Twitter Files revealed. The DNC is NOT above going after people's civil liberties and attacking the 1A and 2A. In my country, It's the Trudeau Liberals who have looked to slow down if not stifle free speech through actual laws like Bill C-11 and the pending 63. Not the conservatives - though I don't doubt they could come up with their own versions of it. Trump didn't come close to these throughly anti-liberty bills. Until we come to terms with this, free speech will remain on the ropes. And this is just scratching the surface. Nor did I understand the point of making the claim that conservatives fall prey to 'fake news' more than liberals based on one study. I won't even get into the glossing over the BLM riots, which again, the author seemingly take the official narratives at face value. Strike Two.
On "disinformation". Yes, there's plenty of it but the author seems to pick and choose what 'disinformation' is worse. See Trump or seemingly accepted the Covid narrative of which was filled with its own state inspired disinformation. The whole disinformation racket is a cottage industry onto itself. For more on this, read the recent challenges faced by the publication Unherd and Freddie Sayers which does a good job of dissecting who the 'disinformation experts' are. Who will guard agains them? The book doesn't get into it despite bringing it up. Finally, the author also overplays the role of Islamic scholars and philosophers a tad in their role on freedom of speech.
The book is an important one as we're ALL in danger of losing our right to free speech and expression if things keep up. Both sides - admittedly keeping it simplistically binary here - are both playing with fire but let's not pretend the 'left' aren't the ones who at the moment hold the torch of authoritarianism.
I'm still giving this well sourced book 4 stars because I enjoyed 3/4 of it as it serves as important reminded we need to remain vigilant. ALL OF US.
Gabriel SteinReviewed in the United Kingdom on February 18, 20235.0 out of 5 stars Excellent, and well worth reading
This is an excellent overview of the history of freedom of speech. It shows why it is important that freedom of speech should be not only for the people we agree, but very importantly, for those with whom we disagree. This is something that is all too easily forgotten today. This is a book that it’s well worth reading.










