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The Gifts of the Jews: How a Tribe of Desert Nomads Changed the Way Everyone Thinks and Feels (The Hinges of History) Paperback – August 17, 1999
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The Gifts of the Jews reveals the critical change that made western civilization possible. Within the matrix of ancient religions and philosophies, life was seen as part of an endless cycle of birth and death; time was like a wheel, spinning ceaselessly. Yet somehow, the ancient Jews began to see time differently. For them, time had a beginning and an end; it was a narrative, whose triumphant conclusion would come in the future. From this insight came a new conception of men and women as individuals with unique destinies--a conception that would inform the Declaration of Independence--and our hopeful belief in progress and the sense that tomorrow can be better than today. As Thomas Cahill narrates this momentous shift, he also explains the real significance of such Biblical figures as Abraham and Sarah, Moses and the Pharaoh, Joshua, Isaiah, and Jeremiah.
Full of compelling stories, insights and humor, The Gifts of the Jews is an irresistible exploration of history as fascinating and fun as How the Irish Saved Civilization.
- Print length304 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherAnchor Books/Nan A Talese
- Publication dateAugust 17, 1999
- Dimensions5.2 x 0.7 x 8 inches
- ISBN-100385482493
- ISBN-13978-0385482493
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Editorial Reviews
Review
"An outstanding and very readable book...highly recommended."--Library Journal
"A very good read, a dramatically effective, often compelling retelling of the Hebrew Bible."--Charles Gold, Chicago Sun Times
"This is a valuable book, of interest to everyone, religious or not."
--Washington Times
"A highly readable, entrancing journey."
--San Francisco Chronicle
From the Inside Flap
The Gifts of the Jews reveals the critical change that made western civilization possible. Within the matrix of ancient religions and philosophies, life was seen as part of an endless cycle of birth and death; time was like a wheel, spinning ceaselessly. Yet somehow, the ancient Jews began to see time differently. For them, time had a beginning and an end; it was a narrative, whose triumphant conclusion would come in the future. From this insight came a new conception of men and women as individuals with unique destinies--a conception that would inform the Declaration of Independence--and our hopeful belief in progress and the sense that tomorrow can be better than today. As Thomas Cahill narrates this momentous shift, he also explains the real significance of such Biblical figures as Abraham and Sarah, Moses and the Pharaoh, Joshua, Isaiah, and Jeremiah.
Full of compelling stories, insights and humor, The Gifts of the Jews is an irresistible exploration of history as fascinating and fun as How the Irish Saved Civilization.
From the Back Cover
"The Gifts of the Jews reveals the critical change that made western civilization possible. Within the matrix of ancient religions and philosophies, life was seen as part of an endless cycle of birth and death; time was like a wheel, spinning ceaselessly. Yet somehow, the ancient Jews began to see time differently. For them, time had a beginning and an end; it was a narrative, whose triumphant conclusion would come in the future. From this insight came a new conception of men and women as individuals with unique destinies--a conception that would inform the Declaration of Independence--and our hopeful belief in progress and the sense that tomorrow can be better than today. As Thomas Cahill narrates this momentous shift, he also explains the real significance of such Biblical figures as Abraham and Sarah, Moses and the Pharaoh, Joshua, Isaiah, and Jeremiah.
Full of compelling stories, insights and humor, "The Gifts of the Jews is an irresistible exploration of history as fascinating and fun as "How the Irish Saved Civilization.
About the Author
Thomas Cahill is best known, in his books and lectures, for taking on a broad scope of complex history and distilling it into accessible, instructive, and entertaining narrative. His lively, engaging writing animates cultures that existed up to five millennia ago, revealing the lives of his principal characters with refreshing insight and joy. He writes history, not in its usual terms of war and catastrophe, but as "narratives of grace, the recountings of those blessed and inexplicable moments when someone did something for someone else, saved a life, bestowed a gift, gave something beyond what was required by circumstance." Unlike all too many history lessons, a Thomas Cahill history book or speech is impossible to forget.
He has taught at Queens College, Fordham University and Seton Hall University, served as the North American education correspondent for the Times of London, and was for many years a regular contributor to the Los Angeles Times Book Review. Prior to retiring recently to write full-time, he was director of religious publishing at Doubleday for six years. He and his wife, Susan, also an author, founded the now legendary Cahill & Company, whose reader’s catalogue was much beloved in literary households throughout the country. They divide their time between New York, Rome and Paris.
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
By "we" I mean the usual "we" of late-twentieth century writing: the people of the Western world, whose peculiar but vital mentality has come to infect every culture on earth, so that, in a startlingly precise sense, all humanity is now willy-nilly caught up in this "we." For better or worse, the role of the West in humanity's history is singular. Because of this, the role of the Jews, the inventors of Western culture, is also singular: there is simply no one else remotely like them; theirs is a unique vocation. Indeed, as we shall see, the very idea of vocation, of a personal destiny, is a Jewish idea.
Our history is replete with examples of those who have refused to see what the Jews are really about, who--through intellectual blindness, racial chauvinism, xenophobia, or just plain evil--have been unable to give this oddball tribe, this raggle-taggle band, this race of wanderers who are the progenitors of the Western world, their due. Indeed, at the end of this bloodiest of centuries, we can all too easily look back on scenes of unthinkable horror perpetrated by those who would do anything rather than give the Jews their due.
But I must ask my readers to erase from their minds not only the horrors of history--modern, medieval, and ancient--but (so far as one can) the very notion of history itself. More especially, we must erase from our minds all the suppositions on which our world is built--the whole intricate edifice of actions and ideas that are our intellectual and emotional patrimony. We must reimagine ourselves in the form of humanity that lived and moved on this planet before the first word of the Bible was written down, before it was spoken, before it was even dreamed.
What a bizarre phenomenon the first human mutants must have appeared upon the earth. Like their primate progenitors, they were long-limbed and rangy, but, with unimpressive muscles and without significant fur or claws, confined to the protection of trees, save when they would tentatively essay the floor of the savannah--hoping to obtain food without becoming food. With their small mouths and underdeveloped teeth, their unnaturally large heads (like the heads of primate infants), they were forced back on their wits. Their young remained helpless for years, well past the infancy of other mammals, requiring from their parents long years of vigilance and extensive tutelage in many things. Without planning and forethought, without in fact the development of complex strategies, these mutants could not hope to survive at all.
But if we make use of what hints remain in the prehistorical and protohistorical "record," we must come to the unexpected conclusion that their inventions and discoveries, made in aid of their survival and prosperity--tools and fire, then agriculture and beasts of burden, then irrigation and the wheel--did not seem to them innovations. These were gifts from beyond the world, somehow part of the Eternal. All evidence points to there having been, in the earliest religious thought, a vision of the cosmos that was profoundly cyclical. The assumptions that early man made about the world were, in all their essentials, little different from the assumptions that later and more sophisticated societies, like Greece and India, would make in a more elaborate manner. As Henri-Charles Puech says of Greek thought in his seminal Man and Time: "No event is unique, nothing is enacted but once . . .; every event has been enacted, is enacted, and will be enacted perpetually; the same individuals have appeared, appear, and will appear at every turn of the circle."
The Jews were the first people to break out of this circle, to find a new way of thinking and experiencing, a new way of understanding and feeling the world, so much so that it may be said with some justice that theirs is the only new idea that human beings have ever had. But their worldview has become so much a part of us that at this point it might as well have been written into our cells as a genetic code. We find it so impossible to shed--even for a brief experiment-- that it is now the cosmic vision of all other peoples that appears to us exotic and strange.
The Bible is the record par excellence of the Jewish religious experience, an experience that remains fresh and even shocking when it is read against the myths of other ancient literatures. The word bible comes from the Greek plural form biblia, meaning "books." And though the Bible is rightly considered the book of the Western world--its foundation document--it is actually a collection of books, a various library written almost entirely in Hebrew over the course of a thousand years.
We have scant evidence concerning the early development of Hebrew, one of a score of Semitic tongues that arose in the Middle East during a period that began sometime before the start of the second millennium B.C.*--how long before we do not know. Some of these tongues, such as Akkadian, found literary expression fairly early, but there is no reliable record of written Hebrew before the tenth century B.C.--that is, till well after the resettlement of the Israelites in Canaan following their escape from Egypt under the leadership of Moses, the greatest of all proto-Jewish figures. This means that the supposedly historical stories of at least the first books of the Bible were preserved originally not as written texts but as oral tradition. So, from the wanderings of Abraham in Canaan through the liberation from Egypt wrought by Moses to the Israelite resettlement of Canaan under Joshua, what we are reading are oral tales, collected and edited for the first (but not the last) time in the tenth century during and after the kingship of David. But the full collection of texts that make up the Bible (short of the Greek New Testament, which would not be appended till the first century of our era) did not exist in its current form till well after the Babylonian Captivity of the Jews--that is, till sometime after 538 B.C. The last books to be taken into the canon of the Hebrew Bible probably belong to the third and second centuries B.C., these being Esther and Ecclesiastes (third century) and Daniel (second century). Some apocryphal books, such as Judith and the Wisdom of Solomon, are as late as the first century.
To most readers today, the Bible is a confusing hodgepodge; and those who take up the daunting task of reading it from cover to cover seldom maintain their resolve beyond a book or two. Though the Bible is full of literature's two great themes, love and death (as well as its exciting caricatures, sex and violence), it is also full of tedious ritual prescriptions and interminable battles. More than anything, because the Bible is the product of so many hands over so many ages, it is full of confusion for the modern reader who attempts to decode what it might be about.
But to understand ourselves--and the identity we carry so effortlessly that most "moderns" no longer give any thought to the origins of attitudes we have come to take as natural and self-evident--we must return to this great document, the cornerstone of Western civilization. My purpose is not to write an introduction to the Bible, still less to Judaism, but to discover in this unique culture of the Word some essential thread that runs through it, to uncover in outline the sensibility that undergirds the whole structure, and to identify the still-living sources of our Western heritage for contemporary readers, whatever color of the belief-unbelief spectrum they may inhabit.
To appreciate the Bible properly, we cannot begin with it. All definitions must limit or set boundaries, must show what the thing-to-be-defined is not. So we begin before the Bible, before the Jews, before Abraham--in the time when reality seemed to be a great circle, closed and predictable in its revolutions. We return to the world of the Wheel.
*Recently, the designations B.C.E. (before the common era) and C.E. (common era), used originally in Jewish circles to avoid the Christim references contained in the designations B.C. (before Christ) and A.D. (anno dom~n~, in the year of the Lord), have g.uned somewhat wider currency. I use B.C. and A.D. not to cause offense to anyone but because the new designations, still largely unrecognized outside scholarly circles, can unnecessarily disorient the common reader.
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Product details
- Publisher : Anchor Books/Nan A Talese (August 17, 1999)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 304 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0385482493
- ISBN-13 : 978-0385482493
- Item Weight : 8.1 ounces
- Dimensions : 5.2 x 0.7 x 8 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #49,274 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #37 in History of Judaism
- #153 in History of Civilization & Culture
- #179 in Jewish History (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

Thomas Cahill, former director of religious publishing at Doubleday, is the bestselling author of the Hinges of History series.
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Reviewed in the United States on January 5, 2017
Top reviews from the United States
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The first chapter sees Cahill expand on this idea by recounting how ancient peoples thought. He uses The Epic of Gilgamesh and other ancient near eastern writings to describe the worldview and religion of humanity's ancestors. And in so doing, he sets the background for Israel's contrasting worldview.
According to Cahill, Israel was the first culture to view time in more linear fashion. Israel saw existence as including a beginning, middle, and end. This becomes especially apparent when we compare Israel's sacred writings with the myths and writings of other cultures. Genesis begins with the word 'in the beginning.' On the other hand, the stories of other ancient cultures often "begin in the middle and end in the middle."
Though it might not seem like much, this was a huge accomplishment. This idea that time moves in a direction rather than cyclically helped people develop an adventurous, entrepreneurial spirit. Without this fundamental idea, the history of Western society would have been utterly altered. But this isn't the only gift of the Jews.
Cahill also notes how the descendants of Abraham developed a sense of individuality. Whereas the writings of most other cultures lacked references to 'I', the Bible - especially the Psalms - is filled with personal reflection. Scripture also differed from the writings of other people by focusing on normal people. Think of Ruth or Job or even Abraham. These men and women weren't anything special. They weren't heroes or kings. They were just people.
So, according to Cahill, the Jews helped humanity see itself as a collection of individuals rather than just a mass. All of these insights are worth considering - especially as a Christian.
Unfortunately, the longer the book goes on, the weaker it gets. Cahill spends a lot of time in the early chapters describing these ideas and principles which Judaism bequeathed to Western society. But about halfway through, he exhausts the 'gifts' and ends up simply recounting the history of Israel from scripture. If you've ever read the Bible through, or you know the story of Israel fairly well, the latter half of the book will leave you wanting more.
This isn't to say that Cahill does a poor job. He doesn't. I think he tells Israel's story well - hitting all of the high points. I just wish he would have been able to continue presenting different 'gifts of the Jews' in the latter chapters.
For those wondering, I should also note that Cahill isn't exactly conservative (though he isn't exactly liberal either). He believes Abraham and Moses were real individuals. He even thinks that scripture communicates the general outline of their stories. Though he argues that scripture is also filled with errors and absurdities.
Over all, I moderately enjoyed the book. Though I felt like it could have either been shorter or more fleshed out. My biggest takeaway was the reminder that the Bible and its people are unique in history. If not for Abraham and his descendants, the world - especially the Western world - would be a very different place.
Reviewed in the United States on January 5, 2017
The first chapter sees Cahill expand on this idea by recounting how ancient peoples thought. He uses The Epic of Gilgamesh and other ancient near eastern writings to describe the worldview and religion of humanity's ancestors. And in so doing, he sets the background for Israel's contrasting worldview.
According to Cahill, Israel was the first culture to view time in more linear fashion. Israel saw existence as including a beginning, middle, and end. This becomes especially apparent when we compare Israel's sacred writings with the myths and writings of other cultures. Genesis begins with the word 'in the beginning.' On the other hand, the stories of other ancient cultures often "begin in the middle and end in the middle."
Though it might not seem like much, this was a huge accomplishment. This idea that time moves in a direction rather than cyclically helped people develop an adventurous, entrepreneurial spirit. Without this fundamental idea, the history of Western society would have been utterly altered. But this isn't the only gift of the Jews.
Cahill also notes how the descendants of Abraham developed a sense of individuality. Whereas the writings of most other cultures lacked references to 'I', the Bible - especially the Psalms - is filled with personal reflection. Scripture also differed from the writings of other people by focusing on normal people. Think of Ruth or Job or even Abraham. These men and women weren't anything special. They weren't heroes or kings. They were just people.
So, according to Cahill, the Jews helped humanity see itself as a collection of individuals rather than just a mass. All of these insights are worth considering - especially as a Christian.
Unfortunately, the longer the book goes on, the weaker it gets. Cahill spends a lot of time in the early chapters describing these ideas and principles which Judaism bequeathed to Western society. But about halfway through, he exhausts the 'gifts' and ends up simply recounting the history of Israel from scripture. If you've ever read the Bible through, or you know the story of Israel fairly well, the latter half of the book will leave you wanting more.
This isn't to say that Cahill does a poor job. He doesn't. I think he tells Israel's story well - hitting all of the high points. I just wish he would have been able to continue presenting different 'gifts of the Jews' in the latter chapters.
For those wondering, I should also note that Cahill isn't exactly conservative (though he isn't exactly liberal either). He believes Abraham and Moses were real individuals. He even thinks that scripture communicates the general outline of their stories. Though he argues that scripture is also filled with errors and absurdities.
Over all, I moderately enjoyed the book. Though I felt like it could have either been shorter or more fleshed out. My biggest takeaway was the reminder that the Bible and its people are unique in history. If not for Abraham and his descendants, the world - especially the Western world - would be a very different place.
Quoted from Cahill’s book The Gifts of the Jews: How a Tribe of Desert Nomads Changed the Way Everyone Thinks and Feels (New York and London: Talese/ Anchor, 1999, pages 240-241) -- the second volume published in his projected seven-volume book series the Hinges of History. Thus far, six of the projected seven volumes have been published.
So I decided to take a look at Cahill’s book The Gifts of the Jews. Now, after Cahill discusses the ever-turning cyclic Wheel of Life and Death in ancient cultures over the first 50 pages of his book, he turns his attention to discussing Abraham, the acknowledged father in faith of the three monotheistic faith traditions in the world today, and his famous journey (pages 51-90).
In the following chapters, Cahill discusses the biblical story of the ancient Israelites as slaves in Egypt (pages 91-122); their journey in Sinai (pages 123-164); their emergence in the promised land of Canaan (pages 165-201); their forced journey to Babylon (pages 203-241); and then his chapter titled “From Then Till Now: The Jews Are Still It” (pages 243-252); followed by subsections titled “Notes and Sources” (pages 253-265); “The Books of the Hebrew Bible” (pages 266-270); “Chronology” (pages 271-273); “Acknowledgments” (pages 274-275); “Index of Biblical Citations” (pages 277-280); and “General Index” (pages 281-291).
Now, my favorite scholar is the late American Jesuit Renaissance specialist and cultural historian Walter J. Ong (1912-2003; Ph.D. in English, Harvard University, 1955). In his sweeping account of cultural history in his 400 or so publications (not counting reprintings and translations as separate publications), he covers roughly the same ground that Cahill covers in his pinpointed volumes in the Hinges of History book series.
In Cahill’s subsection titled “Notes and Sources” in his book The Gifts of the Jews (at pages 264-265), he says, “A third writer [in addition to Martin Buber and Gabriel Marcel], Walter J. Ong, also sheds much light on the connection [‘between the modern philosophy (and experience) of personalism and ancient religious faith’], especially in two works, [1] The Presence of the Word (New [Haven], 1967) and [2] The Barbarian Within (New York, 1962). In this last work I would especially draw the reader’s attention to the chapter ‘Voice as Summons for Belief: Literature, Faith, and the Divided Self.’”
Ong characterized his thought as phenomenological and personalist in cast. But what Cahill here refers to as Ong’s contributions to “the modern philosophy (and experience) of personalism” would include Ong’s massively researched book Ramus, Method, and the Decay of Dialogue: From the Art of Discourse to the Art of Reason (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1958).
Ong’s 1958 essay “Voice as Summons for Belief: Literature, Faith, and the Divided Self” is also reprinted in An Ong Reader: Challenges for Further Inquiry (Cresskill, New Jersey: Hampton Press, 2002, pages 259-275).
Incidentally, Ong’s reviews (1) of Albert B. Lord’s book The Singer of Tales (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1960) and (2) of Eric A. Havelock’s book Preface to Plato (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press/ Harvard University Press, 1963) are also reprinted in An Ong Reader (pages 301-306 and 309-312, respectively).
Ong’s important 1967 encyclopedia entry is also reprinted as “Written Transmission of Literature” in An Ong Reader (pages 331-344).
Now, Cahill discusses Lord and Havelock and certain other key scholars in his Hinges of History volume Sailing the Wine-Dark Sea: Why the Greeks Matter (New York and London: Talese/ Anchor, 2004, page 278). But also see John Miles Foley’s book Homer’s Traditional Art (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999).
Now, in Cahill’s Hinges of History volume Sailing the Wine-Dark Sea: Why the Greeks Matter (2004, page 278), he also indicates that he is familiar with, but scorns, Ong’s 1982 book Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word (London and New York: Methuen, 1982), with reference to ancient sources.
But Ong’s most careful and detailed discussion of writing systems can be found in his most widely translated 1982 book Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word (esp. pages 81-96). However, for the stodgy Cahill, in his book The Gifts of the Jews and elsewhere, in effect, all writing systems, including ancient cuneiform writing, are equally writing systems -- Ong’s differentiating of various scripts from phonetic alphabetic writing be damned!
For specific pages references to oral tradition (page 288) and writing (page 290), see the general index of Cahill’s book The Gifts of the Jews (pages 281-291).
For specific page references to the scholar of religion Mircea Eliade and to the cyclical worldview in Cahill’s book The Gift of the Jews, see the index.
For specific page references to Eliade’s work on cyclic time versus historical time, see the indexes in Ong’s two books published in 1967: (1) The Presence of the Word: Some Prolegomena for Cultural and Religious History (New Haven and London: Yale University Press), the expanded version of Ong’s 1964 Terry Lectures at Yale University; and (2) In the Human Grain: Further Explorations of Contemporary Culture (New York: Macmillan; London: Collier-Macmillan, esp. pages 61-82).
But for relevant related work, also see (1) the American Indian scholar Donald L. Fixico’s book The American Indian Mind in a Linear World: American Studies and Traditional Knowledge (New York and London: Routledge, 2003) and (2) the American biblical scholar Richard Elliott Friedman’s book The Hidden Book in the Bible (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1998).
Now, in Cahill’s book The Gifts of the Jews (page 3), he suggests an admittedly visual image to helps us imagine how the human sensorium works: a screen. He says, “And not only would our [Western?] sensorium, the screen through which we [in Western culture?] receive the world, be different: we [in Western culture?] would think with a different mind, interpret all our experience differently, draw different conclusions from things that befall us. And we [in Western culture?] would set a different course for our lives.”
Now, according to the index in Ong’s 1967 book The Presence of the Word, he frequently uses the term sensorium and the related index terms senses and personality structure and the senses.
However, I do not think Cahill’s visual image of “a screen” adequately suggests how the human sensorium works. Nevertheless, I will grant that there is a certain abstractness to the term sensorium. Consequently, I would suggest the admittedly visual image of a gyroscope to help us imagine how the human sensorium works.
Now, in effect, Beatrice Bruteau (1930-2014; Ph.D. in philosophy, Fordham University, 1969) describes in detail how the human sensorium works in her book The Psychic Grid: How We Create the World We Know (Wheaton, Illinois; Madras, India; and London, England: Theosophical Publishing House, 1979). But Ong does not refer to her 1979 book in any of his 400 or so publications, as far as I know. Nor does Cahill in his book The Gifts of the Jews.
In any event, for Cahill, the ancient Israelites represent the decisive turning point in our Western cultural history – turning decisively away from the preceding cyclic worldview (in Eliade’s terminology) and the world of myth as represented in The Epic of Gilgamesh (see the index in Cahill’s book for specific page references to The Epic of Gilgamesh). But not only that. Cahill sees that ancient turning point of our collective Western cultural history as setting Western culture apart from all other cultures in world history – in short, the West versus the rest – all thanks to the gifts on the ancient Israelites to Western cultural history.
For further discussion of the theme of the West and the rest, see Samuel Huntington’s book The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996) and Niall Ferguson’s book Civilization: The West and the Rest (New York: Penguin Press, 2011).
But also see Rabbi Sacks’ book The Dignity of Difference: How to Avoid the Clash of Civilizations, 2nd ed. (London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2003).
Now, I feel that I should give the final word here to Cahill. In his final chapter in The Gifts of the Jews (at pages 250-251), he refers to the alternative to the ancient cyclical worldview as the processive worldview and “a processive, personalist faith in a completely mysterious God” (page 250). He says, “But it can be demonstrated, as I hope I have done, that the belief system we have come to call Judaism is the origin of the processive worldview, the worldview to which all Western people subscribe, a worldview that has now taken hold in many (and, to some extent, all) non-Western societies.” Amen.
Next up, "How the Irish Saved Civilization"!
Top reviews from other countries
m.e.
Cahill is able to identify various characteristics, that are found within Jewish society. In the early stages, these characteristics were unique to the Jewish faithful. However as time moves on, many of these traits become integrated into mainstream ideology. Cahill points out, that the Jewish faith was the epicentre of many core western vaules.
This book was very interesting and provided many new insights into our society.






