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Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right Reprint Edition

4.2 4.2 out of 5 stars 162 ratings

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Worshipped by her fans, denounced by her enemies, and forever shadowed by controversy and scandal, the novelist and philosopher Ayn Rand was a powerful thinker whose views on government and markets shaped the conservative movement from its earliest days. Drawing on unprecedented access to Rand's private papers and the original, unedited versions of Rand's journals, Jennifer Burns offers a groundbreaking reassessment of this key cultural figure, examining her life, her ideas, and her impact on conservative political thought.

Goddess of the Market follows Rand from her childhood in Russia through her meteoric rise from struggling Hollywood screenwriter to bestselling novelist, including the writing of her wildly successful The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged. Burns highlights the two facets of Rand's work that make her a perennial draw for those on the right: her promotion of capitalism, and her defense of limited government. Both sprang from her early, bitter experience of life under Communism, and became among the most deeply enduring of her messages, attracting a diverse audience of college students and intellectuals, business people and Republican Party activists, libertarians and conservatives. The book also traces the development of Rand's Objectivist philosophy and her relationship with Nathaniel Branden, her closest intellectual partner, with whom she had an explosive falling out in 1968.

One of the
Denver Post's Great Reads of 2009

One of
Bloomberg News's Top Nonfiction Books of 2009

"Excellent."
--
Time magazine

"A terrific book--a serious consideration of Rand's ideas, and her role in the conservative movement of the past three quarters of a century."
--
The American Thinker

"A wonderful book: beautifully written, completely balanced, extensively researched. The match between author and subject is so perfect that one might believe that the author was chosen by the gods to write this book. She has sympathy and affection for her subject but treats her as a human being, with no attempt to cover up the foibles."
--
Mises Economics Blog

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Editorial Reviews

Review

"Impressive .Burns's excellent book helps us to discover the real Ayn Rand."--American Historical Review

"Excellent."--Time magazine

"Timely, well-researched"--Bloomberg News

"Burns does a remarkable service by shedding light on Ayn Rand's long-neglected early career...This sets the scene for an Ayn Rand much closer to the political mainstream than her reputation has suggested." --History News Network

"An important study... Burns's dispassionate intellectual history makes a persuasive case that Ayn Rand was no joke; she was a forceful and original thinker, and a gifted manipulator of fictional conventions for ideological ends."-Elaine Showalter, Times Literary Supplement

Book Description

Based on unprecedented access to Ayn Rand's private papers, a vividly written and penetrating account of the life and ideas of a conservative icon

Product details

  • ASIN ‏ : ‎ 019983248X
  • Publisher ‏ : ‎ Oxford University Press; Reprint edition (September 1, 2011)
  • Language ‏ : ‎ English
  • Paperback ‏ : ‎ 384 pages
  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 9780199832484
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0199832484
  • Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 1.21 pounds
  • Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 9.21 x 6.14 x 0.86 inches
  • Customer Reviews:
    4.2 4.2 out of 5 stars 162 ratings

About the author

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Jennifer Burns
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Jennifer Burns is an Associate Professor of History at Stanford University and a Research Fellow at Stanford's Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace. She is the author of Milton Friedman: The Last Conservative (November, 2023) and Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right (2009). An expert on this history of conservative ideas and politics, she has written for The NewYork Times, The Financial Times, Bloomberg, and Dissent, and has discussed her work on The Daily Show, The Colbert Report, and elsewhere.

For updates on her writing, and to access her popular podcasts on American history, visit www.jenniferburns.org.

Customer reviews

4.2 out of 5 stars
162 global ratings

Customers say

Customers find the book very informative, well-researched, and accurate. They also say the book is readable, well written, and makes for a fascinating read. Readers also appreciate the great narrative of Rand's life and conflicts.

AI-generated from the text of customer reviews

35 customers mention "Information quality"32 positive3 negative

Customers find the book very informative, well-researched, and accurate. They appreciate the depth of the research, clarity of the writing, and the fascinating subject. Readers also say the book provides context to Rand's ideas and a thorough perspective.

"...was published, Burns provides a thorough, well-written and well-researched survey of how Ayn Rand went from Alisa Rosenbaum of St. Petersburg, Russia..." Read more

"...Burns did not live through the tumult. She is an excellent historian, however, who has utilized the multitude of documents now available, from..." Read more

"...over the past century, this book might prove a useful summary and introduction -- as long as the above caveats are kept in mind...." Read more

"...The book marshalls a remarkable amount of information: Professor Burns has consulted 18 collections at 10 archives - and was given access to the..." Read more

28 customers mention "Readability"28 positive0 negative

Customers find the book well-written, fascinating, and well worth their time. They appreciate the depth of the research, clarity of the writing, and even-handed treatment. Readers also mention the book is well-structured.

"...after Atlas Shrugged was published, Burns provides a thorough, well-written and well-researched survey of how Ayn Rand went from Alisa Rosenbaum of..." Read more

"...it's a refreshing and clean read. and it helped me with a lot of my sad feelings about 'that time' in my life. Jan Richman Schulman..." Read more

"...It is an excellent read.Rating: 5 Stars...." Read more

"...I read the first chapter of this book on Amazon. It sounded great, well-written, balanced and interesting so I preordered it...." Read more

5 customers mention "Narrative quality"5 positive0 negative

Customers find the narrative quality great. They also say the personalities and conflicts are well-told.

"...it sheds on various Objectivist controversies, but in the fascinating story it tells...." Read more

"...Well, written, impeccably researched, and put together into a tight narrative, this is oddly compelling for a biography." Read more

"Jennifer Burns has written a great narrative of both Rand's life as well as her immersion in and effect on the economics and politics of her time...." Read more

"...and her impact on the right with all its personalities and conflicts is well told. A very interesting and informative book." Read more

Good writer but certainly a mediocre Historian and NOT  close to being an Economist. .
1 out of 5 stars
Good writer but certainly a mediocre Historian and NOT close to being an Economist. .
The plethora of errors are like seeds that grow into massive, more misguided or idiotic “understandings” of the Author’s subject. A really poor rendering of a vital topicSadly, Prof. Burns squandered a fine opportunity to fairly portray facts thru entertains characters.At least she got the Ted Turner support section close to accurate.Sad that she missed the massacre of Preston Tucker by the auto Giants of the day.
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Top reviews from the United States

Reviewed in the United States on November 14, 2009
There are few figures in the American libertarian movement that gave rise to as much controversy or passion as Ayn Rand. Love her or hate her, it's hard to find a libertarian who doesn't have an opinion about the author of The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged. For many of us, she was the one who lit the spark that sent us down the road toward becoming a libertarian. Even after her death, some still consider themselves hard-core Objectivists in the model of those who gravitated around the Nathanial Branden Institute in the 1960s. For most libertarians, though, while Rand is arguably the most influential moral philosopher, she is also someone who's flaws, both personal and philosophical have been acknowledged, debated, and argued about for decades.

There's always been a missing piece of the puzzle, though, and that was that nobody had really undertaken a full-scale intellectual biography of someone who, even today, can sell 200,000 copies a year of her 1,000+ page magnum opus. There were personal biographies by Barbara Branden and Nathaniel Branden, but those both seemed to concentrate on the more lurid details of Rand's personal life and the circumstances behind the 1968 Objectivist Purge. The heirs of Rand's estate, meanwhile, have guarded her papers closely in an obvious effort to protect her legacy and reputation. Someone wanting to learn more about Rand's life, the development of her ideas, and her impact on American politics, had almost nowhere to go that wasn't totally biased in one direction or the other.

That's why Jennifer Burns' Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right is so welcome.

Instead of dwelling on the lurid aspects of Rand's affair with Nathaniel Branden, and without taking sides regarding the many controversies that followed Rand in years after Atlas Shrugged was published, Burns provides a thorough, well-written and well-researched survey of how Ayn Rand went from Alisa Rosenbaum of St. Petersburg, Russia, born just as Czarist Russia was beginning it's decent into chaos, to Ayn Rand, the woman about whom more than one person has said "she changed my life."

For people versed in the history of libertarian ideas, the most interest parts of the book will probably be Burns's documentation of Rand's interaction with the heavyweights of both the Pre World War II Right and the conservative/libertarian movement that began to take shape after the war ended. She corresponded with Albert Jay Nock and H.L. Mencken and, most interestingly, developed a very close personal and intellectual relationship with Isabel Patterson, best known as the author of The God of the Machine. For years, especially during the time that Rand was writing The Fountainhead, Rand and Paterson exchanged ideas and debated philosophy, and it's clear that they both contributed to the others ideas.

The Rand-Paterson relationship, though, also foreshadowed something that would happen all too frequently later in Rand's career, the purge. Paterson was among the first libertarian-oriented writers to experience Rand's wrath for the perception that she was not sufficiently orthodox. Over time, that would continue to the point where, at it's height, Objectivism displayed a level of orthodoxy and denunciation of perceived heresy that rivaled the religions that it rejected. It was, in the end, the reason why the movement's downfalls was largely inevitable.

Burns also goes into great detail discussing the process and the ordeal that Rand went through while writing both of her great novels. After reading that part, one marvels at the fact that she even survived.

In the final chapter, Burns shows that, even though Rand herself had flaws that led to the demise of Objectivism as a formal movement, her ideas have a staying power that has permeated throughout the conservative and libertarian movements in the United States. There is hardly a libertarian in the United States who has not read at least one of Rand's books and, it's clear that her ideas have taken hold in a way that she probably never expected and definitely would not have approved of. That, however, is the power of ideas, the creator can't control what people do with them once they're out there.

Burns does a wonderful job of filling in the missing pieces about Rand's life and her place in the wider context of the political and social history of Post World War II America. Whether you love or hate Ayn Rand - and I don't think you can have no opinion about her once exposed to her idea - this is a truly fascinating book.
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Reviewed in the United States on September 25, 2013
Last month I finished Atlas Shrugged by Ayn Rand and a few people told me they thought I was a bit excessive in my judgment of the novel's poor writing and dumb ideas.

So, not liking Rand's masterpiece, I, of course, decided to read the major biography of her that appeared last year.

Well, really two major evaluations of her life and work came out last year. I read the one by the author who seemed to like Rand better.

Now, I have long thought of Rand as Nietzsche for the boo-boisie, and Jennifer Burns in Goddess of the Market seems to confirm the strongly derivative nature of Rand's early theorizing. Nothing wrong with deriving from Nietzsche, but unlike Rand, the German philosopher was a great stylist, encapsulating his gems in aphorisms that brightened many a dreary Buffalo day during my college years.

Rand enjoys an amazing following decades after her death. In 2008, her novels sold 800,000 copies. They have rarely dipped below 400,000 volumes sold in any recent year. [Take that, Friedrich!] And yet, Burns says, there is a "nearly universal consensus among literary critics that she is a bad writer."

Bad writing has not diminished her impact. Her political influence has been phenomenal, from the hour-long special about her last month on FOX News to the resonance she has with the more technological members of Richard Florida's "creative class". Burns says that she is "the ultimate gateway drug to life on the Right" for many young people.

Rand is also an immigrant success story. She was a wealthy young person in Russia with servants, cooks, and tutors, whose life was overturned by the Bolshevik Revolution. She came to the U.S. not penniless, but virtually unknown and earned a living by her pen in a language she did not learn until she reached adulthood.

But Rand was as full of contradictions as the great American anti-hero Jay Gatsby. She was a partisan of reason who was ruled by her emotions. She insisted on the truth, but carried on a debilitating extramarital affair that she hid from her followers. She was an avatar of individualism who lived surrounded by a conformist cult, and she insisted that women engage in "manworship" while she emasculated her own husband.

Rand received an excellent education in revolutionary Russia because the Bolsheviks removed restrictions on the entry of Jews and women into the country's best school. But it is hard to see how she could have survived under Stalin, who came to power shortly after her departure for America. Her ideas would have attracted the attention of the secret police and she would likely have become another victim of his terror if she had not left.

When she came to America, Rand moved quickly to Hollywood. She loved American popular culture and was an early intellectual who appreciated the value of entertainment for the masses. She also appreciated the value of sex.

As a very poor young Hollywooder, a wealthy patron took pity on her and gave Rand $50 to help her survive. She used the money to buy sexy lingerie.

She also became fascinated with William Hickman, a young thrill killer. She admired his Nietzschean "will to power" and made him the central character in one of her first fictional works. Violence as an expression of superiority would be a hallmark of her writings. For example, in her first play, her superman hero rapes his female assistant on her first day of work. And she loves him for it.

The admiring depiction of violence, particularly sexual violence, in Rand's work should be enough to turn off religious conservatives. But she is also notoriously anti-religious. In her 1934 philosophical journal she wrote that she wanted to be the "greatest enemy of religion." She may not have been religion's greatest enemy, but she sure was a dick about her brand of aggressive atheism. She referred to Christianity, which she accused of elevating concern for one's neighbor to and equal footing with concern for one's self, as "the kindergarten of Communism".

Rand's first really successful work was The Fountainhead. She described her hero Howard Roark approvingly as having been born "without the ability to consider others", a condition we would today identify with the severest forms of autism. Her lack of regard for the "other" was reflected in her criticism of democracy, which she faulted for giving the same rights to everyone. She believed that there should be a "democracy of superiors only". While she later softened this stance and claimed she found wisdom in the common man, there has always been a stink of extreme elitism about Rand's theories. Which explains some of her popularity. Misfits often fancy themselves as misunderstood geniuses.

The Foutainhead also contains a violent rape scene where the superman violently forces a woman to have sex and brutalizes her:

He did it as an act of scorn. Not as love, but as defilement. And this made her lie still and submit ... the act of a master taking shameful, contemptuous possession of her was the kind of rapture she had wanted.

When the woman later surveys in a mirror the bruises left by Roark, she begins to worship him, as all Randy women do with their abusers. NOTE TO TEENAGED RANDIANS: Don't try this at home. Rape carries a 5 year term, no matter how artistically you bruise your victim's genitals.

During the 1940s Rand met a real-life superman.

Hold your breath. It was....

Wendell Wilkie.

`nuff said on this subject.

In 1941 Rand became obsessed with the belief that the Communist Party was about to take over the United States. Now her anti-Communism was entirely understandable. She had left what she felt was a stultifying egalitarianism in the mid-1920 in Russia and had learned of the evolving terror under Stalin from her family who remained behind. By 1941 there was ample evidence of Stalin's crimes and the mass killings in the USSR were starting to be publicized.

But, while there were definitely communists in the Hollywood community, as well as in the emigre Jewish circles she was familiar with, the Communist Party in the U.S. was paltry, with fewer than 100,000 members and perhaps two to three times that many sympathizers. The recent Hitler-Stalin pact had driven many anti-fascist and Jewish members out of the party, and it had been hemorrhaging support since 1936. Communism, however despicable its doctrines, was never a force in American politics and by 1941 was in decline from its none too lofty heights at the start of the Great Depression.

Rand decided that the best way to counter Communism was with an individualist's manifesto. She declared that all creative acts spring from an individual, not from a collective process. She uses an analogy to childbirth, writing that "all birth is individual. So is all parenthood." My son's birth must have been aberrational since it began with collective action by my wife and I and, after a nine month construction process, ended with the both of us changing diapers in a little collectivity I like to call a "family".

Rand became more and more important in right-wing circles during World War II and the Cold War. She commanded large fees for meetings with top corporate execs. But her relationship with other right-wing intellectuals was not very good. For example, the economist F.A. Hayek, a conservative god today, was described by her as a secret communist. She also got into a battle with Rose Wilder Lane, the daughter of the "Little House on the Prairie" author. Lane had actually published some of the books her mother had written, altering them to adopt a conservative individualist frame. But Rand attacked her for using phrases like "Love Your Neighbor As Yourself", which Rand viewed as proto-communistic. Rand believed that working for the good of others is immoral and saw nothing but immorality in the "Little House's" Christian bromides.

Rand was pretty thoroughgoing in her opposition to government programs. She opposed Social Security and aid to education, for example, but she apparently did think the government had a role in making better movies! She testified before Congress about the need to make movies more moral, by which she meant more pro-capitalist. She told the House Un-American Activities Committee that communism was rife in the movie industry.

She was also concerned that that the Catholic Church, then going through a conservative retrenchment, was tending towards socialism. Rand was the sort to find a Red in every bed, as we used to kid.

Rand's own bed was getting a bit scarlet as well. She had married a good looking, nice guy, Frank O'Connor. The kind of man who wouldn't rape his secretary on her first day.

Frank was a modestly talented artist and actor, who was also extremely supportive of his wife's literary career. But support was not enough. Rand gradually came to dominate her husband, eventually forcing him to give up his avocations and occupy a uniquely humiliating position in her life.

In the late 1940s, Rand met a handsome young man named Nathan Blumenthal. As she had surrendered her Jewish name of Alisa Rosenbaum, he had to change his name to Nathan Branden. Branden was quickly brought into her bed. Rand exercised amazing control over her much younger lover, guiding him into a marriage with another young follower that would allow her to access his sex, while providing a cover of secrecy.

She also began to assemble a cult around her called "The Collective" which gave her unquestioning obedience. The most famous of the "collectivists" was Alan Greenspan. She called him "The Undertaker".The Collective's weird willingness to accept her guidance was fueled by her philosophy called "Objectivism" which holds that ethics can be logically derived by individuals acting selfishly. She denied the primacy of instinct or emotion in human behavior. Since the human is basically a thinking machine, individuality essentially disappears.

In the psychological sphere, the objectivist believes that concern about the welfare of others is a pathology. The emotions are secondary. But in Ayn and Brandon's adulterous affair, emotions ran wild.

After it began, Rand called the two offended against spouses together to explain to them that her sexual encounters with a man 20 years younger than herself were an expression of her rational self-interest. She informed them that she would be allowed a few private hours with Branden each week to have sex with him. Poor Frank had to leave his own apartment twice a week when Branden showed up to service his wife. Frank turned to booze to soften the embarrassment.

Ayn Rand said that her most famous superman was based on the man she loved. She said that John Galt of Atlas Shrugged was her husband Frank. Then again, sometimes she said Galt was based on Branden. So Galt was either a boytoy or an emotionally impotent cuckold, I suppose.

In the late 1950s, Rand published her most famous book, Atlas Shrugged.

In Atlas Shrugged, the band of heroes are, with the exception of Galt, not self-made men. Most are inheritors of great wealth. They own some of the greatest businesses in the world. And they are brutal in their self-regard and Rand exalts and proclaims their selfishness. Conservative National Review said of the book: `From every page of Atlas Shrugged, a voice can be heard...commanding `To the gas chamber-go'". The National Review saw a dangerous Utopian in Rand, such as had caused the Nazi and Soviet calamities of the 20th Century.

Rand's response was to have her followers send letters out comparing National Review to the Communist Daily Worker!

Atlas Shrugged was rejected by intellectuals on the Right and Left, not because of its politics, but because it was seen as just the latest failed attempt to create a totalizing ideology.

Of course, such totalizing ideologies, failed or not, are precisely what appeals the most to the young, particularly the geeky young. And this was the corner of the intellectual market Rand came to occupy. Conservative students believed that if only they could master Rand, then everything would be explained.

After Atlas Shrugged, as her fame grew, her work declined below even her previous low standards. Her drug addiction, begun a decade earlier, took its toll on her health and personality. She authored really crappy pieces like "JFK: High Class Beatnik", which sounds like the title of a 1950s pulp novel. She also called Kennedy the creator of the "Fascist New Frontier".

She did enjoy dining out on her celebrity at places like the Playboy Mansion, which she pronounced a "wonderful place".

Predictably, she opposed the 1965 Civil Rights Act, calling it the "worst breach of property rights in...American history". Her book on Objectist ethics had nuggets like: "The principal of trade is the only ethical principal for all human relationships." She repeatedly told audiences that the highest virtue was selfishness. She also said that all taxes are immoral and proposed paying for government through voluntary contributions and lotteries.

In the `60s, Rand was a media star, appearing in Playboy and making multiple appearances on Johnny Carson's show. Ted Turner erected 248 billboards with the words "Who Is John Galt?" around the South.

Right-wing students, reacting against the New Left on campus, turned to her to create a new movement called Libertarianism based on many of her ideas. That was a problem. It was based on many, but not all, of her ideas. She hit the ceiling and began threatening to sue anyone who used her ideas who was not part of her insular cult, the Collective. She described the rightist Libertarians who claimed her as their godmother as "worse than...the New Left". All the while she claimed that her "philosophy", which most philosophers considered Nietzsche without the clarity, was entirely original. She described anyone who mined her works for inspiration a "plagiarist".

Then, when she found out that her lover, Branden was having an affair with another woman, besides his own wife, she fell apart emotionally and the Collective crumbled. Her sexual theory was that a man's ethics were expressed through who he had sex with. How could Branden reject her, a sixty year old embodiment of the highest ethical values, and sex up a mere girl? It wasn't supposed to work that way. When Branden informed her that her age, she was two decades older than him, made her sexually unattractive to him, she interpreted his sexual cooling off as a rejection of objectivism.

Rand became physically abusive of Branden and threatened to ruin him, which sounds selfish so it must have been moral. She and Alan Greenspan published an edict of excommunication against her disciple. Apparently the rule was "No Sex, No Philosophy".

Burns does a bit of analysis of the Randian sexual body politic. "Rand's theory of man worship [by women]...kept her ignorant of both [her husband] Frank's and [Nathan Branden's] inner emotional states. Although she called Frank a hero, in truth he was a passive and withdrawn man... The idea of man worship was a wishful fancy, as unattainable for her as the svelte physiques and Arian figures of her heroines... Rand identified Nathan [Branden] as a hero, a paragon of morality and rationality" but was confused by his sexual duplicity. Her abuse of Frank left him a broken alcoholic.

Randian psychology had other problems as well. Many of her followers paid large sums to be treated by her "therapists", often unlicensed devotees. They would tell her the secrets divulged by their "patients". As is clear from her treatment of Branden, she was not someone to place in a position of trust.

When Rand finally died, her remaining followers placed an enormous topiary in the shape of a dollar sign, her one sacred symbol, next to her casket. She had preached that money is the unit of value for all things. By that standard, with her books bringing in millions of dollars in revenues every year from pimply boys who think they are the ubermench, Rand keeps marching on. God may have closed the Gates of Heaven to her, but she could still find a spiritual resting place inside the Federal Reserve's vaults.
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M Clark
5.0 out of 5 stars A wonderfully written biography
Reviewed in Germany on April 1, 2023
Ayn Rand continues to sell hundreds of thousands of books each year many years after her death. One reason is the deeply personal reactions many people have to the ideas in her novels. Her ideas have influenced generations of conservatives, libertarians, and even liberals.

Jennifer Burns has written an absorbing and wonderfully readable biography of Ayn Rand. It is a biography and not an explanation of her ideas. Although sympathetic to Ayn Rand it provides the voices of her many critics. It is very much worth reading for the background it provides on the development of America's right-wing movements. In particular, I was fascinated by the stories about the anti-FDR factions who opposed the New Deal. Also interesting was how her ideas spread and were modified after the schism in the Objectivist movement.

My personal favorite quote about Ayn Rand unfortunately does not appear in the book: “Two novels can change a bookish fourteen-year old’s life: The Lord of the Rings and Atlas Shrugged. One is a childish fantasy that often engenders a lifelong obsession with its unbelievable heroes, leading to an emotionally stunted, socially crippled adulthood, unable to deal with the real world. The other involves orcs.” [Kung Fu Monkey -- Ephemera, blog post, March 19, 2009]”
Karlsonkochen
3.0 out of 5 stars sehr schnelle Lieferung
Reviewed in Germany on December 18, 2018
ich muss/wollte mehr Englisch lernen, deshalb bestellt ich dieses Buch. Nun muss ich feststellen, dass ich zuwenig Englisch kann um es flüssig lesen zu können. Also steht es erstmal im Regal...