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God's Battalions: The Case for the Crusades Hardcover – September 29, 2009
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- Print length288 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherHarperOne
- Publication dateSeptember 29, 2009
- Dimensions6 x 0.97 x 9 inches
- ISBN-100061582611
- ISBN-13978-0061582615
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Editorial Reviews
From Publishers Weekly
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Review
“GOD’S BATTALIONS launches a frontal assault on the comfortable myths that scholars have popularized about the crusades. The results are startling. His greatest achievement is to make us see the crusaders on their own terms.” — Philip Jenkins, author of The Lost History of Christianity
“At last, a convincing, balanced book on the Crusades, far from the recent unsophisticated and ideological diatribes against them as “A Bad Thing.” Rodney Stark demonstrates that the Crusades were neither unprovoked nor colonialist. Here is yet another rich and readable book from this thoughtful and distinguished author.” — Jeffrey Burton Russell, author of A History of Heaven and Paradise Mislaid
“An excitingly readable distillation of the new, revisionist Crusades historiography.” — Booklist (starred review)
“There is much to be learned here. Filled with fascinating historical glimpses of monks and Templars, priests and pilgrims, kings and contemplatives, Stark pulls it all together and challenges us to reconsider our view of the Crusades.” — Publishers Weekly
“[Stark’s] new book, God’s Battalions: The Case for the Crusades, gives historic and sociological evidence for a fresh assessment of the Crusades.” — United Methodist Reporter
“[Stark] wants to challenge the prevailing television pundit-level misunderstanding of the Crusades, and in this, his accessible, enjoyably argued book succeeds.” — Christianity Today
“Award-winning author and sociologist Rodney Stark humbly goes to war against the many politically correct myths surrounding the history of the Crusades in this well-researched and easy-to-read academic masterpiece. Stark proves himself once again as a historical myth-buster.” — CBN.com, A+ rating
“[Stark] makes the case [for the crusades] with admirable frankness and flair.” — The Catholic Thing
“Rodney Stark turns what we ‘know’ about history on its head.” — Relevant Magazine
“Stark’s style is clear and direct. He sets the pace of narrative masterfully...The result is a good read...Christian readers should welcome Stark’s affirmation of the best in scholarship, both old and new, and his willingness to argue a controversial position.” — Christian Scholar’s Review
“Stark’s wonderfully readable prose and politically incorrect conclusions... point us to the question―Will 21st-century infiltration lead to surrender or revival?―on which Europe’s future hinges.” — The World Magazine
“[God’s Battalions] rewards a careful reading, and not only because the story itself is so gripping, with tales of courage and desperation, outsized characters, and fate of cultures hanging in the balance. …Masterful… sets the record straight.” — National Catholic Register
“[God’s Battalions] avoid[s] the black-and-white nonsense of current secular thinkers, who condemn the Crusades as part of their condemnation of the Catholic Church and of much later Western imperialism. …Stark demonstrate[s] a more sophisticated view of history, religion and culture.” — Catholic San Francisco
“Stark’s clear, factual narrative offers larger-than-life characters…. [his] works are an encouraging corrective to the anti-Western history routinely taught in our schools.” — New Oxford Review
“In God’s Battalions, Stark provides an account of the Crusades perfectly fitted for the Fox News audience. Clearly this is not the politically correct version of the Crusades, and that is fine: there is little that was politically correct about the Crusades in the first place.” — Christian Century
“In God’s Battalions Princeton sociologist of religion Rodney Stark seeks to dispel myths about the medieval Crusades and replace them with a more factual account…The historiographic arguments made by Stark regarding the antecedents and consequences of the Crusades are very convincing.” — Jack Kilcrease, Historical Society of the Episcopal Church
From the Back Cover
In God's Battalions, award-winning author Rodney Stark takes on the long-held view that the Crusades were the first round of European colonialism, conducted for land, loot, and converts by barbarian Christians who victimized the cultivated Muslims. To the contrary, Stark argues that the Crusades were the first military response to unwarranted Muslim terrorist aggression.
Stark reviews the history of the seven major Crusades from 1095 to 1291, demonstrating that the Crusades were precipitated by Islamic provocations, centuries of bloody attempts to colonize the West, and sudden attacks on Christian pilgrims and holy places. Although the Crusades were initiated by a plea from the pope, Stark argues that this had nothing to do with any elaborate design of the Christian world to convert all Muslims to Christianity by force of arms. Given current tensions in the Middle East and terrorist attacks around the world, Stark's views are a thought-provoking contribution to our understanding and are sure to spark debate.
About the Author
Rodney Stark is the Distinguished Professor of the Social Sciences at Baylor University. His thirty books on the history and sociology of religion include The Rise of Christianity, Cities of God, For the Glory of God, Discovering God, and The Victory of Reason: How Christianity Led to Freedom, Capitalism, and Western Success. Stark received his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley.
Product details
- Publisher : HarperOne; First Edition, First Printing (September 29, 2009)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 288 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0061582611
- ISBN-13 : 978-0061582615
- Item Weight : 1 pounds
- Dimensions : 6 x 0.97 x 9 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #126,492 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #175 in History of Religions
- #453 in History of Christianity (Books)
- #612 in Christian Church History (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

Rodney Stark is one of the leading authorities on the sociology of religion. He grew up in Jamestown, North Dakota, where he began his career as a newspaper reporter. Following a tour of duty in the US Army, Stark received his PhD from the University of California, Berkeley, where he held appointments as a research sociologist at the Survey Research Center and at the Center for the Study of Law and Society. For many years, the Pulitzer Prize nominee was professor of sociology and professor of comparative religion at the University of Washington. In 2004 he became Distinguished Professor of the Social Sciences and co-director of the Institute for Studies of Religion at Baylor University.
Stark has authored more than 150 scholarly articles and 32 books in 17 different languages, including several widely used sociology textbooks and best-selling titles like The Rise of Christianity: How the Obscure, Marginal Jesus Movement Became the Dominant Religious Force in the Western World in a Few Centuries; The Triumph of Faith: Why the World is More Religious Than Ever; The Triumph of Christianity: How the Jesus Movement Became the World's Largest Religion; God’s Battalions: The Case for the Crusades; A Star in the East: The Rise of Christianity ion China; and The Victory of Reason: How Christianity Led to Freedom, Capitalism, and Western Success.
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To write this book, Rodney Stark had to master a library full of material: the history of medieval Europe, the history of Islam, battle strategies, technology, theology, and more. He had to winnow all that data until only the bare facts, needed by an interested amateur, remained.
Stark doesn't just tell you the history of the Crusades in a pocket-sized form. He also tells you how this history has been twisted to suit the political crusades of polemicists who hate Western Civilization and the Catholic Church.
At every turn in his text, Stark tells the reader what really happened, and what powerful, Christophobic voices insisted happened. He cites by name historians and commentators who have distorted the history of the Crusades in order to sell a tawdry bigotry against Christians.
These commentators include Bill Clinton, who blamed 9-11 on the Crusades, pop celebrity "scholars" ex-nun and ex-priest Karen Armstrong and James Carroll, who both overtly distort history to serve nefarious ends, and Enlightenment authors like Voltaire and Diderot. Sadly, those who distort the Crusades include Protestants maligning the big, bad, Catholic Church.
Perhaps the most egregious example of this kind of perverse distortion of history is Cambridge historian Steven Runciman saying, "There was a never a greater crime against humanity than the Fourth Crusade," in reference to the Sack of Byzantium.
The Sack of Byzantium was a tragic event, but Stark places it in context. It was prompted by repeated Byzantine betrayals of Crusaders, and it was a relatively mild sack in the context of the times. What makes Runciman's comment all the more despicable is that he wrote these words within six years of the discovery of the Nazi Holocaust that took the lives of six million Jews and millions of non-Jews. The world was still reeling from knowledge of Auschwitz when a Cambridge historian called the Fourth Crusade the worst thing that ever happened. Sheesh.
The first 98 pages of Stark's book provide the historical events that caused the Crusades. In the seventh century, Arabs burst out of their peninsula. The decaying Roman and Persian empires were no match for them. By 711, jihad had reached Spain. By 732 and the Battle of Tours-Poitiers, jihad was near Paris, France. Jihad would reach Rome, and southern Italy would be Muslim territory for two hundred years.
Egypt, Africa, the Middle East and Turkey had been Christian, Jewish, and Pagan. It took centuries for many of these places to become majority Muslim. Non-Muslims living under Muslim rulers were mistreated. Pilgrims to Jerusalem were robbed, tortured, and massacred in large numbers. Christian holy places were desecrated – Muslims defecated on altars, and splashed them with the blood of Christians.
The church of the Holy Sepulcher, where Jesus was placed after crucifixion, was completely destroyed. Its foundations were gauged down to bedrock and carted away. Such maniacal atrocities – indeed a cultural and biological genocide directed against Christians – went on for centuries. Christendom had the choice of fighting back or submitting to the sword. Christendom heeded Augustine's teachings on just war and fought for its life.
In demonstrating the inevitability of the Crusades as a military response to jihad, Stark does nothing to whitewash every aspect of the Crusades. He exposes all the ugliness of war, on all sides. Stark's Crusaders are often complete lunatics, misguided, sloppy, even genocidal themselves, as when some of them turn on Jews in Europe. Not just Jews. In the Wendish Crusade, Germans and Poles participated in a campaign against pagan Slavs until they were "converted or deleted." This and the massacres of Jews were condemned by clerics who pointed out the contradiction between such campaigns and Christian teaching. Bishops and the pope protected Jews when they could.
Stark provides fascinating insights into the technology of war. After the Muslim conquest, the wheel disappeared from North Africa. Wheels required roads; Muslims preferred camels. European technology of the misnamed "Dark Ages" contributed to Europeans' battle successes.
Stark offers a much needed corrective to the invented concept of an "Islamic Golden Age" during which Islam produced great scholarship. What actually happened, Stark shows, is that advancing Arab armies co-opted the science and culture of the states they conquered. He cites many examples to support this.
Perhaps the most famous case is "Arabic" numerals, the numbers we use today. They aren't "Arabic" at all, but products of the Hindu civilization of the Indian subcontinent, a culture all but destroyed by the Muslim Conquest.
One prototypical Muslim structure, the Dome of the Rock, was built with non-Muslim architects using Byzantine plans. Baghdad was designed by a Zoroastrian and a Jew. "'Muslim' or 'Arab' medicine was in fact Nestorian Christian medicine." A Nestorian Christian supervised collection and translation of Ancient Greek manuscripts (60). Scribes and physicians were Christian (61).
Stark argues that as Islam became the predominant system of conquered territory, innovation ceased and decline set in. Stark points out that it was a Muslim historian who accused Muslims – whether accurately or not is unknown – of destroying the legendary, ancient library at Alexandria, using its books to heat bath water. It is a historical fact that Saladin closed the Cairo library and discarded its books.
The theological attitude demanded by the Koran – this is perfect, settled truth – became the attitude Muslims adopted to the Ancient Greeks. This was the incorrect approach – the Greeks were advancing questions and inviting debate. The "settled truth, not to be questioned" approach to Greek philosophy stifled the Muslim world (62-3).
Stark describes a medieval anti-war movement that sprang up in response to the Crusades. Some debated whether or not Christians could kill. Others were simply war weary. People didn't want to pay Crusader taxes.
One of the overwhelming senses I got from this book is that human life on earth is a giant cluster----. Murphy's Law and the Law of Unintended Consequences ultimately rule the day. The Crusaders went through massive amounts of wealth. They were often quite brave, Knights Templar vowing to fight to the death. Yet the Crusaders never achieved their long-term goal. Luck as much as skill or virtue seemed to be behind victories; laziness or stupidity was behind defeats. Christian v Muslim may have been the main event, but Christians betraying other Christians was a key subplot. Looking at the big picture, you don't think, "Wow, Bravo!" You think, "Gee I'm lucky to have been born in modern, peacetime America, and I have no idea what God makes of all this."
In this review I will go chapter to chapter in an attempt to fairly outline the book.
Chapter One is titled "Muslim Invaders," and seeks so show how the Muslims were not innocent prior to the Crusades. They did provoke Europe with several invasions, and mentioning some of the slaughters of Christians at the hands of Muslims. They also conquered almost the entirety of North Africa, which mostly consisted of Christian nations. He also goes into the lie of Muslim "tolerance" of the religions of conquered people, and how all of the non-Muslims had to have severe handicaps in society because they would not convert to Islam (forced conversions are not allowed in Islam). They were not allowed to carry arms, wear nice clothes, and in some areas they were not allowed to own livestock. They were also taxed ridiculous amounts.
Chapter Two talks about several Christian victories over the Muslims, and these were all victories in Christian territory. The point of this chapter is to show the aggression of the Muslims and their eagerness to attempt to conquer European countries.
Chapter Three really isn't anything new, but rather is just a necessary chapter to counter the hypothesis of historians like Edward Gibbon and Karen Armstrong. The name of the chapter is "Western 'Ignorance' versus Eastern 'Culture.'" The point of this chapter is to show that Europe never really had the Dark Ages, and that the Muslim countries really never had a major surge of culture. He does this by outlining just a few things which made Europe a very prosperous continent during the mythical Dark Ages, such as new inventions in the areas of transport, agriculture, and military weapons. He also shows how the Muslim "culture" was heavily reliant on the cultures of conquered nations, and once there technologies and cultures were discovered, there were hardly ever any attempts to build on them. Muslims even bragged about the burning of the library of Alexandria, even though there is a good chance that they didn't do that (but what does this tell us about the Muslim respect of culture?).
Chapter Four outlines the Christian concept of pilgrimages. Major church fathers generally did not like the idea of pilgrimages, but the typical layman wouldn't really care about that and would go on one anyway. Nevertheless, pilgrimages held a relatively important place in Christian society. Enter the Muslims, who began taking liberties with the Christian pilgrims, often slaying dozens of Christian monks and pilgrims in the same attack. Just prior to the end of the first millennium, Tariqu al-Hakim became caliph, and he had all the Christian churches in Muslim territories razed to the ground.
So if anything, the Crusades were certainly provoked. The rest of the book is spent outlining the five different Crusades, and the Christian successes and failures that took place in each one. He makes an argument for why you shouldn't glorify Saladin and how the Byzantine Emperors continuously screwed over the Latin Crusaders. Stark also makes a defense of the Latin sacking of Constantinople in the fourth Crusade, which I found compelling and convincing. Overall, chapters five through ten made up a very rich and rewarding read. Very rarely can you find a historian that makes everything as interesting as Stark does. He has a very relaxed and informative style of writing that kept me glued to this book for long periods of time.
The conclusion basically runs over what he said in the introduction, but he also talks about the last defenses of the Christian territories in the Holy Land. He mainly focuses on how the Muslims made several peace treaties with the Christians, and that if the Christian would agree to lay down their arms and evacuated the land they would be spared, only to slaughter them once they had done so. This happened about three times. He then briefly runs over the history of Muslim hatred towards the Crusades (basically what I said in the intro to this review, and then some).
To summarize: I really enjoyed this book. It's rare that I enjoy books this much, so I have to give it five stars. I'm going to have to study the Crusades some more to really see what I think of them, but Rodney Stark has really hit a home run with this book. I highly recommend it.
Top reviews from other countries
According to Stark, recent Crusade historians have argued that during the Crusades “an expansionist, imperialistic Christendom brutalised, looted and colonised a tolerant, cultured and peaceful Islam” yet this is simply not the case. History can only be interpreted this way if one disregards events of the preceding five centuries. Once these are taken into account it becomes clear that, says Stark, “the Crusades were precipitated by Islamic provocations: by centuries of bloody attempts to colonise the West and by sudden attacks on Christian pilgrims and holy places”. Unfortunately, this reality has been largely ignored by the self-loathing, West-hating intellectuals who have framed the debate for the past 50 years.
In God’s Battalions Stark challenges this new orthodoxy and explains why the Crusades were a perfectly rational response to Muslim aggression and that for ideological reasons peace with the Muslim world was never attainable except through abject surrender. He also takes aim at those who claim the Crusaders themselves were motivated by nothing other than greed and he explores the strong religious faith which inspired the knights to engage in what Stark describes as “penitential warfare”. His arguments are thoughtful, well laid out and convincing and at the end of each chapter he writes a short conclusion in which he summarises and reiterates the points he has made. He’s fair too and he never tries to pretend that the Muslims were any more [or less] brutal and tolerant than were the Christians and Jews as they all lived in a brutal and intolerant age.
I enjoyed this book enormously and I found it to be a useful antidote to some of the more anti-Crusader, pro-Islamic histories of the period that are knocking around and I thought Stark’s underlying message about the dangers of considering historical events in isolation is something which has particular relevance today.
Rodney Stark is masterful in writing history that is non partisan and simply accurate historically.
He puts the lie to modernist revisionist “history” concerning the Crusades.
It becomes abundantly clear through this work that is simply stuffed full of original references that the Crusades were far from what secularists have been saying for a century or so.
The bravery, piousness and incredible fortitude of the Catholic Crusaders, when faced with overwhelming odds, constant betrayal by the Eastern Church and warring Saracens is probably without parallel in human history.
If you care about the truth of history then read this book. I have read thousands on many subjects and this one is definitely in the top ten I have ever read.
Well argued and approaches the crusades and crusaders from a humanist perspective. It incorporates their rather 'secular' sense of grievance, but takes care to try to understand the direct and indirect role of religious belief in their actions. Don't expect it to be to everyone's liking.












