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Haiti: The Aftershocks of History Hardcover – January 3, 2012
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A passionate and insightful account by a leading historian of Haiti that traces the sources of the country's devastating present back to its turbulent and traumatic history
Even before the 2010 earthquake destroyed much of the country, Haiti was known as a benighted place of poverty and corruption. Maligned and misunderstood, the nation has long been blamed by many for its own wretchedness. But as acclaimed historian Laurent Dubois makes clear, Haiti's troubled present can only be understood by examining its complex past. The country's difficulties are inextricably rooted in its founding revolution―the only successful slave revolt in the history of the world; the hostility that this rebellion generated among the colonial powers surrounding the island nation; and the intense struggle within Haiti itself to define its newfound freedom and realize its promise.
Dubois vividly depicts the isolation and impoverishment that followed the 1804 uprising. He details how the crushing indemnity imposed by the former French rulers initiated a devastating cycle of debt, while frequent interventions by the United States―including a twenty-year military occupation―further undermined Haiti's independence. At the same time, Dubois shows, the internal debates about what Haiti should do with its hard-won liberty alienated the nation's leaders from the broader population, setting the stage for enduring political conflict. Yet as Dubois demonstrates, the Haitian people have never given up on their struggle for true democracy, creating a powerful culture insistent on autonomy and equality for all.
Revealing what lies behind the familiar moniker of "the poorest nation in the Western Hemisphere," this indispensable book illuminates the foundations on which a new Haiti might yet emerge.
- Print length448 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherMetropolitan Books
- Publication dateJanuary 3, 2012
- Dimensions6.19 x 1.56 x 9.56 inches
- ISBN-100805093354
- ISBN-13978-0805093353
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Editorial Reviews
Review
“Well-written, authoritative history… enriched by careful attention to what Haitian intellectuals have had to say about their country over the last two centuries.” ―The New York Times Book Review
“A sweeping, passionate history of Haiti... Smart, honest, and utterly compelling, this book is the national biography this country and its people deserve.” ―Boston Globe
“A book as welcome as it is timely: a lucid one-volume history of the nation, from Toussaint to the present, anchored in scholarship but rendered as a comprehensive-but-swift narrative for the general reader.” ―The Nation
“This excellent, engaging history seeks to strip away centuries of mocking and reductive bias. Dubois's Haiti is a land of ceaseless activity, a ferment of suppression and insurrection exacerbated by the mercenary intrusions of foreign powers--in the past century, chiefly the United States. Dubois also traces a parallel history of bold social experiments on the part of everyday Haitians… Throughout, he makes clear how economic pressures and political crises have left even the county's better leaders hamstrung, without downplaying their failures in fulfilling Haiti's great promise.” ―The New Yorker
“An admirable chronicle… Reading Haiti: The Aftershocks of History, I was repeatedly struck by the deep and detailed explanations of things that had never quite made sense to me about Haiti. Those ‘aha' moments were some of the most satisfying passages in this engrossing and deeply-researched book.” ―The Miami Herald
“A vigorous, knowledgeable and empathetic account... A pleasure to add to my collection of writings about Haiti.” ―San Francisco Chronicle
“Fascinating… For anyone with even a little interest in Haiti, this book is an essential read.” ―Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
“Very few times have I been able to say that I learned something new about a subject with which I am ostensibly familiar. But this is the case on virtually every page of Laurent Dubois's Haiti: The Aftershocks of History. Dubois, the veritable dean of Haitian studies, has produced that rarest of things: a highly entertaining narrative for the general reader, but one deeply satisfying to the scholar as well. This brilliant book, a compelling and colorful saga of the triumph and tragedy of Haitian revolution and freedom, should be required reading for anyone who wonders from whence the ‘curse on Haiti' really emanated.” ―Henry Louis Gates Jr., The Alphonse Fletcher University Professor, Harvard University
“Laurent Dubois is an impeccable scholar and a master storyteller. Haiti: The Aftershocks of History is the new standard work in English on the astounding panorama of Haitian history, from the seismic events of its founding to the earthquake of 2010.” ―Madison Smartt Bell, author of All Souls' Rising
“Haiti’s history is tragic and noble, worth knowing for its own sake and essential to the country’s future. This book is an admirable synthesis of that history―sensible, comprehensive, and gracefully written.” ―Tracy Kidder, author of Mountains Beyond Mountains
“A masterpiece… For those who, perusing the headlines, sometimes find themselves moved to ask the perennial question ‘Why is Haiti like that?,' Laurent Dubois provides a brilliant and perceptive riposte. Wielding sharp, unsettling anecdotes and a flowing prose style, Dubois plumbs Haiti's rich and singular history--with its unlikely heroes and persuasive demons, its exploiters and its misérables, its compromisers and its intransigents--to teach us important and subtle lessons in revolution, occupation, and liberation. These lessons go well beyond the concerns of Haitianists to encompass the great surge of human history, which may well be bearing us, today, toward another similar age of revolution and upheaval.” ―Amy Wilentz, author of The Rainy Season
About the Author
Laurent Dubois is the author of Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution, a Los Angeles Times Best Book of 2004. The Marcello Lotti Professor of Romance Studies and History at Duke University, Dubois has written on Haiti for the Los Angeles Times, The Nation, and the New Yorker Web site, among other publications, and is the codirector of the Haiti Lab at the Franklin Humanities Institute. He lives in Durham, North Carolina.
Product details
- Publisher : Metropolitan Books; First Edition (January 3, 2012)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 448 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0805093354
- ISBN-13 : 978-0805093353
- Item Weight : 1.49 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.19 x 1.56 x 9.56 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #1,269,945 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- Customer Reviews:
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About the author

Laurent Dubois is Professor of Romance Studies and History and Faculty Director of the Forum for Scholars & Publics at Duke University. His works on the Caribbean in the Age of Revolution include the author of Avengers of the New World (Harvard University Press, 2004) and A Colony of Citizens: Revolution and Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, 1787-1804 (University of North Carolina Press, 2004), which won four book prizes, including the Frederick Douglass Prize. He has also published two collections: Origins of the Black Atlantic, edited with Julius Scott (Routledge Press, 2009) and Slave Revolution in the Caribbean, 1789-1804: A History in Documents, edited with John Garrigus (Bedford Press, 2006). In 2012 he published Haiti: The Aftershocks of History (Metropolitan Books), which was reviewed on the front page of the New York Times Book Review as well as in the Miami Herald, the Boston Globe, and the New Yorker. He recently published The Banjo: America's African Instrument (Harvard University Press 2016), for which he received a National Humanities Center Fellowship and a Guggenheim Fellowship. He also was the recipient of a Mellon New Directions Fellowship to study Ethnomusicology. He has also written about sport in Soccer Empire: The World Cup and the Future of France (University of California Press, 2010), as well as for The New Republic and Sports Illustrated and at his Soccer Politics Blog. His book The Language of the Game: How to Understand Soccer (Basic Books), will be published in March 2018.
For more information visit http://duboisl2.wordpress.com/.
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The worst of all of that is the reason put forward by some famous `development experts' to explain why Haiti is so poor? Haitians, they contend, are lazy, undisciplined and lack the work ethic. In other words, Haitian's culture - defined in terms of "values, attitudes, beliefs, orientations, and underlying assumptions prevalent among the people"[1] - is the primary obstacle that impedes its development. A fair illustration is Lawrence Harrison's book "Underdevelopment is a State of Mind." Harrison's book used parallel case studies to show that in most Latin American countries, culture had been inimical to development. In the case of Haiti, Harrison is blunt. To him, "while [in Haiti] the caste system has clearly been a major obstacle to national integration and progress, a number of values and attitudes shared by the entire society also get in the way of progress."[2] The former USAID expert further contends that Haiti's culture is inherited from West African values, attitudes and institutions, particularly from the Region of Dahomey, known today as Benin. Cultural values such as the Voodoo is so inculcated in Haitian mind that they refuse to look forward but focusing their attention on the ancestral past.
This ethnocentric account regarding Haiti, however, is not new. It has over the times taken different shapes. Victor Cochinat, a visitor from the French colony of Martinique, had painted a similar picture of Haiti at the end of the 19th century. After spending few days in the island, Cochinat came to the conclusion that Haitians were lazy and ashamed of work and this was the reason why they were so poor. He went on to say that Haiti is a farce and a phantasmagoria of civilization. This unsubstantiated claim did not go unchallenged. Our then young eminent intellectual Louis Joseph Janvier offered a sardonic six-hundred-page history of "Haiti and its visitors" in which he asked for a shred of objectify to anyone like Cochinat visiting the country.
In Haiti: The Aftershocks of History, Laurent Dubois sets himself a likewise task. Like Janvier, he writes a four-hundred-thirty-four-page history starting from the nation's independence to the present aftermath of one of the deadliest earthquakes in modern history that struck the country in 2010, killed more than 250,000 people and left millions homeless. He intends to demonstrate that the argument of modern-day Cochinats and other like-minded Haitian-phobic intellectuals are ill-informed speculation. For those who are still wondering why the once richest colony in the world is now the poorest country in the hemisphere, Dubois is straightforward: the true causes of Haiti's precarious conditions shouldn't be a conundrum. Haiti's poverty has nothing to do with any inherent problems on the part of the Haitians themselves. Quite to the contrary, "Haiti's present is the product of its history: of the nation's founding by enslaved people who overthrew their masters and freed themselves; of the hostility that this revolution generated among the colonial powers surrounding the country."[3]
One should bear in mind that for these ancient slaves to build the first independent black nation on earth could not by any means be a smoothly process. For decades, Dubois recalls, France refused to acknowledge Haiti's independence, and both Great Britain and United States followed France's lead. Haiti represented an imminent threat to these countries that wanted to show it is unlikely for a black nation to succeed. And, stubbornly unwilling to re-taste the cruel savor of slavery, Haiti devoted its utmost to defend itself against potential attack. They hence poured lots of monies into building fortifications and maintaining a large army. "Being Haiti," Dubois suggests, "it turned out, was costly."[4] Pressured by France, they finally agreed to pay an incredible amount of indemnity to compensate the slave-owners for their losses, and "by 1898, fully half of Haitian government budget went to paying France and the French banks. By 1914, that proportion had climbed to 80 percent."[5]
Dubois, however, is not a conspiracy theorist. He does not believe that Haiti's predicament stems exclusively from outside. He asserts: "Haiti's current situation is the culmination of a long set of historical choices that date back to its beginning as a French plantation colony. And it is the consequences of the ways that powerful political leaders and institutions, inside and outside of the country, have ignored and suppressed the aspirations of the majority."[6]
And Dubois is not alone. Analyzing the failure of Western pundits to come to grips with the problems of many developing countries, Hernando De Soto argues: "the suggestion that it is culture that explains the success of such diverse places as Japan, Switzerland, and California, and culture again that explains the relative poverty of such equally diverse places as Estonia...[Haiti, I add this], and Baja California, is worse than inhumane; it is unconvincing."[7] And I agree...
For both native Haitians living abroad and foreigners who are interested in having a better picture (not a distorted snapshot) of Haiti, I can't suggest you a better book than Haiti: The Aftershocks of History by Laurent Dubois.
Claude Joseph
[1] See Harrison, L., & Huntington, S. 2000. Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress, p. xv.
[2] See Harrison, L. 1985. Underdevelopment is a State of Mind, p. 84.
[3] Dubois, L., 2012. Haiti: The Aftershock of History, p. 4
[4] p. 5
[5] p. 8
[6] p. 369
[7] De Soto, H. 2000. The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else, p. 4
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I saw the picture of that man in a resplendent uniform with coal black face on a library bookshelf as a boy. It was the cover art that fascinated me and led me to the reading of Toussaint Louverture's biography. The book was part of a series meant for young students. It was the compelling story of a slave who started a nation. That nation's history has always been as compelling. Some would call it tragic or even comic, but there have been instances of triumph and glory.
Laurent Dubois has retold the story in his book, Haiti The Aftershocks of History. There are more romantic books on Haiti. The Serpent and the Rainbow comes to mind with its alternative pharmacology and rural societal persistence. Kenneth Roberts' novel, Lydia Bailey, has an account of the battle of Crête-à-Pierrot that is as inspiring as his description of General Dessalines is menacing. Even Black Bagdad, by the occupying Marine officer, John H. Craige, is a romance of sorts. Of course, a book with the title, Best Nightmare on Earth can only be about a place of chaos and fun.
Yet such books are each only a small part of the story. All too many of my fellow citizens only know of Haiti as the place where the earthquake took place. One would suspect that fewer than one in a thousand realize that the country is our oldest sister republic in the new world. The great value in Mr. Dubois' book is that all the players and actions are there in one volume. The book is not written in a sensationalist style. In listening to his interviews on radio, I thought it would be. Even so, it goes along smoothly, not that he does not show his sympathies. Obviously, he feels Haiti has been done hard by. Any observer would find it difficult to avoid that conclusion.
Laurent Dubois is not new to the subject. A previous book, Avengers of the New World is a history of the Haitian Revolution. He has written other books about the country. His official positions include Marcelo Lotti Professor in Romance Studies and History and Director of the Center for French and Francophone Studies at Duke University. He occasionally dabbles in other subjects. Well, more than dabbles.
Villains abound. First up are the French. On the island of Saint-Domingue, the Gauls set up the most profitable plantation system in the Western Hemisphere, if not the world. They ran it on the backs of Africans, worked so that more had to be constantly imported. Cost control was such that the slaves not only had to toil in the fields for the planter, they had to grow their own food as well.
When the French Revolution broke out, the slaves took the opportunity to end their bondage in alliance with the Republicans. When Napoleon took power he tried to reinstitute slavery. After a valiant resistance, the Haitians merely waited until Nap's army was debilitated and gave it a push and secured their nation.
France was not done. Having lost the war, they demanded an indemnity. Talk about bad taste. Whatever happened to vae victis? Hungry for recognition, Haiti gave in.
Other European powers leaned on Haiti. Germany was stalwart in applying force to get her way. It appears our sister republic could not count on appealing for enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine.
Uncle Sam's hands are not clean. Recognition was refused until the Civil War. We were slow to the game, but played hardball when we got up to bat. In 1914, a warship sent a detachment ashore to seize gold from the Haitian National Bank. American bankers who had made bad loans had the US Government enforce their contracts in the grand tradition of privatizing profits and socializing losses. Then, Marines would occupy the country. We left eventually, achieving little as we usually do in our occupations.
After Duvalier fils' exile and some sub par elections, we came back to make Haiti a better place in 1994, again. We brought some other do gooder nations with us. With all the help the US and the international community had provided, the last thing the country needed was an earthquake.
Haitian governments could meet the definition of a failed state, what with almost a constitution du jour with each new chief executive. That does not mean a failed nation. The Haitian peasant held onto the land won from the French with tenacity unrivalled in history. The country folks on their smallholdings fed themselves and exported coffee. Even the vastly powerful United States left after the Haitians tired of us earlier in the 20th Century.
Mr. Dubois is a fine writer. Aftershocks was difficult to put down. His book is a history and not a polemic. Still, it is hard for a reader to avoid a conclusion. Intervention well meaning or exploitive is colonialism. The world should leave Haiti to its own devices.
They may not build a tourism industry, but why would they want to be our playground? Les Haïtiens may not split the atom any time soon, but neither will the hotshots at the Kennedy School of Government. The message to bankers should be, take your chances and don't expect a bailout. Maybe we should have said that to Morgan and Goldman in 2008.
Let Haiti be Haiti.
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Sadly it did not offer much hope for that poor country.








