Other Sellers on Amazon
+ $3.99 shipping
81% positive over last 12 months
& FREE Shipping
91% positive over last 12 months
Usually ships within 2 to 3 days.
& FREE Shipping
92% positive over last 12 months

Download the free Kindle app and start reading Kindle books instantly on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. Learn more
Read instantly on your browser with Kindle for Web.
Using your mobile phone camera - scan the code below and download the Kindle app.


Half Has Never Been Told Paperback – October 25, 2016
Price | New from | Used from |
Audible Audiobook, Unabridged
"Please retry" |
$0.00
| Free with your Audible trial |
Audio CD, CD, Unabridged
"Please retry" | $35.75 | — |
Enhance your purchase
A groundbreaking history demonstrating that America's economic supremacy was built on the backs of enslaved people
Winner of the 2015 Avery O. Craven Prize from the Organization of American Historians
Winner of the 2015 Sidney Hillman Prize
Americans tend to cast slavery as a pre-modern institution -- the nation's original sin, perhaps, but isolated in time and divorced from America's later success. But to do so robs the millions who suffered in bondage of their full legacy. As historian Edward E. Baptist reveals in The Half Has Never Been Told, the expansion of slavery in the first eight decades after American independence drove the evolution and modernization of the United States. In the span of a single lifetime, the South grew from a narrow coastal strip of worn-out tobacco plantations to a continental cotton empire, and the United States grew into a modern, industrial, and capitalist economy.
Told through the intimate testimonies of survivors of slavery, plantation records, newspapers, as well as the words of politicians and entrepreneurs, The Half Has Never Been Told offers a radical new interpretation of American history.
- Print length560 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherBasic Books
- Publication dateOctober 25, 2016
- Dimensions6 x 1.4 x 9.25 inches
- ISBN-100465049664
- ISBN-13978-0465049660
Books with Buzz
Discover the latest buzz-worthy books, from mysteries and romance to humor and nonfiction. Explore more
Customers who viewed this item also viewed
Editorial Reviews
Review
"Baptist has a knack for explaining complex financial matters in lucid prose.... The Half Has Never Been Told's underlying argument is persuasive."―New York Times Book Review
"The overwhelming power of the stories that Baptist recounts, and the plantation-level statistics he's compiled, give his book the power of truth and revelation."
―Los Angeles Times
"It taught me so much about slavery and how slavery enabled America to become America. Every time I left my house after reading, I saw the world differently. I saw the legacy of human misery underpinning it all."―Jesmyn Ward, author of Sing, Unburied, Sing
"Baptist has a fleet, persuasive take on the materialist underpinnings of the 'peculiar institution.'"―Colson Whitehead, author of The Nickel Boys
"By far the finest account of the deep interplay of the slave trade...and the development of the U.S. economy."―Stephen L. Carter
"You cannot understand the economy of the U.S. - or even of the world -without an understanding of how its development was driven by 19th century slavery. This book gives you that, in a stunningly readable, heartbreaking form. Genius."―Mark Bittman, author of Animal, Vegetable, Junk
“New books like ‘Empire of Cotton’ and ‘The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism’ by Edward Baptist offer gripping and more nuanced stories of economic history.”―Vikas Bajaj, New York Times
"Thoughtful, unsettling.... Baptist turns the long-accepted argument that slavery was economically inefficient on its head, and argues that it was an integral part of America's economic rise."―Daily Beast
“A stinging indictment of slavery.”―NPR Books
“This book provides historical reference for the ways in which the enslavement of people for profit continues to impact and influence today’s institutions. A must-read for everyone who has ever heard the statement, ‘But slavery is over! Why can’t they just get over it?’ or ‘Well, you know white people were slaves, too.’”
―Alicia Garza, The Atlantic
“Digging into the large repository of oral histories from former slaves documented during the Great Depression, the book offers a moving account of suffering and resilience.”―NPR’S Code Switch
"Wonderful.... Baptist provides meticulous, extensive, and comprehensive evidence that capitalism and the wealth it created was absolutely dependent on the forced labor of Africans and African-Americans, downplaying culturalist arguments for Western prosperity."―Nation
"Baptist's real achievement is to ground these financial abstractions in the lives of ordinary people. In vivid passages, he describes the sights, smells and suffering of slavery. He writes about individual families torn apart by global markets. Above all, Baptist sets out to show how America's rise to power is inextricable from the suffering of black slaves."―Salon
“Quite a gripping read. Baptist weaves deftly between analysis of economic data and narrative prose to paint a picture of American slavery that is pretty different from what you may have learned in high school Social Studies class.”―Huffington Post
“A book unusual, even courageous, for its enormous ambition and admirable breadth…Baptist’s book is among the best single-volume studies of the relationship between the expansion of slavery and the political economy of the United States…The Half Has Never Been Told has offered the historical backdrop for the stirring declaration ‘black lives matter.’”―Times Literary Supplement
“While on one level this is a work of persuasive and painstaking economic analysis, The Half Has Never Been Told never loses sight of the people whose commodification ‘shaped every crucial aspect of the economy and politics of the new nation’.”―Race and Class (UK)
“A bold attempt to put slavery at the center of nineteenth-century capitalism.”―The Nation
"The Half Has Never Been Told is a true marvel. Groundbreaking, thoroughly researched, expansive, and provocative it will force scholars of slavery and its aftermath to reconsider long held assumptions about the 'peculiar institution's' relationship to American capitalism and contemporary issues of race and democracy. Engagingly written and bursting with fresh, powerful, and provocative insights, this book deserves to be widely read, discussed, and debated."―Peniel Joseph, Founding Director of the Center for the Study of Race and Democracy at Tufts University, and author of The Sword and the Shield
"This book, quite simply, offers the fullest and most powerful account we have of the evolution of slavery in the United States from the Revolution to the Civil War. Edward Baptist's account is eloquent, humane, passionate, and necessary."―Edward Ayers, President of Richmond University and author of the Bancroft Prize-winning In the Presence of Mine Enemies: Civil War in the Heart of America
"This book reveals a dirty secret about American business and how commerce first boomed before the Civil War. Baptist unearths a big, nasty story: in the North and the South, slavery was the tainted fuel that kindled the fires of U.S. capitalism and made the country grow."―Edward Ball, author of Slaves in the Family
"Edward Baptist's book belongs on the very short shelf of field-defining histories of slavery. It will be read and debated for a long time to come."―Thomas J. Sugrue, author of Sweet Land of Liberty: The Forgotten Struggle for Civil Rights in the North
“Baptist has written an important book that is also indicative of a current trend in historiography that takes a highly critical view of the development of modern capitalism. It is refreshing.”
―Matthew H. Crocker, The Historian
“A prodigious work that stacks up a mountain of documentary evidence.”―American Interest
“Wonderful… Baptist provides meticulous, extensive and comprehensive evidence that capitalism and the wealth it created was absolutely dependent on the forced labor of Africans and African-Americans, downplaying culturalist arguments for Western prosperity.”
―Nation
“In addition to smashing paradigms about antebellum slavery, the book features evocative explorations of how African Americans developed a common culture despite the individual and family devastation inflicted by ‘enslavers.’ In the final chapters, the author offers a useful interpretation of how sectional conflict emerged and intensified after 1840 despite a half-century of shared support for cotton slavery. The book gained wide notice after a hail of mocking tweets forced The Economist to withdraw an anonymous review, but it should gain fame for its trailblazing substance and style.”―Choice
“Baptist makes us see an unpalatable truth: that slavery was a tough central strand of American history and that it was not antithetical to capitalism but rather symbiotic with it. Baptist’s fine book deserves to stand alongside Sven Beckert’s prize-winning Empire of Cotton: AGlobal History; both books indispensably illuminate slavery’s economic significance and its global reach.”
―Virginia Magazine
“[A] vital and enthralling book.”―Socialist Worker
“A stunning indictment of African-American slavery, contextualizing the history of the “peculiar institution” within emerging 19th-century American capitalism…Baptist’s great contribution is in providing general readers with insights into slavery’s horrors and how it transformed the South into the dominant force in the global market and cotton into the most important raw material in the world economy.”―News & Observer
“Baptist’s exhaustively researched, elegantly written and provocatively argued book details the connection between the growth of the institution of human bondage and economic innovations from 1783-1861.”―Providence Journal
“An ambitious and thorough account of how American capitalism was not an innate gift, but rather a system of gradual development, aiming to penetrate all aspects of the American public life. In particular, this fine book anatomizes the relationship between slavery and the creation of American capitalism…Thanks to its comprehensive, chronological approach and its lucid prose, the book is a rich addition to the literature on the economics of slavery and American development. The Half Has Never Been Told is required reading. It is challenging, illuminating, refreshing, and creative…Baptist adds many new, essential elements to the story of capitalism in America. Arguably, his most important contribution is to show how the ‘dismal science’ of economics can be an engine of development and yet a reminder of great and terrible costs that it imposes in the overall story. Now the long unspoken half of the story has been told—and we can only hope that it is heard.”
―H-Law
“Baptist’s prose is simultaneously evocative, gripping…Baptist supports his argument with an array of data…that are informative without being obtrusive or intimidating…This is the book you want to give your friends and relatives who have seen 12 Years a Slave and want to learn more. Like the film, this book will likely horrify them. It is not an easy book to read, but it is a book that needs to be read. It is likely to find its place among rare works of scholarship on slavery that successfully reaches a mass audience and reshapes how a generation of readers thinks about one of America’s most defining institutions.”
―Journal of North Carolina Association of Historians
“A piece of scholarship that will both redefine the study of the ‘peculiar institution’ and shed fresh light on the relationship between slavery and modernity…A fresh, insightful view of slavery as a dynamic and modern social formation. The Half Has Never Been Told will undoubtedly shape debates in the field for many years to come.”
―Register of the Kentucky Historical Society
“[Baptist] presents a detailed case, showing how the American economy benefitted from profits gained by forced labor and financial instruments that enabled investors to profit from slavery.”―Seattle Times
“Edward Baptist has written one of the richest and most provocative accounts of American slavery I have ever read. He so powerfully captures the pain and tragedy of plantation slavery… The author brilliantly draws out the close relationship between plantation slavery in the newly opening territories and states of what was then called the Southwest (Kentucky, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Texas) and the American capitalist explosion of the antebellum years... ‘Slavery permitted unchecked dominance and promised unlimited fulfillment of unrestrained desire,’ Baptist writes, and ‘one cannot understand it without studying both careful calculation and passionate craving.’ This book addresses both with an effectiveness achieved by few other authors.”―Christian Century
“A compelling case for recognising slavery as fundamental to the rise of the United States.”―Guardian Australia
“Baptist’s book fluidly interweaves economic analysis of the slave trade and the production that came from it—principally cotton—with heartbreaking stories of the lives and suffering of the people who were enslaved… The book enlightens the mind and pierces the heart. It should summon our collective will to finally redress the lingering injustices created by this most American institution.”―Labor Notes
“Edward E. Baptist’s The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism is an achievement of the first order… With Baptist’s meticulous research and comprehensive, chronological approach, the other half of the story has now been told, and told very well. The reader is readily engaged in this scholarly treatment of over 400 pages, thanks to Baptist’s narrative style and his skillful interweaving of personal stories from slave and enslaver memoirs and letters with complex political and economic context… Baptist’s depiction of the breakup of families, slave coffles in chains, and relentless field toil is heartbreakingly affective and never allows us to forget that it is ultimately impossible to make property of people… This book on ‘slavery’s second life in the United States’ is highly recommended to those who want to understand the evolution of our African-American heritage and its centrality to the nation’s political and economic history, not to mention the shameful blow to America’s stated ideals.”
―Washington Independent Review of Books
“Edward E. Baptist’s brilliant book, The Half Has Never Been Told, soars because of the author’s decision to root his analysis in the human dimension. The book transcends anything that has previously been written about slavery...In short, Baptist has humanized the lives of American slaves, liberated them from one of the most inhumane systems mankind ever devised. The entire country needs to do the same.”―CounterPunch
“The Half Has Never Been Told amounts to a powerful counternarrative of early American ‘progress.’ It should be valuable, both in and out of classrooms, as a template for remapping readers’ understanding of the young country’s economic development.”
―The Junto
“A…myth-busting work that pursues how the world profited from American slavery…this is a complicated story involving staggering scholarship that adds greatly to our understanding of the history of the United States.”―Kirkus Reviews
“Baptist renders history and economics with the power of prose that seeks to tell a fuller story than has been told of American slavery…An insightful look at U.S. slavery and its controversial role in the much-celebrated story of American capitalism.”―Booklist
“Baptist has written a book that truly deepens and broadens our understanding of slavery… Professional historians and lay readers will pore over this book for years to come. Essential for all readers interested in American history and the history of slavery.”―Library Journal
“An unapologetic, damning, and grisly account of slavery’s foundational place in the emergence of America as a global superpower, balancing the macro lens of statistics and national trends with intimate slave narratives. Delivered in a voice that fluidly incorporates both academic objectivity and coarse language… Baptist’s chronicle exposes the taint of blood in virtually all of the wealth that Americans have inherited from their forebears, making it a rewarding read for anyone interested in U.S.A.’s dark history.”―Publishers Weekly
About the Author
Product details
- Publisher : Basic Books; Reprint edition (October 25, 2016)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 560 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0465049664
- ISBN-13 : 978-0465049660
- Item Weight : 1.24 pounds
- Dimensions : 6 x 1.4 x 9.25 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #22,307 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #79 in African American Demographic Studies (Books)
- #109 in Discrimination & Racism
- #152 in U.S. State & Local History
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

Edward E. Baptist is an associate professor of history at Cornell University. Author of the award-winning Creating an Old South, he grew up in Durham, North Carolina. He lives in Ithaca, New York.
Customer reviews
Customer Reviews, including Product Star Ratings help customers to learn more about the product and decide whether it is the right product for them.
To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we don’t use a simple average. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. It also analyzed reviews to verify trustworthiness.
Learn more how customers reviews work on Amazon
Reviewed in the United States on June 14, 2021
-
Top reviews
Top reviews from the United States
There was a problem filtering reviews right now. Please try again later.
Of course there were books and studies that pointed out the other side and debunked the silly stuff produced by Margaret Mitchell and the official racist propagandists posing as historians -- but they were as hard to find in most American schools when I went to elementary school (1952 - 1960) or high school (1960 - 1964) as union leaders who would praise the Communists who had helped bring some rights to the workers in the mass industries from electrical (near where I lived, the GE Kearny works), Auto (down the street from our home, the BOP GM plant) and of course the steel mills that had helped our parents (both my Mom and Dad were in the World War II Army) defeat the 20th Century version of the "Noble Cause" -- Nazism.
And so it's wonderful that "The Half Has Never Been Told" is now available for readers to dig their way out of the evil mythologies that surrounded the century of Lynch Law, KKK rule, and "Gone With The Wind" nonsense. There were other books available even in those dismal days, of course. Had we had access to the writings of W.E.B. DuBois in Linden New Jersey we could have tried (probably unsuccessfully) to argue with those who cried about the fate of Scarlet O'Hara or pushed us into fighting Communism by traveling 8,000 miles to what had under colonialism been called "Indochina." But it was hard. As the man said in the movie (later), "Free your mind and your ass will follow." But the corollary is that if your mind is enslaved to a set of carefully orchestrated lies about U.S. history, then you have a double challenge: finding the truth and then doing something about it.
"The Half Has Never Been Told" is one of the few books that takes on the challenge of rectifying the silliness of official U.S. History all the way to the mystical roots in the lies about the economics of American slavery. As Baptist demonstrates, using an enormous number of original sources, slavery in the USA was enormously profitable -- and more so every decade between the sad compromises of the Constitution and the onset of the Civil War. Contrary to the economic myths of previous generations, slavery was enormously profitable and grew in profitability throughout the six decades of the 19th Century during which it ruled the American South (and dominated much of the economy of the rest of the country). "Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism" is the apt title here. Without slavery, American capitalism couldn't have invented itself with such power by the middle of the 19th Century. And the power -- economic and political -- because the financial power to purchase the lies that passed as "history" for nearly 100 years.
Baptist weaves the stories of the lives of slaves into his mega-narrative about the political economy of American racism (and capitalism) and then unfolds the narrative into the future, when the slaves had become free. The joining of the two helps make the history more profound. The history of working people has been suppressed for all of "history," so Baptist's narrative is a contribution that goes beyond just the history of the USA. Around here in Chicago, where we have been revitalizing the work of the unions that represent working people (I am a delegate, now retired, in the Chicago Teachers Union, and everyone in our family took part in the Chicago Teachers Strike of 2012), we have to constantly remind one another that the dominant ideas of any generation are the lies that the ruling class tries to make everyone believe as "fact." As I remind my friends, "They [the owners and bosses] will do anything we can't stop them from doing... They've been getting away with that since they forced us to build the pyramids and didn't even say 'Thank You'"...
"The Half Has Never Been Told..." is one of several books in 2014 that helps set the latest distortions of the record straight. Along with Piketty's "Capital" and a handful of other books, it's worth the time (and sleeplessness) required to get through it in detail.
But upon finishing it, you have to wonder. How could anyone as nice as our mothers (and others) believe to the point of tears the racist nonsense pushed by Hollywood (and the publishing industry) in the form of "Gone With The Wind" and the rest of that stuff? So maybe we can alert one another to the next round of lies that will be pushed on us by the preachers, pundits and professors who serve as the propagandists of the current generation of plutocrats. We'll see. Meanwhile, thanks for the research and hard work that went into "The Half Has Never Been Told..."
Noting that the hardest work was done by the slaves who toiled without much ability to tell their narratives during all those years. Now that others are also digging into the facts, it's good that this part if now being told and retold. And it's also time we revised further the odious "heroes" of slavery and the lies that surrounded it, from Thomas Jefferson and Robert E. Lee to the Margaret Mitchells and Walt Disneys (you need to review "Song of the South" and "Old Yeller" if you don't realize this part) of the 20th Century.
The anonymous reviewer in The Economist concluded that “The Half Has Never Been Told” was not objective history, but rather base “advocacy.” In fairness, Baptist uses the afterward to the paperback edition to unapologetically embrace his role as a supporter of the Black Lives Matter movement, to confess his doubts about the “kind of triumphal history that credits the brilliance of white people for the West’s wealth and dominance,” and to “plead guilty” to the belief that black labor was “disproportionately important to the nineteenth-century creation of the modern world economy.”
The author tells the story of American slavery and the supercharged, antebellum industrial cotton complex almost solely from the perspective of enslaved African-Americans, mostly gathered from New Deal era first-person interviews, an undeniably fabulous and important source. And, as The Economist argues, Baptist adopts the language and perspective of an advocate. For instance, in his narrative southern cotton farmers are “enslavers,” Mississippi Delta plantations are “slave labor camps,” John Brown’s accomplices in seizing a Federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry are “warriors,” the recent destruction of inner city Baltimore after the Freddie Gray verdicts “an uprising.” Thus, it seems to me, there is undeniably an undercurrent of contemporary “advocacy” that permeates this book.
But is “The Half Has Never Been Told” good history? I’d say: Yes and No.
The foundation of Baptist’s argument is that “slavery constantly grew, changed, and shaped the modern world,” making the United States rich and powerful in the process. It was the role of African-American slaves, at once “modernizing and modern,” that has never been told. Far from the civilizing, unprofitable, inefficient system of labor it has often been characterized as, slavery was, according to the author, a dynamic and creative engine of economic growth. “For seventy years, southern and northern economic and political elites – and many average white citizens – had cooperated to extract profit and power from the forced movement and exploitation of enslaved people’s bodies and minds,” he writes.
Let me start by highlighting what I think Baptist does well and “gets right” from a political-economic perspective. First, his brings to living-breathing life the agonizing, brutal reality of what our nation did to millions of innocent people of color during the first half of the nineteenth century. Forced marches south to cotton-growing regions in chained coffles, families arbitrarily ripped asunder to pay some improvident master’s debt, the humiliation of being auctioned off at Mospero’s coffee shop in New Orleans along with cattle and other commodities, sexual violations, and, of course, the sadistic brutality of the so-called “whipping machine.” The personal slave stories that Baptist tells are powerful and important. I think that I am a better American for having read them.
Second, I think that the author’s claim that slaves played an outsized role in the growth of the American economy during the antebellum period is irrefutable. In “Empire of Cotton,” Beckert authoritatively presents a simple syllogism that supports Baptist’s central argument: the wealthy western world we live in today was created by the Industrial Revolution; the Industrial Revolution was driven by massive productivity gains in textile manufacturing; cotton was the essential raw ingredient that powered textile manufacturing; the massive and cheap amounts of raw cotton needed to feed those textile plants were supplied overwhelmingly by slave labor in the American South. Therefore, by that tight logic train, African-American slaves literally created the modern world.
Baptist’s description of an early American Republic driven by the muscular and entrepreneurial expansion of slavery is convincing. That expansion, he explains, was driven by a potent cocktail of three necessary ingredients, all of which were supported by the U.S. Federal government to one extent or another. First was providing suitable land for cotton growing. Beginning with the disputed Yazoo claims of the late eighteenth century and culminating in the decisive Treaty of Fort Jackson of 1814 and the Indian Removal Act of 1830, both orchestrated by slaveholder Andrew Jackson, massive new territory was forcefully expropriated by the U.S. government, primarily for cotton farming, some 25 million acres or roughly the size of the state of Kentucky.
Second was tapping capital from outside the region to finance the expansion of plantations. In 1832, Andrew Jackson, that inveterate hater of banks, played a pivotal role by defeating the renewal of the charter of the Second Bank of the United States (BUS), an early version of a central bank. In the wake of its destruction, dozens of new, locally chartered Southern banks were formed, all of them freed from the regulatory constraints of the BUS. These new cotton belt banks effectively securitized slaves, liberally offering bonds that paid 6%-8% yield based on future cotton harvests. New York and Europe gobbled them up, flooding the region with millions of dollars of capital looking to be put to work. Suddenly, a “cotton bubble” formed in the American South and West as easy credit drew thousands of would-be plantation magnates into the region, financing their dreams – which included buying property and slaves – with other people’s money. As difficult as it is to imagine today, one must remember that many ambitious young men moved “west” (Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama) in the early 1830s in pursuit of easy riches the way young people today move to Silicon Valley. Thanks to the actions of the Jackson administration, fecund land was readily available and so too was easy credit. Which brings us to the third leg of the stool: human chattel.
An Act of Congress abolished the international slave trade in 1807. Therefore, finding enough “hands” to make a southwestern cotton plantation work required the development of an extensive domestic slave trade. A certain arbitrage trade system developed, as young enslaved men in the slave-rich states of the tobacco-growing mid-Atlantic, such as Virginia, commanded in New Orleans twice what they were worth locally. A strong young man of 22 might fetch $250 at a slave auction around Richmond in 1835. That same “hand” would draw perhaps $700 at Mospero’s in New Orleans. Thus, a new occupation was born: the slave broker: men who traveled to the Mid-Atlantic, haunting various slave auctions and pro-actively offering to purchase hands from working farms, all with the intent to drive dozens of chattel overland by foot, chained together in coffles, to the lucrative slave markets of the easy credit southwest. Or as the author puts it succinctly and acidly: “So enslaver-generals took land from Indians, enslaver-politicians convinced Congress to let slavery expand, and enslaver-entrepreneurs created new ways to finance and transport and commodify ‘hands’.”
Thus, by the mid-1830s, new cotton plantations were popping up left-and-right; most of them financed on credit and supported by the seemingly insatiable demand of the British factories around Manchester and to a lesser extent those outside of Boston and Providence. The only way to keep up with the demand for raw cotton was torture, Baptist writes. “Using torture, slavery’s entrepreneurs extracted an amount of innovation equal in numerical measure to all the mechanical ingenuity in all the textile mills in the Western world.” That’s a bold claim. And one that likely won’t stand up to the cold and impartial light of economic data.
So how did plantation overseers contrive to expand production? Simple: a new “pushing system.” In short, each slave was responsible for a certain weight quota of cotton picked each day. Moreover, an overseer would stay out in the field with the slaves all day, driving the lead picker to maintain the fastest pace possible. In the words of one plantation slave: “the whip was as important to making cotton grow as sunshine and rain.” Indeed, “Hard forced labor multiplied US cotton production to 130 times its 1800 level by 1860.” And therein lies the bulk of the author’s forceful argument.
Baptist is hell-bent on demonstrating that American slavery was somehow modern and innovative. I suppose that is necessary to support his claim that African-American slaves played a key role in not only growing the American economy, but that they did so in an inimitable, dynamic fashion. Here is where I felt that the author’s arguments fell apart. In Baptist’s own words: “This book argues that a system of torture and measurement, which we might call a technology, helped drive the astonishing increase in cotton-picking productivity that, from 1800 to 1860, supplied the growing factory system of the Western world with raw materials at an ever-lower cost.”
In other words, giving an enslaved person an unreasonably large quota of cotton picking to achieve and then whipping them mercilessly if they fail to deliver is something “we might call a technology”? By this thinking then, the Pharaohs that built the Pyramids were kind of like a pre-modern-Steve-Jobs. I beg to differ. The cotton gin was a technological innovation. The spinning jenny was a technological innovation. The steam engine was a technological innovation. The assembly line was a technological innovation. Intermodal shipping was a technological innovation. Beating another human being to a bloody pulp to make him or her work harder than they could ever imagine is not a technological innovation.
Perhaps the biggest puzzle to solve (or maybe rectify) is the relative efficiency of slave labor. Baptist seems to feel confident that the “slave labor camps” of the American South were the most ruthlessly efficient system of cotton-picking known to man until the advent of automated cotton harvesting machines in the 1930s. But is that true? Data from Beckert’s “Empire of Cotton” would suggest that the answer is an unambiguous “No.” For instance, raw cotton, which traded for $0.11 per pound in 1860 and remained as high as $0.24 in the years during and immediately after the Civil War, but then began to drop precipitously, down to $0.07 per pound by the 1890s, all while global consumption of cotton doubled. If the “whipping machine” of American black slavery was so utterly necessary to feeding the global Industrial Revolution, how can one explain a fifty percent real reduction in the price of cotton while demand doubled in a world without slaves?
And then there is the price of slaves themselves, which admittedly is a touchy subject, even 175 years after the fact. Baptist’s arduous research shows that the average price of a slave in the markets of New Orleans fluctuated from a high of around $1,000 right before the major financial panics of the age (1819, 1837, 1857) and fell to about $450 in the proceeding recessions. What Baptist never adequately explains is why this human chattel was so relatively inexpensive, especially for a commodity whose supply was more or less fixed. Baptist cites a source that says a good “hand” will produce “from 5 to 6 bales weighing 400 lbs.” At a standardized price of $0.15/pound, that means that an average slave costing maybe $600 would return $300 in year one, would break even from an investment perspective in year two, and after that be more or less pure profit. What type of capital investment today would be so attractive? The basic numbers, from a purely capitalistic ROI perspective, suggest that the said “hand” would only have perhaps three good years in the fields. Or perhaps the number had to be normalized for inevitable deaths from disease, overwork or torture (Baptist shows that only a tiny fraction – less than 1% -- were able to escape slavery via the underground railway)? And why didn’t the price of slaves climb more dramatically with the gains from the “pushing” system? By the start of the Civil War, the author writes, slavery’s productivity “was higher than ever – some 700 pounds per enslaved man, woman, and child in the cotton country, twenty-two times the rate of 1790.” He presents a graph that seems to show the “value of cotton output per slave” fluctuating closely with the “average price of slaves,” but how can one explain that productivity growth of twenty-two times with an average slave price increase of only two times? These are the kinds of questions that I wished Baptist spent more time trying to answer. But, in the end, he is a liberal arts historian and not a heartless economist, so perhaps I should give him a pass.
In any event, “The Half Has Never Been Told” is an important book and deserves to be read widely by both a professional and lay audience. That said, if you want to read just one book on the role of cotton and the creation of the modern world, stick with Beckert’s “Empire of Cotton.”
Top reviews from other countries

Baptist fundamentally challenges the bastions of long held slavery orthodoxies and demonstrates how the issues which led slavery to such success not only built modern America but also drove the development of capitalism. Further he cautions, that such practices might still be seen in the world today.
A powerful book and required reading for anyone interested in this topic.




Anyway I'm not great at reviewing books so just make sure you check out some other reviews before buying this. I really do think at least a third could have been edited off and it would have been a much stronger book. There is some great writing in there, and some pretty bloated writing too.