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How the World Became Rich: The Historical Origins of Economic Growth 1st Edition
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Most humans are significantly richer than their ancestors. Humanity gained nearly all of its wealth in the last two centuries. How did this come to pass? How did the world become rich?
Mark Koyama and Jared Rubin dive into the many theories of why modern economic growth happened when and where it did. They discuss recently advanced theories rooted in geography, politics, culture, demography, and colonialism. Pieces of each of these theories help explain key events on the path to modern riches. Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in 18th-century Britain? Why did some European countries, the US, and Japan catch up in the 19th century? Why did it take until the late 20th and 21st centuries for other countries? Why have some still not caught up?
Koyama and Rubin show that the past can provide a guide for how countries can escape poverty. There are certain prerequisites that all successful economies seem to have. But there is also no panacea. A society’s past and its institutions and culture play a key role in shaping how it may – or may not – develop.
- ISBN-101509540237
- ISBN-13978-1509540235
- Edition1st
- PublisherPolity
- Publication dateMay 23, 2022
- LanguageEnglish
- Dimensions6 x 0.9 x 9 inches
- Print length240 pages
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Editorial Reviews
Review
"A vivid and crystal-clear summary of the very large body of research compiled in the past two decades on the most important question in economic history. Well informed, solidly anchored in historical facts and economic analysis, this book is a must for economics students."
―Joel Mokyr, Northwestern University
"In our current moment, when many are worried about the future of growth for the environment and the planet, this thought-provoking book by two leading scholars tells the story of how and why economic growth took off, and how it hugely raised living standards, but also increased inequality and misery on the way. This is a must-read for anybody worried about the future of growth and poverty on our planet."
―Daron Acemoglu, MIT
"[T]imely, consolidated, and refreshingly succinct.... It is likely to be a seminal text for years to come."
―The Economic History Review
About the Author
Jared Rubin is Professor of Economics at Chapman University.
Product details
- Publisher : Polity; 1st edition (May 23, 2022)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 240 pages
- ISBN-10 : 1509540237
- ISBN-13 : 978-1509540235
- Item Weight : 14.4 ounces
- Dimensions : 6 x 0.9 x 9 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #77,533 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #22 in Development & Growth Economics (Books)
- #35 in Economics (Books)
- #186 in Economic History (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
About the authors

Jared Rubin is an economic historian interested in the political and religious economies of the Middle East and Western Europe. His research focuses on historical relationships between political and religious institutions and their role in economic development. His book, Rulers, Religion, and Riches: Why the West Got Rich and the Middle East Did Not (Cambridge University Press, 2017) explores the role that Islam and Christianity played in the long-run “reversal of fortunes” between the economies of the Middle East and Western Europe. Rubin graduated with a Ph.D. in economics from Stanford University in 2007 and a B.A. from the University of Virginia in 2002. He is the Co-Director of Chapman University’s IRES and the former Executive Director and Program Chair of ASREC. His work has appeared in numerous top economics journals.

Mark Koyama is an economic historian at George Mason University. Born and educated in the UK, He obtained his BA in Modern History and Economics from Trinity College, Oxford and his DPhil (Ph.D.) in Economics from Wadham College, Oxford in 2010.
He has taught at the University of Oxford, Brown University, the University of York as well as George Mason and held visiting positions at Stanford University's Hoover Institution. His main research interests lies are in the origins of economic growth and liberalism in Europe and in comparative state development. His research has appeared in numerous leading journals including Economic Journal, International Economic Review, the Journal of Development Economics, the Journal of Law and Economics, Explorations in Economic History and many others. He is on the editorial board of the Journal of Economic History and the Association for the study of Religion, Culture, and Economics (ASREC).
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In reality, Messrs. Koyama and Rubin have done a remarkably good job, in just 225 clearly-argued pages, of sifting through the results of the past few remarkably fruitful decades of research into the relevant economic history and synthesizing concise and coherent models of how first Britain and then the United States became the first nations in history to achieve sustained economic growth, thus making their populations rich beyond anything that their ancestors had ever imagined. More briefly (reflecting the state of existing research) they examine the rise of economic growth first in much of the rest of Europe, then in Japan, the Asian Tiger states, and China. Finally they examine the prospects for the rest of the world, expressing very cautious and tentative optimism.
The reasons for their caution are made clear in the first parts of the book where the authors carefully examine the last two millennia or so of European and Asian history to sort out why, despite some spurts of prosperity and growth, real sustained growth did not come until 19th Century Britain and the U.S.
All in all, for those not already absolutely certain that they "know" the secret to economic growth this is a very valuable and thought-provoking book that summarizes our state of knowledge and makes it clear how much more we have to learn.
What I liked:
In ~200 pages the authors canvas all the relevant arguments touching on why the "West" became far richer than the rest of the world. Admittedly this is a difficult thing to nail down, though recent research has gone a long way to present data and cast away some unsavory myths. The authors don't arrive at any particular answer and the book is more of a survey/critique illuminating existing research and narratives - but this is not a bad thing. I recommend this book to anyone wishing to learn the current state of academic thinking on the subject and the extensive bibliography leaves the reader plenty of options for follow up.
What i disliked:
In a sop to millenial-infiltrated publishers the book was forced to preamble a 10 page apologia lamenting all the many wrongs of capitalism for not making a perfectly equal world where we all live in a lollipop house on gumdrop lane. Moreover, the authors never get off the back foot on that issue and repeatedly apologize for just about every sin committed in the last 500 years. This is as cloying as it is unnecessary - I don't need to be told slavery or child labor is evil, but thanks anyway.
The book also contains a few nuanced glosses to historical episodes - the omission or clarification of which would have strengthened their arguments. For instance in commenting on the diverging perspectives on the place of innovation in early modern Europe vs. China, the authors fail to ascribe the different paths taken to the views of elites on the value of invention. Not only did China invent gunpowder, mechanical clocks, paper money and the printing press (even movable type!), they never sought to push each invention to their logical conclusion, or make them universally accessible, as Europeans tended to do. Clocks remained court curiosities instead of the center of town; printing presses were essentially state secrets and technology dispersal banned. See Landes, "Revolution in Time" for more (one book curiously absent from the biblio). There are several other concerning missteps like this.
The authors also spend too little time reflecting on second wave industrialization in the United States in what seems like an awkward crab-walk to steer clear of controversial issues. According to the authors industrialization of cotton textiles would've proceeded eventually even without slavery. But in defending this claim they point to research showing relatively small changes in cotton prices between the 1810s and 1860s - two totally separate eras in manufacturing. When downplaying the importance of tariffs in protecting early north-east manufacturing they rely on one study on the tin roof industry which hardly overcomes the more common-sensical thesis that tariffs DO protect growing industries in developing economies (witness South Korea - see "Bad Samaritans" by Chang).
Ultimately these analytical nuisances don't detract from this being a worthwhile survey and good introduction to the question and I still recommend.
The world is rich - almost everyone today is better off than royalty of 1800. More work to do but massive poverty reduction to date.
Detailed discussion of how that happened with extensive citations establishing credibility and for further reading.
Very readable. Clearly explained. Causation evaluated thoughtfully.
A great read. Thx.









