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Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism Paperback – September 13, 2016
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The full magnitude of Benedict Anderson’s intellectual achievement is still being appreciated and debated. Imagined Communities remains the most influential book on the origins of nationalism, filling the vacuum that previously existed in the traditions of Western thought. Cited more often than any other single English-language work in the human sciences, it is read around the world in more than thirty translations.
Written with exemplary clarity, this illuminating study traces the emergence of community as an idea to South America, rather than to nineteenth-century Europe. Later, this sense of belonging was formed and reformulated at every level, from high politics to popular culture, through print, literature, maps and museums. Following the rise and conflict of nations and the decline of empires, Anderson draws on examples from South East Asia, Latin America and Europe’s recent past to show how nationalism shaped the modern world.
- Print length256 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherVerso
- Publication dateSeptember 13, 2016
- Dimensions5.5 x 0.75 x 8.26 inches
- ISBN-109781784786755
- ISBN-13978-1784786755
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From the Publisher
Editorial Reviews
Review
—T. J. Clark, London Review of Books
“Anderson’s work stands as an inspiration not only to his students, his readers, and all those whose lives have been affected by his work, but also to all those who reject the false choice between politics and scholar¬ship, and who seek to live accordingly.”
—Nation
“Anderson transformed the study of nationalism … and was renowned not only for his theoretical contributions but also for his detailed examinations of language and power in Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines.”
—New York Times
“Far and away the most influential study of nationalism … As well-versed in novels and poetry as he was in scholarship, Anderson was an eloquent advocate for global culture.”
—Jeet Heer, New Republic
“Everything Anderson wrote was boldly original … He was never content to tell an audience what they wanted to hear.”
—Anthony Reid, Guardian
“This is a book to be owned and read, re-read, and treasured.”
—Academic Library Book Review
“Anderson’s knowledge of a vast range of relevant historical literature is most impressive; his presentation of the gist of it is both masterly and lucid.”
—Edmund Leach, New Statesman
“Everything Anderson wrote was boldly original … He was never content to tell an audience what they wanted to hear.”
—Anthony Reid, Guardian
“A brilliant little book.”
—Neal Ascherson, Observer
“Sparkling, readable, densely packed.”
—Peter Worsley, Guardian
About the Author
Product details
- ASIN : 1784786756
- Publisher : Verso; Revised edition (September 13, 2016)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 256 pages
- ISBN-10 : 9781784786755
- ISBN-13 : 978-1784786755
- Item Weight : 2.31 pounds
- Dimensions : 5.5 x 0.75 x 8.26 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #25,273 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #8 in Nationalism (Books)
- #9 in Colonialism & Post-Colonialism
- #70 in History & Theory of Politics
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

Benedict Anderson is Aaron L. Binenkorp Professor of International Studies Emeritus at Cornell University. He is editor of the journal Indonesia and author of Java in a Time of Revolution, The Spectre of Comparisons: Nationalism, Southeast Asia, and the World and Imagined Communities.
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Learn more how customers reviews work on AmazonCustomers say
Customers find the book highly readable and insightful, with one noting it serves as an excellent introductory text. Moreover, they consider it a foundational text for the study of world nationalisms and appreciate its interesting and compelling argument.
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Customers find the book highly readable and insightful, describing it as a seminal and brilliant work.
"...Firstly, he explores the influence of language, script and mass literacy, with the fall of the old ‘sacred’ languages like Latin and the spread of..." Read more
"...This is an excellent book, well written and documented, with abundant examples and original and convincing theses...." Read more
"...introduction to nationalism and its history, this is an excellent book to start with...." Read more
"...Insightful and brilliant take on the 'anomaly' of nationalism and particularly relevant in the current global geo-political context...." Read more
Customers find the book insightful and thought-provoking, describing it as a foundational text for the study of world nationalisms and a classic of sociology.
"...means of economic and military defined maps, national census that require categorisation of people and the propaganda of antiquities in museums...." Read more
"...Anderson covers abundant historical and emotional evidence to support his theme. For example, what unites millions of diverse individuals?..." Read more
"...Anderson's Imagined Communities is still one of the standard works on nationalism...." Read more
"...This is an excellent book, well written and documented, with abundant examples and original and convincing theses...." Read more
Top reviews from the United States
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- Reviewed in the United States on July 5, 2017The recent rise of nationalism, as reflected by the vitriolic nature of national politics in many countries had inspired me to seek answers in Benjamin Anderson’s seminal work. ‘The Imagined Communities’ was originally published in 1983, and the current revised edition was released in 2006. This is the definitive text on the nationalism. Anderson postulates that nations are a complex, socio-political, and cultural constructs that emerge in the imagining of groups of people. He traces three main, interrelated themes of influence in the imagining of nations.
Firstly, he explores the influence of language, script and mass literacy, with the fall of the old ‘sacred’ languages like Latin and the spread of vernacular language through the advent of ‘print capitalism’ (a happy merger between print technology and capitalism). Secondly, the de-authorization of centripetal power structures, like monarchies and dynasties with divinely vested rule is examined. Finally, the very notion of time are reimagined is flat and continuous.
Benedict Anderson makes his concepts relevant to global citizens by drawing examples from Europe and the former colonies in the Americas and Asia. The independence achieved by the colonies in the Americas were in a different time and had different influences, compared to the fairly recent colonial independence of the South East Asian countries. Being a South East Asian scholar, Anderson lovingly contrasts the colonies of French Indochina and the Dutch East Indies, detailing the influences that caused Indochina to fragment into three separate states (Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia), while the vast and varied island populations of Dutch East Indies to meld with relative harmony into Indonesia. Also explored are the shaping of a nation’s borders and consciousness by its conquerors by means of economic and military defined maps, national census that require categorisation of people and the propaganda of antiquities in museums.
This is a compelling read, albeit a fairly difficult one. Anderson writes mainly in English, but scattered in are words, sentences and paragraphs in innumerable other languages, thus the narration is stunted. Also, the author writes for a more educated audience, as a layperson in the fields of sociology, political science, and history, I struggled with the sometimes unhelpful footnotes and references. Nevertheless, this is a compelling read, and I am happy to note translated to many languages to reach a wider audience.
- Reviewed in the United States on January 10, 2017Anderson highlights the ''imaginary'' part of nationalism. The nation is just a mental construct, and a recent one at that. This can require a shift in mental gears to one who feels devotion to his 'nation' is what makes life significant. And anyone that feels his group is connected to some eternal past/future will be stunned. Anderson covers abundant historical and emotional evidence to support his theme.
For example, what unites millions of diverse individuals? What shared customs confirms their connectedness? Not daily prayers to God, but morning/evening mental unity with all fellow news readers/listeners. -
''The significance of this mass ceremony –Hegel observed that newspapers serve modern man as a substitute for morning prayers –is paradoxical. It is performed in silent privacy, in the lair of the skull.''
How can this isolated, individual action produce unity?
'''Yet each communicant is well aware that the ceremony he performs is being replicated simultaneously by thousands (or millions) of others of whose existence he is confident, yet of whose identity he has not the slightest notion. Furthermore, this ceremony is incessantly repeated at daily or half-daily intervals throughout the calendar. What more vivid figure for the secular, historically clocked, imagined community can be envisioned?'' (33)
Each reader/listener knows exactly the thoughts of all! What connection. What unity!
1 Introduction
2 Cultural Roots
3 The Origins of National Consciousness
4 Creole Pioneers
5 Old Languages, New Models
6 Official Nationalism and Imperialism
7 The Last Wave
8 Patriotism and Racism
9 The Angel of History
10 Census, Map, Museum
11 Memory and Forgetting Travel and Traffic: On the Geo-biography of Imagined Communities
Bibliography
Index
Anderson is not sympathetic to nationalism. From the introduction -
''It is characteristic that even so sympathetic a student of nationalism as Tom Nairn can nonetheless write that: ‘ “Nationalism” is the pathology of modern developmental history, as inescapable as “neurosis” in the individual, with much the same essential ambiguity attaching to it, a similar built-in capacity for descent into dementia, rooted in the dilemmas of helplessness thrust upon most of the world (the equivalent of infantilism for societies) and largely incurable.’'
Wow!
The connection/contrast of nationalism with religion surfaces consistently.
''The nation is imagined as limited because even the largest of them, encompassing perhaps a billion living human beings, has finite, if elastic, boundaries, beyond which lie other nations. No nation imagines itself coterminous with mankind. The most messianic nationalists do not dream of a day when all the members of the human race will join their nation in the way that it was possible, in certain epochs, for, say, Christians to dream of a wholly Christian planet.''
This distinction is crucial for modern nationalism.
''It is imagined as sovereign because the concept was born in an age in which Enlightenment and Revolution were destroying the legitimacy of the divinely-ordained, hierarchical dynastic realm. Coming to maturity at a stage of human history when even the most devout adherents of any universal religion were inescapably confronted with the living pluralism of such religions, and the allomorphism between each faith’s ontological claims and territorial stretch, nations dream of being free, and, if under God, directly so. The gage and emblem of this freedom is the sovereign state.''
Key idea. Nationalism is a recent invention due to the demise of Christendom.
Many other insights. Writing is not always smooth or clear. Sometimes feels like reader is thrown into the middle of a conversation without background. Some subjects seem to continue beyond what is needed. Examples so detailed that idea submerged.
Nevertheless, interesting and eye opening.
(This note added 6/2/18. Recently found the work of Professor Hans Kohn. Spent lifetime of scholarship on Nationalism, history, meaning, impact, etc., etc.. Great!)
Top reviews from other countries
bissan hazemReviewed in Canada on August 5, 20205.0 out of 5 stars Amazing book
This book is amazing. It fill a gap in my knowledge about that crucial part of political science, how nations come to exist. It is well written book and rich in information.
TimothyArcherReviewed in Turkey on June 7, 20245.0 out of 5 stars Excellent book
This is a classic for political science, sociology, and anyone interested in understanding how nations (or really any type of community) is built from scratch.
Amazon CustomerReviewed in Australia on November 2, 20164.0 out of 5 stars Four Stars
Very Good.
Yes book in great condition and arrived earlyReviewed in Singapore on August 23, 20235.0 out of 5 stars Condition of book
Book arrived early and in good condition
AyanReviewed in India on December 11, 20245.0 out of 5 stars Modern day great
Marvelous read... one will keep coming back.








