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Inequality by Design

4.4 4.4 out of 5 stars 15 ratings

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As debate rages over the widening and destructive gap between the rich and the rest of Americans, Claude Fischer and his colleagues present a comprehensive new treatment of inequality in America. They challenge arguments that expanding inequality is the natural, perhaps necessary, accompaniment of economic growth. They refute the claims of the incendiary bestseller The Bell Curve (1994) through a clear, rigorous re-analysis of the very data its authors, Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, used to contend that inherited differences in intelligence explain inequality. Inequality by Design offers a powerful alternative explanation, stressing that economic fortune depends more on social circumstances than on IQ, which is itself a product of society. More critical yet, patterns of inequality must be explained by looking beyond the attributes of individuals to the structure of society. Social policies set the "rules of the game" within which individual abilities and efforts matter. And recent policies have, on the whole, widened the gap between the rich and the rest of Americans since the 1970s.


Not only does the wealth of individuals' parents shape their chances for a good life, so do national policies ranging from labor laws to investments in education to tax deductions. The authors explore the ways that America--the most economically unequal society in the industrialized world--unevenly distributes rewards through regulation of the market, taxes, and government spending. It attacks the myth that inequality fosters economic growth, that reducing economic inequality requires enormous welfare expenditures, and that there is little we can do to alter the extent of inequality. It also attacks the injurious myth of innate racial inequality, presenting powerful evidence that racial differences in achievement are the consequences, not the causes, of social inequality. By refusing to blame inequality on an unchangeable human nature and an inexorable market--an excuse that leads to resignation and passivity--
Inequality by Design shows how we can advance policies that widen opportunity for all.

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Editorial Reviews

From Library Journal

Following in the footsteps of the critical The Bell Curve Wars (LJ 4/15/94) and Measured Lies (LJ 6/1/96), Fischer and his fellow members of the Sociology Department at the University of California, Berkeley, have collaborated to produce a clear and persuasive counter argument to the conclusions of Charles Murray and Richard Herrnstein in The Bell Curve (Free Pr., 1994) that racially related I.Q. scores are the determining factors for explaining the differing economic, social, and intellectual success levels of Americans. Fischer et al. first question the validity of Murray and Herrnstein's statistical results. Then "using history, geography, and economics, [they] show" that such inequalities are rooted in environmental background and circumstances, not the obverse, and that these are shaped by social policy and structure. The authors urge that Americans not scapegoat race but look critically at policy and at a design for society to narrow the gaps between the least and most encouraged in our country. Recommended for academic and lay readers.?Suzanne W. Wood, SUNY Coll. of Technology, Alfred
Copyright 1996 Reed Business Information, Inc.

Review

"Named an Outstanding Book by the Gustavus Meyers Center for the Study of Human Rights in North America for 1998"

"
Inequality by Design's most important findings describe an America deeply stratified by class, an America in which equal opportunity remains only and idle dream...[It] may well after the public discussion...with a shot across the bow of the nation's policymakers." ― Lingua Franca

". . . calmly but devastatingly refutes the view that IQ is the inexorable force behind growing inequality in American society. [This] message deserves wide airing, lest voters and policy makers believe the fatalistic--and false--message that our destiny lies in our genes. . . . The fact that IQ isn't destiny means Americans can't wash their hands of poverty and related social problems by imagining them to be timeless and unchangeable."
---Jonathan Marshall, San Francisco Chronicle

"A clear and persuasive counter argument to the conclusions of Charles Murray and Richard Herrnstein in
The Bell Curve. . . . The authors urge that Americans not scapegoat race but look critically at policy and at a design for society to narrow the gaps between the least and most encouraged in our country." ― Library Journal

Product details

  • Publisher ‏ : ‎ Princeton University Press (July 8, 1996)
  • Language ‏ : ‎ English
  • Hardcover ‏ : ‎ 324 pages
  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0691028990
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0691028996
  • Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 1.5 pounds
  • Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6.5 x 1.25 x 9.75 inches
  • Customer Reviews:
    4.4 4.4 out of 5 stars 15 ratings

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Claude S. Fischer
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Claude S. Fischer is a Sociology Professor at the University of California, Berkeley. He started at Berkeley in 1972 with an undergraduate degree from UCLA and a Ph.D. from Harvard. Most of his early research focused on the social psychology of urban life--how and why rural and urban experiences differ--and on social networks, both topics coming together in "To Dwell Among Friends: Personal Networks in Town and City" (1982). In recent years, he has worked on American social history, beginning with a study of the early telephone's place in social life, "America Calling: A Social History of the Telephone to 1940" (1992). Along the way, Fischer has worked on other topics, including writing a book on inequality with five Berkeley colleagues, "Inequality by Design: Cracking the Bell Curve Myth"(1996). Fischer was also the founding editor of "Contexts," the American Sociological Association's magazine for the general reader, and its executive editor through 2004.

In 2006, Fischer co-authored a social historical book with Michael Hout, "Century of Difference: How America Changed in the Last One Hundred Years" (Russell Sage), which describes the shrinking of old divisions and the widening of new ones among Americans over the twentieth century. In 2010, he published "Made in America: A Social History of American Culture and Character" (University of Chicago Press), which analyzes social and cultural change since the colonial era. And in 2011, he published "Still Connected: Family and Friends in America Since 1970" (Russell Sage), a study, using compilations of survey data, of whether and how Americans' personal ties have changed in the last generation.

Among his awards and honors, Fischer was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society.

1972 Ph.D., Sociology, Harvard University 1970

M.A., Sociology, Harvard University

1968 B.A., Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles

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4.4 out of 5 stars
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  • Reviewed in the United States on January 15, 2019
    Helps to win the water cooler wars in a dispassionate way.
    4 people found this helpful
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  • Reviewed in the United States on December 8, 2016
    This book is a good read and came in great condition!
    3 people found this helpful
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  • Reviewed in the United States on October 7, 2013
    One conservative author, while praising certain aspects of The Bell Curve, nevertheless points out several weaknesses, including The Bell Curve's naive use of statistical correlations. Even some conservatives thus agree with some criticisms raised in this book:

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    "Perhaps the most troubling aspect of The Bell Curve from an intellectual standpoint is its authors' uncritical approach to statistical correlations. One of the first things taught in introductory statistics is that correlation is not causation. It is also one fo the first things forgotten and one of the most widely ignored facts in public policy research. The statistical term "multicollinearity," dealing with spurious correlation, appears only once in this massive book.

    Multicollinearity refers to the fact that many variables are highly correlated with one another, so that it is very easy to believe that a certain result comes from variable A, when in fact it is due to variable Z, with which A happens to be correlated. In real life, innumerable factors go together."

    --Sowell, Thomas. "Ethnicity and IQ" pp70-79 IN: The Bell Curve Wars: Race, Intelligence, and the Future of America. 1996. ed Steven Fraser
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    13 people found this helpful
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  • Reviewed in the United States on July 14, 2020
    As an actual professional in this field of study this is an embarrassment to statistical analysis and academia in general. The Bell Curve is based upon some of the most rigorously tested data ever. Why? Because almost every researcher who was carrying out the studies was trying desperately to disprove what they were finding, only making the methodology better and better and thus the findings more and more concrete. Sorry, there’s some unfortunate truths about intelligence testing that gives people cognitive dissonance and this is an example of pure motivated reasoning in response to that dissonance. Spare yourself the money and time and go read “The Bell Curve” if you haven’t or read it again if you have, it’s an important and accurate book. There’s a reason the APA has verified and supported the findings multiple times, it’s based on very sound science.
    12 people found this helpful
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  • Reviewed in the United States on April 7, 2014
    The author has the "answer" and skews all the facts to their point of view.
    Poor logic, if any at all.
    20 people found this helpful
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  • Reviewed in the United States on January 19, 2000
    This book certainly doesn't live up to its title, and is propelled mostly by the author's egalitarian fantasies, rather than the objective science presented in the Bell Curve.
    73 people found this helpful
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