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Invisible Women: Data Bias in a World Designed for Men Hardcover – March 12, 2019

4.6 4.6 out of 5 stars 11,589 ratings

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#1 International Bestseller
“A rallying cry to fight back.” —Sunday Times (London)
Winner, 2019 Financial Times and McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award
Winner, 2019 Royal Society Science Book Prize

Data is fundamental to the modern world. From economic development, to healthcare, to education and public policy, we rely on numbers to allocate resources and make crucial decisions. But because so much data fails to take into account gender, because it treats men as the default and women as atypical, bias and discrimination are baked into our systems.

And women pay tremendous costs for this bias in time, money, and sometimes with their lives. Celebrated feminist advocate Caroline Criado Perez investigates the shocking root cause of gender inequality and research in
Invisible Women, diving into women’s lives at home, the workplace, the public square, the doctor’s office, and more. Chapters here include:
  • Can Snow-Clearing Be Sexist
  • The Myth of Meritocracy
  • The Henry Higgins Effect
  • One-Size-Fits-Men
  • Yentl Syndrome
  • From Purse to Wallet
  • Women’s Rights Are Human Rights
Perez writes in her preface, “It’s when women are able to step out from the shadows with their voices and their bodies that things start to shift. The gaps close. And so, at heart, Invisible Women is also a call for change. For too long we have positioned women as a deviation from standard humanity and this is why they have been allowed to become invisible. It’s time for a change in perspective. It’s time for women to be seen.”

Built on hundreds of studies in the US, the UK, and around the world, and written with energy, wit, and sparkling intelligence, this is a groundbreaking, unforgettable exposé that will change the way you look at the world.

The Amazon Book Review
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Book recommendations, author interviews, editors' picks, and more. Read it now

Get to know this book


From the Publisher

"Read this book and then tell me the patriarchy is a figment of my imagination."

"Brilliant"—The Economist

"Illuminates tremendous costs for the gender data gap: income, time, women's heath"

"Even with all the progress women have made, Invisible Women proves we still have a long way to go"

"Brilliant... lays out in impressive detail the many ways that human beings are presumed to be male"

"Criado Perez doesn't set out to prove a vast conspiracy; she simply wields data like a laser."

Editorial Reviews

Review

“Read this book and then tell me the patriarchy is a figment of my imagination.”―Jeanette Winterson, The New York Times

“Invisible Women is a game-changer; an uncompromising blitz of facts, sad, mad, bad and funny, making an unanswerable case and doing so brilliantly. … the ambition and scope — and sheer originality — of Invisible Women is huge; no less than the story of what happens when we forget to account for half of humanity. It should be on every policymaker, politician and manager’s shelves.”―The Times (UK)

“Brilliant …
Invisible Women lays out in impressive detail the many ways that human beings are presumed to be male, as well as the wide-reaching effects of this distorted view of humanity.”―Katha Pollitt, The Nation

“The most important book I have ever read.”―
Women You Should Know

“An excellent book packed with practical information of the kind required by those attempting to dismantle the patriarchy.”―
The Irish Times

“As
Invisible Women illuminates, in an almost overwhelming way, communities pay tremendous costs for the gender data gap: costs of income, time, women's health, and sometimes women's lives.”―Bustle

"In clear language, the author builds a strong case for greater inclusion with this thoughtful and surprisingly humorous view of institutional bias and gendered information gaps. While some readers may suggest that equality has arrived and gender no longer matters, this book, which should have wide popular appeal, is a solid corrective to that line of thought."―
Kirkus Reviews

“Even with all the progress women have made in the last few decades,
Invisible Women proves we still have a long way to go. Reading this book—preferably in a comfortably warm room—is the first step.”―PureWow

"An incredible book."―
Roman Mars, "99% Invisible"

“A diligently researched and clearly written exposé.”―
Booklist

“A provocative, vital book.”―
Publishers Weekly

“Feminist campaigner, Caroline Criado-Perez left us gobsmacked with
Invisible Women, an in-depth look at how women are (still) excluded in society.” ―Refinery29 (UK)

“This book is a devastating indictment of institutionalised complacency and a rallying cry to fight back…
Invisible Women should propel women into action.”―Sunday Times (UK)

“Brilliant.”―
The Economist

“There’s a sense of rage simmering beneath the surface of
Invisible Women, every now and then it bubbles up in the text, but the book’s force doesn’t derive from the power of its rhetoric – instead it’s the steady, unrelenting accumulation of evidence, the sheer weight of her argument. … Reading Invisible Women one might experience, as I did, the dizzying sensation that so many of my own stories, so many of my friends’ stories, so many incidents I had experienced as discrete and unrelated – at work, at home, on the streets, in hospital – are in fact interconnected. As women, we are so used to contorting ourselves to fit into men-shaped spaces, we’ve learned to ignore how often it hurts.”―The New Statesman

“A powerful call to bust the myths and bridge the gap.”―
Nature

“Shocking, yet essential, reading.”―
Stylist

“Criado Perez doesn’t set out to prove a vast conspiracy; she simply wields data like a laser, slicing cleanly through the fog of unconscious and unthinking preferences.”―
The Guardian

Invisible Women is an absorbing cornucopia of thought-provoking facts - fascinating, alarming and face-palming in equal measures. Caroline Criado Perez shows up the shortcomings of a world designed for men by men. The consequences of treating men as the default option, or women just as smaller men – if they get considered at all - has wide-reaching implications for everything (and everyone) from snow clearing to seat-belts and many branches of medicine. I shall certainly think of this book next time I have a heart attack, a car crash or just want to go to the toilet at the theatre.”―Georgina Rippon, Professor Emeritus of Cognitive Neuroimaging, Aston University

"A blisteringly good book... never less than eye-opening, and frequently staggering."―
The Bookseller

“The thoroughness of
Invisible Women doesn’t detract from its absolute readability. This is entertaining, scholarly and so very important.”―Adam Rutherford, author of A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived

About the Author

Caroline Criado Perez is a writer, broadcaster, and feminist activist, named Liberty Human Rights Campaigner of the Year and OBE by the Queen. She has a degree in English language and literature from the University of Oxford, and she studied behavioral and feminist economics at the London School of Economics. She lives in London.

Product details

  • Publisher ‏ : ‎ Abrams Press; Later Printing edition (March 12, 2019)
  • Language ‏ : ‎ English
  • Hardcover ‏ : ‎ 272 pages
  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1419729071
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1419729072
  • Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 1.73 pounds
  • Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6.38 x 1.5 x 9.25 inches
  • Customer Reviews:
    4.6 4.6 out of 5 stars 11,589 ratings

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Customer reviews

4.6 out of 5 stars
4.6 out of 5
11,589 global ratings

Customers say

Customers find the book very well written and easy to consume. They also appreciate the research, which is insightful, meticulously sourced, and urgent. Opinions are mixed on the content, with some finding it fascinating and scary, while others say the bias is too much.

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71 customers mention "Research"71 positive0 negative

Customers find the research insightful, with great sources of data. They also say the conclusions are worthy of consideration, and the overall argument is persuasive.

"...I found this book very well written, meticulously footnoted, and very eye-opening even though I was aware of some of the issues already...." Read more

"...Which is why this is a must read. Urgent, fascinating and necessary!" Read more

"...The data and studies are well documented throughout, which helps to prove the author's hypotheses and points...." Read more

"...I flipped through it; it is both informative and infuriating." Read more

36 customers mention "Readability"33 positive3 negative

Customers find the book very well written, detailed, and quick to read. They appreciate the strong, coherent commentary and evidence for the gender data gap. Readers also mention that the book is thoughtfully put together to tell the story of 50% of the population. They say it's arranged with a preface, introduction, six sections, and an afterword.

"...This book is arranged with a preface, introduction, six sections, an afterword, an epilogue specific to Covid-19, and almost 100 pages of endnotes..." Read more

"...Author Caroline Crisdo Perez makes a well-written, easy-to-follow case with unbiased gender data for her arguments that can turn male-unless-..." Read more

"...Great examples, a lil wordy in some areas but a good Women’s History Month read indeed." Read more

"Amazing approachable easy to consume data driven book...." Read more

28 customers mention "Content"19 positive9 negative

Customers are mixed about the content. Some find it fascinating, shocking, and eye-opening. However, others say it has too much author commentary and opinion, and some parts feel repetitive.

"...brilliantly written that it’s funny, and sad, and insightful, and infuriating, and more all at once...." Read more

"...Which is why this is a must read. Urgent, fascinating and necessary!" Read more

"...I flipped through it; it is both informative and infuriating." Read more

"...Insightful, infuriating, and eye opening: I have not looked at the world the same since reading this book." Read more

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Top reviews from the United States

Reviewed in the United States on July 7, 2022
As a woman working in a STEM field, I was already aware of biases, differences in pay, workplace harassment, and more against women in the workplace. I have experienced it myself. But this book brings a much-needed investigation that goes far beyond my anecdotal incidents and really looks at the data (both what exists and what is missing) and the consequences of dismissing half of the world’s population as irrelevant or atypical.

This book is arranged with a preface, introduction, six sections, an afterword, an epilogue specific to Covid-19, and almost 100 pages of endnotes and index. Although the book (sans endnotes and index) is 326 pages long, it is very readable and so brilliantly written that it’s funny, and sad, and insightful, and infuriating, and more all at once. The author brings to light numerous issues that at first glance didn’t really seem to be gender/sex-related at all but after looking at them, they actually are. I think this book would be so helpful for people in many fields, especially in leadership in corporations, government, churches, the medical community, small businesses, and more.

Introduction: The Default Male
The introduction sets up the whole book to show how nearly universally, a default male (body, size, height, weight, shape, behavior, lifestyle, etc.) is used as the default for data, decisions, planning, policies, history, teaching, models, examples, etc. and how this excludes fully 50% of the world’s population’s experiences, bodies, behaviors, needs, and values.

Part 1: Daily Life
In the first chapter, “Can Snow-Clearing be Sexist?”, the author reveals how many activities, like plowing the snow from roads, have been set up based on male norms without consideration of how females have different norms. In the case of clearing the roads and sidewalks for travel and commuting, when women’s needs and patterns were considered, it was found that clearing side roads and sidewalks prior to major roads reduced injuries and accidents and the overall cost of snow conditions compared with the plan which only considered men’s needs and patterns. Chapter two, “Gender Neutral with Urinals”, looks and bathroom usage and compares the usable square footage and time to use restrooms of men’s bathrooms, which can accommodate more men, with the needs of women who cannot use urinals, often have children or elderly to help, and have physical needs which just take longer than men. As such, equal size bathrooms are simply not equitable. And many worldwide women don’t have access to safe facilities at all.

Part 2: The Workplace
Part 2 has 4 chapters. “The Long Friday” refers to a day when 90% of women in Iceland decided to strike so that their contributions, many unpaid, would be recognized. Statistically, women do far more unpaid work like childcare, elder care, shopping, cooking, and cleaning compared with men. These tasks cannot be skipped; they are essential but unpaid. “The Myth of Meritocracy” shows how advancement in the workplace based on merit favors men who don’t have essential unpaid work to do at home and can invest more at work. Furthermore, men’s accomplishments are recognized and rewarded more often even when they are not more merit-worthy than women. “The Henry Higgens Effect” refers to a character in My Fair Lady who wonders why women can’t be more like men, as if the solution is to force women to act like men rather than recognize that half of the population is not male and behaving like a woman is quite appropriate for women. The final chapter in this section is “Being Worth Less than a Shoe” and discusses workplace safety standards and equipment that were developed for men without consideration for the women and their size and physiological differences. “Women have always worked. They have worked unpaid, underpaid, underappreciated, and invisibly, but they have always worked. But the modern workplace does not work for women. From its location, to its hours, to its regulatory standards, it has been designed around the lives of men and it is no longer fit for purpose. The world of work needs a wholesale redesign – if its regulations, of its equipment, of its culture – and this redesign must be led by data on female bodies and female lives. We have to start recognizing that the work women do is not an added extra, a bonus that we could do without: women’s work, paid and unpaid, is the backbone of our society and our economy. It’s about time we started valuing it.” p142.

Part 3: Design
In the section on Design, there are three chapters. “The Plough Hypothesis” looks at cultures where farm equipment, designed for men, allowed men who have significantly more upper body strength and hand grip to become the primary income-generating farmers but in cultures that used hoes, both men and women farmed. Farming practices that favor men aren’t limited to equipment but also impact crop types. Some high-yield varieties increase the time the women had to spend on cooking and preparing the crops and “clean” stoves designed to reduce harmful smoke emissions often increase the effort and time for women to cook and tend to the food. “One-Size-Fits-Men” discusses the issues with equipment, gear, and algorithms designed for an average-sized man and how these ill-fitting products do not properly protect, and sometimes even increase risk because they do not fit properly on women simply because women don’t have the same size, shape, and expression, as an average man. “A Sea of Dudes” shares the difficulties women have getting funding for research and products for women when often men are unaware of the needs of women and don’t value funding products that they themselves don’t need. “Designers may believe they are making products for everyone, but in reality they are mainly making them for men. It’s time to start designing women in.” p191.

Part 4: Going to the Doctor
“When Drugs Don’t Work” looks at the practice of testing drugs and dosages on men without considering how well they work (or don’t work) on women with different hormones and physiology. My mom is only about 85 pounds and I often wonder if the standard male adult dosage is appropriate for her tiny body. “Yentl Syndrome” starts by comparing typical heart attack symptoms in men versus women. Because symptoms in women differ from men, they are often misdiagnosed, sometimes fatally. Male-dominated funding panels impact how research funding is distributed and diseases that impact primarily women are less likely to be funded and studied. Women typically wait longer, take longer to diagnose, are misdiagnosed more often, and are not taken seriously by the medical community.

Part 5: Public Life
“A Costless Resource to Exploit” delves into the deliberate decision to exclude unpaid women’s work (childcare, elder care, cooking, cleaning, household activities, etc.) in the GDP. “It makes sense only if you see women as an added extra, a complicating factor. It doesn’t make sense if you’re talking about half of the human race. It doesn’t make sense if you care about accurate data.” p241. “From Purse to Wallet” looks at tax codes and how they favor men compared with women, particularly in that joint households receive tax credits to the head of the household, typically the man, and women may not have equal access to this money. “Women’s Rights are Human Rights” continues looking at how male-biased policies and gaps in government thinking are harming women. “The data we already have makes it abundantly clear that female politicians are not operating on a level playing field. The system is skewed towards electing men, which means that the system is skewed towards perpetuating the gender data gap in global leadership, with all the attendant negative repercussions for half the world’s population.” p286.

Part 6: When it Goes Wrong
“Who will rebuild” shows that “when things go wrong – war, natural disaster, pandemic – all the usual data gaps we have seen everywhere from urban planning to medical care are magnified and multiplied. But it’s more insidious than the usual problem of simply forgetting to include women. Because if we are reticent to include women’s perspectives and address women’s needs when things are doing well, there’s something about the context of disaster, of chaos, of social breakdown, that makes old prejudices seem more justified. The real reason we exclude women is because we see the rights of 50% of the population as a minority interest.” p290. “It’s Not the Disaster that Kills You” continues by pointing out that during disasters, it is women who are disproportionally negatively impacted. Women face increased domestic violence, trauma, displacement, injury, death, and female-specific injustices during warfare, pandemics, and natural disasters.

The afterword offers some hope when women’s voices are included. Women bring valuable insight into the experiences of half the population and their experiences are good for business, economy, and humanity. The epilogue was added to specifically address the Covid-19 pandemic and, unsurprisingly, the “continual failure to systemically collect and sex-disaggregated data on symptoms, infection rates, and death rates from Covid-19.” p319. And of course, PPE that fit women (like masks) were disproportionally unavailable for the many women in healthcare settings who needed them.

I found this book very well written, meticulously footnoted, and very eye-opening even though I was aware of some of the issues already. I would highly recommend the book to all leaders and all women. Although the author touched on women’s clothing and fashion, I wish she had chewed on it a little more, especially considering how men are able to purchase pants by style, waist size, and inseam whereas rarely are women offered the ability to buy based on measurements and most pants have only one inseam length as if all women are the same shape and height. Women, their bodies, and their needs matter in all areas of life and we should be considered.
134 people found this helpful
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Reviewed in the United States on June 27, 2024
Forget not that women are half of the world's population. We do this at our own peril and yet it continues to happen. Caroline Crisco Perez explains how and why brilliantly. Backed up with one sobering fact after another. In a captivating way but without exagerration. None is needed. The facts are stark. But generally unknown to the world, men and women alike. Which is why this is a must read. Urgent, fascinating and necessary!
Reviewed in the United States on July 21, 2023
Published in 2019, Invisible Women: Data Bias in a World Designed for Men by Caroline Criado Perez tells the story of how women have been underrepresented, or outright missing, from studies and data as far back as data collecting goes. The author's premise is that all of humanity suffers from an inherent yet unintentional bias against women due to this lack of data.

There were some eye-opening parts to this book. The data and studies are well documented throughout, which helps to prove the author's hypotheses and points. Using that data, Perez shares detailed explanations of why the lack of data on women affects decision-making for current and future generations on both micro and macro levels. I also enjoyed that many industries (transportation, technology, healthcare) and countries (Bangladesh, Brazil, UK, Sweden) were noted.

While there were many great elements of the book, naturally, there are things I didn't love. The author got perhaps too biased and let her personal opinions color the data at some points. As a woman who is not a mother, I also felt that Perez did not do a great job of separating "woman" from "mother." I'm sure there's a reason for that, and for the most part, I'd guess that, around the world, most women are mothers. However, it did leave me asking questions about the data surrounding domestic work when women are not mothers. Finally, about halfway through the book, Perez began asking many "what-if" and "what-about" questions where the only solution was "collect more data on women." While the answer is a resounding, "yes, we need more data on women, and we need sex-disaggregated data," how do we get that? What changes are we making in academia, in the field, and globally to collect new or improved data?

I was left without an answer to that question.

Perhaps the point of this book was to shed light on the lack of data on women. However, this book felt a bit like hot-potato: yes, it's a problem, but no one, including the author, is offering tactical solutions to remedy it.

Invisible Women is a must-read, but there's still bias built-in.
12 people found this helpful
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Reviewed in the United States on June 23, 2024
In the world of statistical analyses, a concomitant variable is a measured observation during the course of research that cannot be controlled, but as it changes, the magnitude of that change affects the measured response of the variable being studied. What this means is that if gender is not included in analyses, there is a good chance the final conclusions can be wrong. The convincing premise of the book is how data are fundamental to decision making in the modern world, but when gender is not taken into account, that bias affects the effectiveness of healthcare, education, and public policy when it comes to women’s lives in the workplace, at home, and the public square. It is hard to make sound decisions when thinking and analyses don’t include such a simple-to-observe concomitant variable such as gender. Author Caroline Crisdo Perez makes a well-written, easy-to-follow case with unbiased gender data for her arguments that can turn male-unless-otherwise-indicated conclusions up-side-down and in-side-out.

Top reviews from other countries

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Carmen
5.0 out of 5 stars The guidebook: you need to read this
Reviewed in Canada on December 19, 2023
This book was life changing. If you are a conscious woman you need to read this book- it all makes so much more sense now. Also a great guidebook for understanding everyday evils, and shutting people down who try and play devils advocate when you dare to complain.
2 people found this helpful
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Lopes, V.
5.0 out of 5 stars Otimo
Reviewed in Brazil on February 26, 2024
Livro muito bom, nos faz refletir sobre o mundo ser feito para homens por homens. Muito bem escrito, fácil leitura
Juliet
5.0 out of 5 stars Excellent book- Compelling read
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on May 17, 2024
Hugely informative and eye opening. So much research has gone into this book. nailing so many women's lived experience.
Julia Belgraves
5.0 out of 5 stars Good book
Reviewed in Germany on June 18, 2024
Still in it but really enjoying the truth of the world of women. We are still making a way for us, and it’s great timing. Women is, am and are power, magic. And life creator, and we do understand men is wanted for adding value too.
Isabel
5.0 out of 5 stars Ótimo
Reviewed in Spain on March 27, 2024
Produto chegou rápido e em excelente estado de conservação. Livro novo.