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Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam Paperback – March 31, 2003
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The late twentieth century has witnessed the emergence of an unexpected and extraordinary phenomenon: Islamist political movements. Beginning in the early 1970s, militants revolted against the regimes in power throughout the Muslim world and exacerbated political conflicts everywhere. Their jihad, or “Holy Struggle,” aimed to establish a global Islamic state based solely on a strict interpretation of the Koran. Religious ideology proved a cohesive force, gathering followers ranging from students and the young urban poor to middle-class professionals.
After an initial triumph with the Islamic revolution in Iran, the movement waged jihad against the USSR in Afghanistan, proclaiming for the first time a doctrine of extreme violence. By the end of the 1990s, the failure to seize political power elsewhere led to a split: movement moderates developed new concepts of “Muslim democracy” while extremists resorted to large-scale terrorist attacks around the world.
Jihad is the first extensive, in-depth attempt to follow the history and geography of this disturbing political-religious phenomenon. Fluent in Arabic, Gilles Kepel has traveled throughout the Muslim world gathering documents, interviews, and archival materials inaccessible to most scholars, in order to give us a comprehensive understanding of the scope of Islamist movements, their past, and their present. As we confront the threat of terrorism to our lives and liberties, Kepel helps us make sense of the ominous reality of jihad today.
- Print length464 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherBelknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press
- Publication dateMarch 31, 2003
- Dimensions6.12 x 1.25 x 9.25 inches
- ISBN-100674010906
- ISBN-13978-0674010901
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Editorial Reviews
Review
“An early and most perceptive student of [Islamism] was Gilles Kepel, a French political scientist who has traveled widely through the Muslim world and has written about fundamentalism in both the East and the West. He is also the best-known commentator on Islamic affairs on French television, and he has advised international leaders at the Davos conferences. In short, Kepel is not only a leading scholar but also a man of the world… [Jihad] is probably the best introduction to Islamism currently available.”―Walter Laqueur, The Atlantic
“Islam’s radical politicalization had peaked long before September 11th…[Kepel] argues provocatively in a landmark book. So devastating and unexpected was the September 11th attack on America that many people concluded that Islamic extremism had become a threat of monstrous and mushrooming proportions. That idea is deftly countered in this brilliant and provocative book by a leading French specialist on modern Islam. Gilles Kepel argues that the attack can only be understood in the light of the rise and fall of political Islam, or Islamism as he calls it, over the past quarter-century.”―The Economist
“The French scholar Gilles Kepel, who documents the failure of political Islam in [this] excellent book…makes a comparison to communism. It was in the 1960s, after communism had lost any possible appeal to ordinary people―after the revelations about Stalin’s brutality, after the invasion of Hungary, as its economic model was decaying―that communist radicals turned to terror. They became members of the Red Brigades, the Stern Gang, the Naxalites, the Shining Path. Having given up on winning the hearts of people, they hoped that violence would intimidate people into fearing them. That is where radical political Islam is today.”―Fareed Zakaria, Newsweek
“In Jihad Gilles Kepel offers a masterly display of scholarship that describes how a radical idea spread through large segments of the Islamic world in the 1970s and 1980s… Mr. Kepel leads us on a breathtaking excursion. He trails the Islamist movements that have traversed Europe in recent years, founding radical communities in France, Britain, Germany and Belgium.”―Adrian Karatnycky, Wall Street Journal
“[Kepel] is one of the world’s leading experts on the Islamic resurgence: [He] began doing fieldwork among fundamentalists in the Middle East in the 1970s, and he has remained attuned to their world ever since. Only a handful of scholars can command as much authority, and none of these is as bold as Kepel… Kepel’s willingness to investigate the entire Muslim world in a single volume helps us greatly in our attempt to understand al Qaeda, whose tentacles extend into almost every Islamic country. The combination of scope and expertise puts this book in a league of its own. Kepel grounds his argument in a sophisticated analysis of inter-Muslim relations. Given all the stale talk of a clash of civilizations, there is a freshness to Kepel’s focus on the international Muslim debate. We have never been sufficiently aware that the primary architects of the Islamic revolt against the West have regarded their struggle as a tool for gaining power over fellow Muslims.”―Michael Scott Doran, Washington Post
“Jihad…will be a welcome respite for anyone who fears the fury associated with militant Islam. Despite the terrorist attacks of September 11 and the Palestinian suicide bombings in Israel, Gilles Kepel argues that the trend is, in fact, now on its last legs. The violence is merely a reflection of the movement’s failure, not its success… [Kepel] comes to this conclusion in a thoughtful and expansive chronicle of the contemporary Islamist movement from Cairo to Kabul, from Kuala Lumpur all the way to ‘Londonistan’… [This book] is a compelling read that makes an appealing case.”―Robin Wright, New York Times Book Review
“Gilles Kepel’s Jihad…makes an ideal companion to morning newspapers filled with frustratingly context-free briefs from the war on terrorism… This is a decidedly grounded book; it’s political in the most elemental sense of the word. Although Kepel clearly believes in the Western ideal of civil society, he puts himself in the place of ordinary Muslims in the nations he writes about, rather than viewing their problems from a Western perspective.”―Laura Miller, Salon
“A veritable deluge of books has appeared in bookstores since Sept. 11, 2001, purporting to lay bare the background of militant Islam. Perhaps the most definitive is Gilles Kepel’s Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Kepel is well-placed to tell its story given his extensive travels in the very places where militant Islam was born and nurtured. He has used that experience to craft a compelling account of the movements that make it up… Kepel’s survey of that world is a remarkably useful tool in placing in context the various groups that appear in our newspapers but remain little more than shadowy cells with vague agendas.”―Steven Martinovich, Fort Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel
“The author of several influential books on Islam, [Gilles Kepel has] spent the last five years writing Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. September 11 gave him a new framework, but he sees that event in a way that will surprise (and please) many who have lately been trying to comprehend the meaning of Islamic politics… An usual commentator on recent events, Professor Kepel is a messenger carrying good news.”―Robert Fulford, Toronto National and Financial Post
“We hear more about Muslim extremists than ever before, but Kepel argues that the terrorism seen today throughout the world results from the failure of Islamic fundamentalism and not its success… Fascinating despite its copious detail, Kepel’s history has a wider focus than Ahmed Rashid’s Jihad and more analytical depth than Robin Wright’s Sacred Rage. The first in-depth history of political Islam appropriate for newcomers to Islamic history.”―John Green, Booklist
“Kepel’s timely volume is the first in-depth attempt to follow the history and geography of this political–religious phenomenon… Kepel concludes that the movement will have great difficulty reversing its decline in the 21st century. Written lucidly, this excellent study fills a gap in the literature.”―S. Ayubi, Choice
“[T]here are few comprehensive and analytically sound books in the Euro-American world that explain the recent ascendance of militant Islam to the Western audience. This book by Kepel, a professor at the Institute for Political Studies in Paris and a leading European specialist on contemporary Islamic movements, is a welcome addition to the growing literature on this topic. Meticulously researched and written in a jargon-free narrative style, the book covers the trials and tribulations of political Islam throughout the world… A standout in the field of current books, this is a sophisticated and timely work that places the events of September 11 in historical and sociopolitical context and sheds greater light on the influence of Osama bin Laden and his movement. Highly recommended.”―Nader Entessar, Library Journal
“Kepel clearly traces the rise of the contemporary Islamist movement from its origins in the mid-20th century through its later appearance in countries such as Malaysia, Algeria and Turkey, as well as in Western Europe… Amid the plethora of books on Islam released since September 11, this work stands out, both for its erudition and its provocative thesis.”―Publishers Weekly
“This is a landmark book, a work of breadth and scope and scholarship, and genuine imaginative powers. It should be the standard source on political Islam.”―Fouad Ajami, author of Dream Palace of the Arabs: A Generation’s Odyssey
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- Publisher : Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press; Unstated edition (March 31, 2003)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 464 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0674010906
- ISBN-13 : 978-0674010901
- Item Weight : 1.16 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.12 x 1.25 x 9.25 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #2,239,051 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #576 in Regional Geography
- #2,960 in Middle Eastern Politics
- #3,352 in History of Civilization & Culture
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It is truly appalling, in fact. There is absolutely nothing to suggest that the conclusions Keppel drew in this tome jibe with the reality, and if the man had done any reading whatever in the history of Islamic terror, which actually dates back to the time of Mohammed, one has to wonder what he did with that knowledge.
The fact is, for example, that something on the order of 15 to 20 million persons were massacred in cold blood during the 500-year reign of Islamic terror on the Indian subcontinent alone! That reign of terror began in the 8th century, and continues to this day, wherein Pakistan, Muslims routinely murder Christians and anyone perceived as an "apostate" with wild abandon, and no legal ramifications whatever. This is what we have to fear, and it is not only the radicals who are promoting such behavior. This is the heart of Islam, which at its core, hates anyone and everyone who is not Islamic, or Muslim.
Tant pis (the worse for us) that Kepel is such an educated dummy.
Jihad is not political, militant, radical, extremist or anything other than the pinnacle of Islam.
Islam must reign supreme over all other religions and laws.
Qur’an 9:29 Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, of the People of the Book, until they pay the Jizya with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued.
The phrase la ilaha illa allah in the Qur’an: in Mecca 37:35, 38:4-10 and Medina 47:19.
In these it means religious war for supremacy against all disbelievers.
Qur’an 47:19 Muhammad So know that La ilaha illallah, there is no god except Allah.
Maududi says: This was at the time of the battle of Badr. It is also entitled al-Qital, the Fighting, because it gives the firm command for Jihad, and its theme is to prepare the Muslims for war against disbelievers and to give them instructions about those who kill and those who are killed:
Qur’an 9: 111 Verily, Allah has purchased of the believers their lives and their properties for (the price) that theirs shall be the Paradise. They fight in Allah's cause, so they kill and are killed.
Top reviews from other countries
Chapters include fairly basic historical overviews of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and its clash with Nassers oppressive policies. The influence of Sayed Qutb and more critically the intellectual issues he left unresolved are very interesting reading, since much of Jihadi ideology is a continuation of his intellectual theories. The influence of Ayatollah Khomeini and the effects of the Iranian revolution is likewise highly relevant to an understanding of the political changes of the last 30 years.
Where Kepels book is of great use is in giving relatively brief but helpful insights into the different paths of Islamists from countries such as Pakistan, Sudan, Iran and Saudi Arabia and how and why they have evolved in the way they have.
What the book lacks is an analysis of the Wests role in assisting these Islamists come to power, their relations ( with the exception of the USA assisting the Anti Soviet Afghan Jihad ). Also important are the effects of Israel on Middle Eastern politics, which is notable for its absence, and the title Jihad does not really match up with the content of the book which makes few references to why there are Jihadist ideologies abound today. Indeed there is barely a single reference to the Quran which is also surprising, since must Western vitriol is vented at passages in the Quran, whilst much Jihadi ideology of the extreme fringe often refers to similarly lesser known scripts. The first Sura of the Quran - the Cow- also the longest Sura refers to Christians, Jews and Sabians as all people of God, who if good will receive their rewards from God. indeed that all share the same God. It refers to exterminating Polytheists in the context of being persecuted by them, and therefore needing to take extreme measures. However in the first Sura alone is repeated the refrain to not overstep the mark in such matters, and there is a clear reference to not taking ones own life.
Finally another shortcoming I feel is the lack of reference to the effects of the collapse of the Soviet Union on the Political landscape of the Middle East, which after all underlied much Western thinking in backing Islam as an anti-Soviet bulwark in the first place.
Where the book is very good is in definitions of recent Islamic developments. A definition of Takfirists - those who are self-appointed excommunicators of other groups of Muslims is helpfully explained, and all throughout the sociological dimensions of political inequality and class differences of the various countries under scrutiny are highly revealing. Al Qaeda and OBL also have an interesting chapter dedicated them.
I would say this is a serious book on an issue which has been treated with appalling crassness by rabble rousing writers ( and book reviewers! in recent years, and though a little dated, will give a serious reader of recent political history, many useful insights into the tumultuous changes of the Post Soviet Middle East.
His final analysis is that Islamism is disfigured and discredited by the extreme violence that has been perpetrated in its name. The Islamic Revolution of Iran is cited as a case in point. He refers to many Islamists who are looking towards a parliamentary democracy as a more 'Islamic' mode of governance, than the centuries of endured dictatorship. With the failed nationalist models of the 60's, and in Kepels view, the discredited radical Islam beyond that, it may very well be that a Post-Islamic era will indeed usher in an era of moderating Islamic reforms.
The ideological movement began to grow when one of its key exponents, Sayyed Qutb, was hanged in Egypt on August 29th 1966. Although the execution of the Muslim Brotherhood's most important thinker was soon forgotten, by the end of the next decade his writings had become a potent force in Egypt and elsewhere. This rise came along with one of the key events in modern Middle Eastern history: the Saudi oil-embargo of the West following the 1973 Arab-Israeli war.
With the price of oil rising rapidly giving the Saudis colossal revenues, the puritanical Wahabbi state set about spreading its influence, building thousands of mosques and distributing thousands of free copies of the Koran. From the rice fields of Indonesia, to the plains of Africa to the high rise housing projects of European cities, the same Korans and the same cassettes were available from one end of the Islamic world to the other.
Along with the Saudi rise were the teachings of several other ideologues in key geographical locations: Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran, Mawlani Mawdudi in Pakistan and the popular figure in Malaysia, Anwar Ibrahim.
Kepel deftly shows how the ideologues' disciples went about changing societies, implying interesting insights about the Muslim mindset along the way. The strongest parts of this book are the descriptions of the inner-workings of the Muslim states, as the leaders devised a precarious game establishing councils of clerics (ulema), in a bid for credibility, but also to keep a close eye on them seeing as the first threat to any regime would come from the religious councils (keep your friends close and your enemies closer?). Also of central importance to the Islamists are the universities ; always targeted for the purposes of controlling consensus and eventually public opinion (something we in the West would do well to pay closer attention to).
Extracting and looking at Political Islamism in isolation (of the theological aspects) allows Kepel to get on with charting the relationships between the radicals, the populous and leaderships. This is, in essence, a kind of sociological macro and micro-economic look at radical Islam; no small feat, but Kepel pulls this off coolly and convincingly. For this alone the book merits serious study.
But there are downsides and they are numerous. These downsides are Kepel's spin on many areas and his overall conclusions. Quite amazingly, they would appear to be because they are outside Kepel's immediate sphere of study. I wasn't able to think of a better reason to explain this contrast.
The central thesis of Political Islam's demise, after an initial surge, looks more and more implausible with each emerging story of al Qaeda's expansion; whether to Yemen, or through Central Africa, Pakistan to Central Asia and Western China. The recent coup in Kyrgyzstan leading to fertile ground for the likes of al Qaeda to flourish (if they hadn't actually created the unrest in the first place); then there's his descriptions of Turkey, or with the ailing health of Egypt's dictator Hosni Mubarak, it's time to re-read our books about the '56 Suez war to know how valuable a target that country will be.
And Iran is another chapter altogether...
There are lesser errors as well. Kepel describes Hezbollah, the Iranian terrorist proxy in Lebanon, as 'almost a charity now'. The 2006 Israel/Hezbollah war put such baseless assessments to rest. Former Pakistani leader General Pervez Musharaf is labelled 'progressive', which Ahmed Rashid convincingly contests and a whole lot more.
But the single biggest howler must be awarded to Kepel's patronage and idolising of Tariq Ramadan , a young Muslim 'intellectual' who has long been exposed for saying one thing in French (or English) and quite another in Arabic. Banned from the US for having ties to terror organisations, he is also the grandson of the Muslim Brotherhood founder, Hassan al-Banna. From all accounts, it seems Ramadan's ultimate aims are no different to his ideological and biological predecessor.
Kepel believes Ramadan's carefully crafted writings and hails him as the leader of this 'emerging post-Islamist movement'.
Despite the wildly varying quality of Kepel's writing, the strengths of his research merit a read and do contribute, if you can get passed the insultingly baseless analysis.
As other reviewers have noted this is not an introduction. This is a book more suited to those with a basic knowledge of Islam, and a good grounding in the history of the regions and terrorist groups.
Jan Opsal, Professor
The book would also have been more enjoyable if amazon paid taxes properly in the UK.



