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The Last Human: A Guide to Twenty-Two Species of Extinct Humans Hardcover – Illustrated, June 28, 2007
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"This unusual book draws on three-dimensional recreations to bring to life 22 of our long-vanished ancestors. . . . Convey(s) both scientific information and the sense that these were once thinking, feeling creatures."—Scientific American
"Although the art is spectacular—reason enough to spend a lot of time with this book—its triumph is science."—Nan Crystal Arens, American Paleontologist
This book tells the story of human evolution, the epic of Homo sapiens and its colorful precursors and relatives. The story begins in Africa, six to seven million years ago, and encompasses twenty known human species, of which Homo sapiens is the sole survivor. Illustrated with spectacular, three-dimensional scientific reconstructions portrayed in their natural habitat developed by a team of physical anthropologists at the American Museum of Natural History and in concert with experts from around the world, the book is both a guide to extinct human species and an astonishing hominid family photo album. The Last Human presents a comprehensive account of each species with information on its emergence, chronology, geographic range, classification, physiology, lifestyle, habitat, environment, cultural achievements, co-existing species, and possible reasons for extinction. Also included are summaries of fossil discoveries, controversies, and publications. What emerges from the fossil story is a new understanding of Homo sapiens. No longer credible is the notion that our species is the end product of a single lineage, improved over generations by natural selection. Rather, the fossil record shows, we are a species with widely varied precursors, and our family tree is characterized by many branchings and repeated extinctions.
- Print length256 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherYale University Press
- Publication dateJune 28, 2007
- Dimensions10.72 x 8.44 x 0.77 inches
- ISBN-100300100477
- ISBN-13978-0300100471
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Product details
- Publisher : Yale University Press; First Edition (June 28, 2007)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 256 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0300100477
- ISBN-13 : 978-0300100471
- Item Weight : 2.7 pounds
- Dimensions : 10.72 x 8.44 x 0.77 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #1,065,583 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #339 in Physical Anthropology (Books)
- #775 in Geology (Books)
- #1,407 in Anatomy (Books)
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About the authors

Ian Tattersall, a Curator Emeritus at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, is a paleoanthropologist and primate biologist of long experience. He has conducted fieldwork in places as diverse as Yemen, Vietnam, and Madagascar; and, besides being a prolific contributor to the technical literature, he has curated exhibits and written widely for the public on topics ranging from the natural history of wine, beer and spirits to the evolution of humankind and the origin of our unique human consciousness. His critically acclaimed popular books have been translated into a dozen languages, and include most recently "Understanding Race" and "Distilled: A Natural History of Spirits" (both with his colleague Rob De Salle), and "Understanding Human Evolution."

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Learn more how customers reviews work on AmazonReviewed in the United States on September 6, 2007
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But - contrary to other reviewers - I don't think it's a good introductory text. it's basically well written and minimizes technical jargon, but if you are not familiar with the field you would get more from it and appreciate it even more from reading an introductory book(s) first. (E.g. a true introductory text like Smithsonian Intimate Guide to Human Origins by Carl Zimmer or slightly more advanced books by Chris Stringer or Ian Tattersall)
One reviewer called it A Hominid Family Photo Album - which is very apt - as it' subtitle says "A Guide to Twenty-Two Species of Extinct Humans". It's mostly presentations of the collective species - not about individual fossils but a generalization of the species as a whole.
The best part are the reconstructions - IMHO - the best out there. They are artistically and realistically portrayed - but most importantly, they don't over-humanize the soft features of the species before homo-erectus (a problem with other recent artistic representations). The author's credit Ian Tattersall with guiding their reconstructions, and it shows. They also include some interesting information about their reconstruction process and the history of representations of hominids. The reader should be aware that each of these reconstructions are based on the best current information possible, but still involve inferences and speculation. And the earliest species are very speculative (and the book should really make this point more apparent).
The book has a brief summary of basic facts about the species. The descriptions of the scientific data available on the different species was a good synopsis of the species bones, age, environment, possible diet and anything else that might be known.
But for me the greatest and under appreciated aspect of the book is that it gives a fairly objective evaluation of species and fossils status and what can reliably inferred from fossils and other evidence - and where some scientists are making weakly substantiated inferences or outright speculations. I don't think it's possible to find a better summary and it will give a serious student insight to the field. This book is full of such gems.
Creationist might jump at this because it exposes the uncertainty in the field, but the truth is - the field is far from set. It's in the process of unfolding - true of most sciences, but especially true of human origins which has only recently been able to locate and focus on the right locations of fossils in the right time periods. It's better that this information has been made accessible to us so we have a true picture of this interesting field.
You will find very little about evolutionary processes, genetics, determining age or related information and nothing about the field processes or fossil analysis but this doesn't appear to be the intent of the book - and a reader would benefit from other books more focused on those areas.
There is almost nothing about individual fossils or details about the collecting areas - beyond what is summarized for the species as a whole. But given the summary intent of the book, I am not certain this is necessary. Readers should just be aware that they will have to find that information elsewhere.
To the authors - Very good job. But as good as it is, the book can be significantly improved. Ralph D. Hermansen's review makes several valuable suggestion which I heartly endorse. In addition I would note that the book shows very few fossils - 15 total, mostly skulls and only one skeleton and could benefit from more. There is little about potential lineages and very little on interspecies comparisons and about the development of bipedalism and its relationship to the evolution of Hominids. Also I would have liked to know which specific fossils the reconstruction are based on and what assumptions and deductions/inductions did they make to develop the reconstructions. All of this would support the central purpose of the book, and I believe make it more beneficial.
Finally I join other reviewers who are not that enthusiastic about the little vignettes at the first of each chapter. Intriguing idea to give the reader insight into the lives of the hominids, but in executing them - less fantasy and more science might be better.
In seven broad chapters, human evoluton is traced from ca. 7 million y/a (Sahalenthropus tchadensis) to H. sapiens (about 200,000 y/a). Each chapter includes several species, described in great detail: skull, teeth and diet; skeleton, gait and posture; fossil sites and possible range; age (of when these species lived); tools; gender differences; animals and habitats (the flora and fauna common to the time and geographic location); climate; classification (details of how the species is similar to or different from other species) and historical notes.
Each chapter begins with a narrative of one of the species discussed in the chapter, which initally I didn't care for (I prefer my non-fiction to focus on exclusively the facts). However, after reading several chapters and thinking on it, these brief narratives work: they give context to these distant ancestors and help provide some understanding of their world, their social interactions and a little of what they may have thought. In this respect, it is very reminiscent of The Seven Daughters of Eve and it works for similar reasons.
The anthropological details of species identification were of less interest to me than the inferences about diet, range and historical notes. While there remains much work to be done in this field (it is much more wide open than I had previously imagined), it is remarkable at how well supported the theories and ideas about our distant ancestors are scientifically. Special kudos are in order for the frequency and balance given opposing ideas about classification. In this regard, the historical notes were particularly fascinating. The science behind the book notwithstanding, the artistic reconstruction of these now extinct species is also remarkable. How these reconstructions are created are discussed in the appendix, which in and of itself is interesting.
While this is a realtively specialized book, the technical jargon isn't obtuse, and the explanations behind the science are clear. It was a captivating read. Recommended.
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The authors are very cautious about making conclusions or claims about the accuracy of different species, which is again, admirable. But it also leads to a very conservative repetition of "this might not be right". Yes, we get that. What would have been very nice to see would be a proposed diagram of human evolution with all of the 22 species listed. A family tree as it were (or family bush). Instead, the reader has to piece together the history of different finds in different areas of the world.
The authors do include a brief, two-page fictional story to go along with each species. Some of these are quite interesting, relating to the specific story of the bones found for that species (e.g., how a shattered leg may have happened). Others are more arbitrary and thus less interesting.
Finally, the images produced for each species are fascinating to look at, and very well done. I would have liked to have seen more and better pictures of the various skulls and skeletons of the 22 species, but seeing their faces done properly was very interesting. So this book can be a little dry at times, but it is up-to-date in its information (including info about the "Hobbits") and the artwork is generally fantastic.






