When society faces a serious threat to public health, there are four main ways to address it:
1) Rely on public education to try to change behavior.
2) Punish individual bad actors, such as drunk drivers or spouse abusers, by stepping up enforcement and tightening penalties.
3) Use government regulation to change the environment so conducive to the harm, such as a ban on smoking in indoor public places or a ban on 2-for-1 happy hours.
4) Adopt a combination of the three. With drunk driving and smoking, there was a combination approach.
The main barrier to effectively addressing threats to public health comes from the industries largely responsible for causing the problem. The alcohol industry fought tenaciously against laws to lower the legal limit for DUI, and they strongly resist tax increases. Big Tobacco delayed regulations of smoking for decades after the evidence came out linking cigarette use to cancer and heart disease.
The same scenario played out during the last 100 years with the powerful lead industry. It took generations to get lead out of gasoline and paint. Lead Wars focuses on the widespread and lasting damage to children’s health from pealing lead paint in older buildings, damage that continues to this day. The book also traces how the public health community tried to reduce or stop the damage, and how the industry used denial, deflection and delay to avoid responsibility for its products causing childhood lead poisoning.
Internal documents from Sherwin Williams and other companies reveal that as early as the 1920s, industry officials discussed the harm that lead paint posed to children, and were well aware that lead was killing workers in factories that used it. Yet the industry nonetheless marketed their paint as safe and sanitary for household use. That same decade lead became an additive for gasoline; it took half a century to get it removed.
Until the late 1960s, most public health officials believed that children’s exposure was not harmful at 60 micrograms per deciliter (pg/dl) of blood. In 1978, the CDC said the actual safe limit was 30 pg/dl. In 1985, the limit was lowered to 25 pg/dl, then to 10 in 1991, and to 5 pg/dl in 2012. These changes were based upon decades of research showing that children suffered harm at much lower levels of lead in the blood than was widely believed not so long ago. As late as 1977, however, the Lead Industries Association stated that “it is inappropriate to conclude that lead causes any neurological effects at blood lead levels in the 80 pg/100 pg range.”
That harm is profound, and it occurs mainly in poor children who grow up in older inner-city housing contaminated with lead paint. When the paint deteriorates, generates dust, and peals, youngsters ingest lead. Decades of research show that children with high blood levels can suffer severe and sometimes fatal neurological damage. Even low blood lead levels can cause higher rates of hyperactivity, ADD, lower IQ scores, difficulty concentrating, behavioral disorder, and higher rates of juvenile delinquency and arrests. Research has also found a link between murder rates and lead poisoning.
What’s heartbreaking is that we know how to prevent almost all lead poisoning, but our country has steadfastly refrained from implementing the lead abatement measures necessary to protect children’s health. Rather than changing the environment to protect all children, the default policy was to adopt incremental policies, to treat sick individuals, and to ago after individual slum landlords after their young tenants suffered irreversible harm. This hit-and-miss policy fails to prevent the harm, and often fails to compensate the families who suffer it. Landlords claim ignorance or blame the victims.
Some voices in the public health community prescribed prevention by calling on the lead industry to clean up the mess it made. Prevention rather than treatment after the fact had long been the public health priority. Some public health professionals, however, were satisfied with identifying victims and treating symptoms. This sometimes led to abatement in the apartments where children had already been poisoned, though not to other apartments in the same building. The public health pragmatists believed incremental change was preferable to no change. The book authors are unsympathetic to the pragmatists.
The lead industry used the same PR firm as Big Tobacco, Hill & Knowlton. That may explain the similarity in strategies that both industries used. One strategy was to deny harm caused by its products. A second strategy was to create doubt about inconvenient research results and to disparage the researchers, such as Dr. Herbert Needleman. According to industry spokesmen, more research was always needed to provide definitive evidence before regulations were adopted. Of course, there will never been enough evidence to satisfy those whose salaries depend upon them remaining dissatisfied.
The Lead Industries Association (LIA) spent decades fighting regulations on lead in paint. The LIA argued that parental education was the key to preventing lead poisoning. “But most of the cases are in Negro and Puerto Rican families, and how does one tackle that job?” asked Manfred Bowditch of the LIA. In other words, black and brown parents were to blame when their children got sick and died from acute lead poisoning. “If this was a disease of white children,” said Julian Chisolm Jr. of Johns Hopkins, “we would have done something about this a long time ago.”
The major public health disaster meant millions of children suffered acute or chronic lead exposure, and thousands had died. “Society as a whole had retreated from its responsibility to protect the most vulnerable.” When it comes to lead paint, there has never been a wholesale cleanup of the toxic environment. The ongoing tragedy relegates a new generation of mainly black and brown children to lead poisoning. It’s easier to blame the victims and denigrate government regulations than to take responsibility and protect poor kids. ###
Lead Wars: The Politics of Science and the Fate of America's Children (California/Milbank Books on Health and the Public) 1st Edition
by
Gerald Markowitz
(Author),
David Rosner
(Author)
ISBN-13:
978-0520273252
ISBN-10:
0520273257
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Editorial Reviews
Review
“In Lead Wars, CUNY’s Gerald Markowitz and Columbia University’s David Rosner convincingly show that the Baltimore toddler study emerged from a century of policymaking in which the US government, faced at times with a choice between protecting children from lead poisoning and protecting the businesses that produced and marketed lead paint, almost invariably chose the latter.”
(New York Review Of Books 2013-03-21) “Lead Wars clearly shows that the scandalous and tragic history of lead is one that our society is doomed to repeat over and over again unless we develop and fight for better safeguards against chemicals and new technology.”
(Helen Jupiter Mother Nature Network 2013-03-26)“A fascinating new book.”
(Howard Markel PBS Newshour The Rundown Blog 2013-03-29)"Thoroughly researched and clearly written, this book does an excellent job of illustrating the problem society encounters when science and industry face off over likely harm versus economic benefit."
(Richard Maxwell Library Journal 2013-05-01)"A deeply conceived and well-written book by two of America's best public health historians. It's also an important background briefing on the politics and ethics of scientific research for journalists who will be covering environmental health issues like these."
(Bill Kovarik SE Journal 2013-07-01)"Chronicles the monstrous irresponsibility of companies in the lead industry over the course of the 20th century."
(Nicholas D. Kristof New York Times 2013-10-16)"I want to thank David Rosner and Gerald Markowitz for what that they've done to bring the story of the lead paint wars to the public."
(Senator Sheldon Whitehouse 2013-10-17)"The prolific team of Gerald Markowitz and David Rosner has done it again. Lead Wars: The Politics of Science and the Fate of America’s Children is a thoroughly researched, passionate, and gripping history of a major public health problem. . . . Lead Wars challenges us to take better care of our children by fighting those industries that appear to regard them—especially poor black and Latino children—as disposable."
(Elizabeth Fee Health Affairs 2013-10-01)"The definitive history of childhood lead poisoning in the United States."
(Bulletin of the History of Medicine 2016-11-01)"Lead Wars is full of ideas and interpretations that historians and other scholars will grapple with for some time... It is hard to recommend this well-researched, well-written, and well-conceptualized book enough."
(H-Net)
From the Inside Flap
The story Rosner and Markowitz tell of generations of children gravely damaged by promiscuous dispersal of lead, and the persistent attempts made to evade responsibility for the harms caused, is both true and shocking. This book will not just educate future environmental and health leaders, it should outrage them.”Richard J. Jackson MD, MPH, Professor and Chair, Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health
"Lead Wars argues that the tragedy of lead is one that our society is doomed to repeat again and again unless we develop better safeguards to protect us against chemicals and new technology. This book is a "must read" for public health professionals as well as for political scientists, social historians and for all who care about the future of America's children."Philip J. Landrigan MD, Ethel H. Wise Professor of Community Medicine and Chairman in the Department of Preventive Medicine at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine
"Can being poor justify differing standards for research or a focus merely on harm reduction and the politically feasible? Markowitz and Rosner make the compelling case that in public health the practical and possible may in the end be immoral and dangerous, and a consequence of the war on science. A necessary read for anyone who cares about public health, the role of government, children, medical experimentation and environmental justice."Susan M. Reverby, McLean Professor in the History of Ideas and Professor of Women's and Gender Studies, Wellesley College
Lead poisoning remains a tragedy (and scandal) of immense proportions, and the authors utilize new sourcesincluding previously unexamined court recordsto tell a story that is as gripping as it is important.”Robert N. Proctor, Professor of the History of Science at Stanford University and author of Cancer Wars
"This book tells the story of a public health tragedy affecting millions of children, the determined doctors who tried to help, and an industry propaganda campaign which prolonged and worsened the tragedy. For as long as powerful corporations manipulate politicians and public opinion to profit from dangerous products, this will remain an important story for our country."Sheldon Whitehouse, United States Senator
"Lead Wars makes clear the public health dangers we face if we continue to ignore this corporate strategy that defines acceptable” levels of risk for the thousands of chemicals in use. It brings home the importance now more than ever of taking a precautionary approach to managing toxic chemicals. This book is a must for any activist who wants to understand the strategies polluters use to continue business as usual."Lois Marie Gibbs, Executive Director, Center for Health, Environment & Justice
"In this outstanding book, Gerald Markowitz and David Rosner utilize historical scholarship to expose a major tragedy in recent public health: the failure to protect children from the harms of lead in our environment. Despite the fact that the toxic effects of lead have been known for centuries, they showusing previously unavailable documentshow the lead industry has protected their profits at public expense, despite their explicit knowledge of its many dangers. Lead Wars brings this tragic history to light in a narrative that integrates deep investigation and analysis with compelling advocacy and compassion for children who continue to be at risk from one of the world’s best-known toxins."Allan M. Brandt, Professor of the History of Medicine at Harvard University, and author of The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product That Defined America
"Markowitz and Rosner have majestically woven the key characters and elements of the history of lead poisoning into a captivating narrative that exposes a tremendous and terrifying truth; unless it serves the needs of private enterprise, public health is incapable of controlling the causes of chronic disease and disability. In place of prevention, we have settled for partial solutions. Everyone who has an interest in public health, health policy or history should read this book."Bruce Lanphear, MD, MPH, Clinician Scientist, Child & Family Research Institute BC Children’s Hospital and Professor of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC
"Lead Wars argues that the tragedy of lead is one that our society is doomed to repeat again and again unless we develop better safeguards to protect us against chemicals and new technology. This book is a "must read" for public health professionals as well as for political scientists, social historians and for all who care about the future of America's children."Philip J. Landrigan MD, Ethel H. Wise Professor of Community Medicine and Chairman in the Department of Preventive Medicine at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine
"Can being poor justify differing standards for research or a focus merely on harm reduction and the politically feasible? Markowitz and Rosner make the compelling case that in public health the practical and possible may in the end be immoral and dangerous, and a consequence of the war on science. A necessary read for anyone who cares about public health, the role of government, children, medical experimentation and environmental justice."Susan M. Reverby, McLean Professor in the History of Ideas and Professor of Women's and Gender Studies, Wellesley College
Lead poisoning remains a tragedy (and scandal) of immense proportions, and the authors utilize new sourcesincluding previously unexamined court recordsto tell a story that is as gripping as it is important.”Robert N. Proctor, Professor of the History of Science at Stanford University and author of Cancer Wars
"This book tells the story of a public health tragedy affecting millions of children, the determined doctors who tried to help, and an industry propaganda campaign which prolonged and worsened the tragedy. For as long as powerful corporations manipulate politicians and public opinion to profit from dangerous products, this will remain an important story for our country."Sheldon Whitehouse, United States Senator
"Lead Wars makes clear the public health dangers we face if we continue to ignore this corporate strategy that defines acceptable” levels of risk for the thousands of chemicals in use. It brings home the importance now more than ever of taking a precautionary approach to managing toxic chemicals. This book is a must for any activist who wants to understand the strategies polluters use to continue business as usual."Lois Marie Gibbs, Executive Director, Center for Health, Environment & Justice
"In this outstanding book, Gerald Markowitz and David Rosner utilize historical scholarship to expose a major tragedy in recent public health: the failure to protect children from the harms of lead in our environment. Despite the fact that the toxic effects of lead have been known for centuries, they showusing previously unavailable documentshow the lead industry has protected their profits at public expense, despite their explicit knowledge of its many dangers. Lead Wars brings this tragic history to light in a narrative that integrates deep investigation and analysis with compelling advocacy and compassion for children who continue to be at risk from one of the world’s best-known toxins."Allan M. Brandt, Professor of the History of Medicine at Harvard University, and author of The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product That Defined America
"Markowitz and Rosner have majestically woven the key characters and elements of the history of lead poisoning into a captivating narrative that exposes a tremendous and terrifying truth; unless it serves the needs of private enterprise, public health is incapable of controlling the causes of chronic disease and disability. In place of prevention, we have settled for partial solutions. Everyone who has an interest in public health, health policy or history should read this book."Bruce Lanphear, MD, MPH, Clinician Scientist, Child & Family Research Institute BC Children’s Hospital and Professor of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC
About the Author
Gerald Markowitz is Distinguished Professor of History at John Jay College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. He is, along with David Rosner, coauthor of Deceit and Denial: The Deadly Politics of Industrial Pollution (UC Press), and eight other books.
David Rosner is Ronald Lauterstein Professor of Public Health and Professor of History at Columbia University and Co-director of the Center for the History and Ethics of Public Health at Columbia's Mailman School of Public Health. In 2010 he was elected to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences.
David Rosner is Ronald Lauterstein Professor of Public Health and Professor of History at Columbia University and Co-director of the Center for the History and Ethics of Public Health at Columbia's Mailman School of Public Health. In 2010 he was elected to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences.
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Product details
- Publisher : University of California Press; 1st edition (April 30, 2013)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 326 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0520273257
- ISBN-13 : 978-0520273252
- Item Weight : 1.3 pounds
- Dimensions : 6 x 1 x 9 inches
-
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Back in the late 60's I was heavily involved in a program that attacked the problem of lead paint in Rochester, NY; this was a collaborative effort of the Rochester Committee for Scientific Information and the Urban League of Rochester. Ever since, I've been interested in the environmental lead problem. Markowitz and Rosner's Lead Wars provides an exceptionally well documented history of lead poisoning from its earliest times right up to the present, as, unfortunately, lead poisoning is still with us. Even low levels of lead ingestion have been shown to result in decreased IQ, hyperactivity, poor performance in school, and increased violence and crime rate.
A major advance in reducing lead intoxication was the mandatory removal of tetraethyl lead from gasoline. The work of Clair Patterson and others had demonstrated that the use of tetraethyl lead had resulted in massive increases in environmental lead levels globally. The work of Herbert Needleman, Ellen Silberman and others had demonstrated that blood lead levels far below those producing acute symptoms (stomach cramps, convulsions, coma, death) caused neurological damage resulting in the symptoms mentioned above. So, despite major efforts on the part of industry to smear and discredit the researchers and to manufacture doubt, tetraethyl lead was banned. The correlation between the ban and large decreases in blood lead levels was spectacular.
Lead-containing paint has been a tougher problem. Banned years ago for many uses despite industry's vigorous protest, lead paint still occurs in slum housing, where paint chips and lead-containing dust provide a source of the poison for young children. Complete remediation bears a price tag that slum landlords are unwilling (and possibly unable) to pay. So these children pay heavily, in terms of lowered IQ, lost opportunities, and crime. Society as a whole also pays heavily as it carries the burden of these damaged kids, all too often in prison. It is a depressing thought that a nation that could put a man on the moon, that could fight wars of choice half-way around the world, appears to be unwilling to tackle the environmental lead problem effectively.
A tragic footnote to the scientific and medical work on lead poisoning is a case tried by the Maryland Court of Appeals that considered whether or not researchers at Johns Hopkins University had engaged in unethical research on a group of black children--that these children were submitted to risks without their or their parents being adequately informed. The long and bitter hassle ultimately wound up providing needed and more stringent guidance to medical researchers and better protection for the kids who were subjects, but also besmirched the reputation of the Kennedy Krieger Institute, a leader in research on lead poisoning in children.
Lead Wars is a superb job of public health reporting and of historical writing. Markowitz and Rosner are to be complimented on producing a book that is history at its best.
A major advance in reducing lead intoxication was the mandatory removal of tetraethyl lead from gasoline. The work of Clair Patterson and others had demonstrated that the use of tetraethyl lead had resulted in massive increases in environmental lead levels globally. The work of Herbert Needleman, Ellen Silberman and others had demonstrated that blood lead levels far below those producing acute symptoms (stomach cramps, convulsions, coma, death) caused neurological damage resulting in the symptoms mentioned above. So, despite major efforts on the part of industry to smear and discredit the researchers and to manufacture doubt, tetraethyl lead was banned. The correlation between the ban and large decreases in blood lead levels was spectacular.
Lead-containing paint has been a tougher problem. Banned years ago for many uses despite industry's vigorous protest, lead paint still occurs in slum housing, where paint chips and lead-containing dust provide a source of the poison for young children. Complete remediation bears a price tag that slum landlords are unwilling (and possibly unable) to pay. So these children pay heavily, in terms of lowered IQ, lost opportunities, and crime. Society as a whole also pays heavily as it carries the burden of these damaged kids, all too often in prison. It is a depressing thought that a nation that could put a man on the moon, that could fight wars of choice half-way around the world, appears to be unwilling to tackle the environmental lead problem effectively.
A tragic footnote to the scientific and medical work on lead poisoning is a case tried by the Maryland Court of Appeals that considered whether or not researchers at Johns Hopkins University had engaged in unethical research on a group of black children--that these children were submitted to risks without their or their parents being adequately informed. The long and bitter hassle ultimately wound up providing needed and more stringent guidance to medical researchers and better protection for the kids who were subjects, but also besmirched the reputation of the Kennedy Krieger Institute, a leader in research on lead poisoning in children.
Lead Wars is a superb job of public health reporting and of historical writing. Markowitz and Rosner are to be complimented on producing a book that is history at its best.
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