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Machines of Loving Grace: The Quest for Common Ground Between Humans and Robots Hardcover – August 25, 2015
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As robots are increasingly integrated into modern society—on the battlefield and the road, in business, education, and health—Pulitzer-Prize-winning New York Times science writer John Markoff searches for an answer to one of the most important questions of our age: will these machines help us, or will they replace us?
In the past decade alone, Google introduced us to driverless cars, Apple debuted a personal assistant that we keep in our pockets, and an Internet of Things connected the smaller tasks of everyday life to the farthest reaches of the internet. There is little doubt that robots are now an integral part of society, and cheap sensors and powerful computers will ensure that, in the coming years, these robots will soon act on their own. This new era offers the promise of immense computing power, but it also reframes a question first raised more than half a century ago, at the birth of the intelligent machine: Will we control these systems, or will they control us?
In Machines of Loving Grace, New York Times reporter John Markoff, the first reporter to cover the World Wide Web, offers a sweeping history of the complicated and evolving relationship between humans and computers. Over the recent years, the pace of technological change has accelerated dramatically, reintroducing this difficult ethical quandary with newer and far weightier consequences. As Markoff chronicles the history of automation, from the birth of the artificial intelligence and intelligence augmentation communities in the 1950s, to the modern day brain trusts at Google and Apple in Silicon Valley, and on to the expanding tech corridor between Boston and New York, he traces the different ways developers have addressed this fundamental problem and urges them to carefully consider the consequences of their work.
We are on the verge of a technological revolution, Markoff argues, and robots will profoundly transform the way our lives are organized. Developers must now draw a bright line between what is human and what is machine, or risk upsetting the delicate balance between them.
- Print length400 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherEcco
- Publication dateAugust 25, 2015
- Dimensions6.5 x 1.25 x 9.5 inches
- ISBN-100062266683
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Human Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of ControlPaperback
Editorial Reviews
Review
“This thoughtful analysis by Markoff, a reporter for The New York Times, wades into the ethical and philosophical questions that such technological advances inevitably raise.” — New York Times Paperback Row
“Mr. Markoff focuses on the personalities, since technology depends on the values of its creators. The human element makes the subject accessible. (His chapter on the history of AI is superb.)” — The Economist
“Neither alarmist nor affirmative [MACHINES OF LOVING GRACE] contain[s] urgent, compelling and relevant calls to consciously embed our values in the systems we design, and to critically engage with our choices…. Before welcoming our robotic overlords, read [this] book.” — New Scientist
“John Markoff of The New York Times highlights the compelling contrast between AI and intelligence amplification (IA). He chronicles the fascinating and often antagonistic evolution of these fields since 1956, when both terms were coined.” — Nature
“Markoff did his homework and capably tackles interesting things.” — San Francisco Chronicle
“[F]ascinating, informative, thought-provoking…” — San Jose Mercury News
“A detailed, engrossing history of robotics…This revealing look at profound technological and economic developments will unsettle anyone who has a job to lose.” — Publishers Weekly
“Readers who like their history with a little personality will enjoy this detailed exploration of the development of computers and robotics as assistive or control technologies and the people who make it happen.” — Library Journal
“Will robots of the future be our partners or our Frankenstein’s monster? You should read this book. As Markoff explains in this engrossing narrative filled with colorful characters and head-snapping insights, the answer is up to us.” — Walter Isaacson, author of Steve Jobs and The Innovators
“How should we balance what machines can do for us, and what they can help us do ourselves? Markoff hits on one of the central questions in technology today. A fascinating read.” — Tony Fadell, CEO of Nest
“Machines of Loving Grace is the first comprehensive study to place [robots] in the context of the cloud-based intelligence that throws a game-changer at the question: ‘But what will they do for brains?’” — George Dyson, author of Turing's Cathedral: The Origins of the Digital Universe
“I devoured this book like an espionage thriller because the fate of humanity is on the line, and Markoff’s narrative is so engaging.” — Oren Etzioni, CEO of The Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence
“John Markoff has been seeing around the corners of the technology revolution throughout his career. Now he uses his full range of vision and experience to examine whether humans can make peace with the coming wave of smart machines. His view is intelligent, illuminating and, yes, optimistic.” — John Hollar, president and CEO of the Computer History Museum
From the Back Cover
Robots are poised to transform today's society as completely as the Internet did twenty years ago. Pulitzer prize-winning New York Times science writer John Markoff argues that we must decide to design ourselves into our future, or risk being excluded from it altogether.
In the past decade, Google introduced us to driverless cars; Apple debuted Siri, a personal assistant that we keep in our pockets; and an Internet of Things connected the smaller tasks of everyday life to the farthest reaches of the Web. Robots have become an integral part of society on the battlefield and the road; in business, education, and health care. Cheap sensors and powerful computers will ensure that in the coming years, these robots will act on their own. This new era offers the promise of immensely powerful machines, but it also reframes a question first raised more than half a century ago, when the intelligent machine was born. Will we control these systems, or will they control us?
In Machines of Loving Grace, John Markoff offers a sweeping history of the complicated and evolving relationship between humans and computers. In recent years, the pace of technological change has accelerated dramatically, posing an ethical quandary. If humans delegate decisions to machines, who will be responsible for the consequences? As Markoff chronicles the history of automation, from the birth of the artificial intelligence and intelligence augmentation communities in the 1950s and 1960s, to the modern-day brain trusts at Google and Apple in Silicon Valley, and on to the expanding robotics economy around Boston, he traces the different ways developers have addressed this fundamental problem and urges them to carefully consider the consequences of their work. We are on the brink of the next stage of the computer revolution, Markoff argues, and robots will profoundly transform modern life. Yet it remains for us to determine whether this new world will be a utopia. Moreover, it is now incumbent upon the designers of these robots to draw a bright line between what is human and what is machine.
After nearly forty years covering the tech industry, Markoff offers an unmatched perspective on the most drastic technology-driven societal shifts since the introduction of the Internet. Machines of Loving Grace draws on an extensive array of research and interviews to present an eye-opening history of one of the most pressing questions of our time, and urges us to remember that we still have the opportunity to design ourselves into the future—before it's too late.
About the Author
John Markoff has been a technology and science reporter at the New York Times since 1988. He was part of the team of Times reporters that won the 2013 Pul-itzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting and is the author of What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer. He lives in San Francisco, California.
Product details
- Publisher : Ecco; 1st edition (August 25, 2015)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 400 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0062266683
- Item Weight : 1.36 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.5 x 1.25 x 9.5 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #1,887,658 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #980 in Robotics & Automation (Books)
- #1,351 in Social Aspects of Technology
- #6,648 in History & Philosophy of Science (Books)
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About the author

John Markoff joined The New York Times in March 1988 as a reporter for the business section. He now writes for the science section from San Francisco. Prior to joining the Times, he worked for The San Francisco Examiner from 1985 to 1988.
Markoff has written about technology and science since 1977. He covered technology and the defense industry for the Pacific News Service in San Francisco from 1977 to 1981; he was a reporter at Infoworld from 1981 to 1983; he was the West Coast editor for Byte Magazine from 1984 to 1985, and wrote a column on personal computers for The San Jose Mercury from 1983 to 1985.
He has also been a lecturer at the University of California at Berkeley School of Journalism, and an adjunct faculty member of the Stanford Graduate Program on Journalism.
The Times nominated John Markoff for a Pulitzer Prize in 1995, 1998, and 2000. The San Francisco Examiner nominated him for a Pulitzer in 1987. In 2005, with a group of Times reporters, John received the Loeb Award for business journalism. In 2007 he shared the Society of American Business Editors and Writers Breaking News award. In 2013 he was awarded a Pulitzer Prize in explanatory reporting as part of a New York Times project on labor and automation.
In 2007 John became a member of the International Media Council at the World Economic Forum. Also in 2007, he was named a fellow of the Society of Professional Journalists, the organization’s highest honor. In June of 2010 the New York Times presented him with the Nathaniel Nash Award, which is given annually for foreign and business reporting.
Born in Oakland, California on October 29, 1949, John Markoff grew up in Palo Alto, California and graduated from Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington, in 1971. He attended graduate school at the University of Oregon and received a masters degree in sociology in 1976.
Markoff is the co-author of The High Cost of High Tech, published in 1985 by Harper & Row. More recently he wrote Cyberpunk: Outlaws and Hackers on the Computer Frontier with Katie Hafner, which was published in 1991 by Simon & Schuster. In January of 1996 Hyperion published Takedown: The Pursuit and Capture of America’s Most Wanted Computer Outlaw, which he co-authored with Tsutomu Shimomura. What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture shaped the Personal Computer Industry, was published in 2005 by Viking Books. Machines of Loving Grace: The Quest For Common Ground Between Humans and Robots, by HarperCollins Ecco, will be published in August 2015.
He is married and lives in San Francisco.
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The author, a longtime New York Times reporter specializing in this field, has brought the best of his observational and writing skills to this book, his second major one ("What the Dormouse Said:How the Sixties Counterculture shaped the Personal Computer Industry" published in 2005 was the first to become a best seller). He has been writing about technology and science since 1977 and it shows.
As a result, we are treated to a broad sweep of diverse views on this new technology - for example, in Japan, since it is an aging society, the idea of autonomous machines to care for the elderly is much more welcome than it is in America; we are given insights into the catalytic role of DARPA and provided with a detailed and intimate history of the architects of our new digital age, particularly their epiphanies (many turned from AI to IA).
That in itself makes for fascinating reading. All those geeks are human, after all. Perhaps we are treated to too many details, there are too many people to keep track of, and admittedly, there are moments when one gets the feeling that it's hard to see the forest from the trees - particularly in the middle of the book.
But the first and last chapters are brilliant and redeem any feeling of getting lost on the way. For Mr. Markoff, the debate shaping up is clear: AI vs. IA. Artificial intelligence which can cause job losses - even high-skilled jobs - and make mankind useless vs. augmented intelligence which can help humanity achieve happiness (eventually). Yes, in the words of the poet, "machines of loving grace".
In the first chapter, Mr. Markoff sets the debate, starting with the example of Google's self-driving car. It makes sense to start with this iconic example since it is emblematic of our society: as Markoff says, "in the last century the car became synonymous with the American ideal of freedom and independence." And the self-driving car embodies the ambiguities of the automated future we are facing: it will kill jobs but it will also make driving safer since 90 percent of road accidents result from driver error.
In the last chapter, he attempts an answer - and you've guessed it, the answer very much depends on the ethos of the researchers developing this particular intelligence, which side they end up choosing. For now, the field is wide open. Markoff gives us Google as an example, noting that it is "now engaged in building a robot empire. The company will potentially create machines that replace human workers [...] Whether it will remain an 'augmentation' company or predominantly AI-oriented organization is unclear".
Then Markoff asks the frightening question we were waiting for since the start of his book: "Will these AI avatars be our slaves, our assistants, our colleagues, or some mixture of the three? Or, more ominously, will they become our masters?"
The answer depends on those scientists and researchers he has just told us about. Which is why, if you are at all concerned about the kind of future that awaits us, you need to read this book. You might walk away feeling (as I did) that you would have liked to learn a little less about so many of the people involved and a little more about what Mr. Markoff really thinks which side will win out - whether as Wiener put it back in the 1940s, the genie that got out of the bottle can be put back in at all. No doubt Mr. Markoff is reserving his opinion for his next book...Or perhaps, before taking sides and coming to a final conclusion, he is waiting to see whether augmented reality is really workable (I am referring here to Magic Leap's 2014 demonstration); whether it is going to mark a turning point in the way we experience augmentation and automation. If it does, then surely a new
book is in order...
John Markoff is a technology and science reporter for the New York Times, and also a former recipient of the Pulitzer Prize. Perhaps due to his work in journalism, he focuses mainly on the industry and machines as workers and assisting utilities for workers. Markoff expresses support in the increasing use of robotics in the job industry, though he does acknowledge the negative short-term consequences at the expense of longer-term gains. He emphasizes the implementation of human-centered technologies, in which new machineries are designed in such a way as to aide and work with human users, as opposed to entirely replacing them. The book was published in 2015 and is quite current. Though the author discusses many views and examples from the mid-late 1900s, he also does a thorough job of relating these sometimes-outdated opinions to the current state of the computer science realm. In fact, each chapter itself seemed to flow in a chronological fashion, showing the evolving human-machine relationship over the past 70 years or so. In addition, Markoff also shares and interprets the visions of the future given by many in the field.
Much of the book is devoted to discussing or offering examples of the differing opinions and stances of those in the field of artificial intelligence and intelligence augmentation, and the collaboration between the two. Briefly, artificial intelligence looks to mimic and replicate human features and functions in such a way that a robot could sufficiently replace a human, while intelligence augmentation looks to design robots in such a way as to optimally enhance human functions in a collaborative way. Though I find the design and creation of artificial intelligences to be truly fascinating, I strongly support the goals of intelligence augmentation. I agree with many of Sherry Turkle’s points, both stated in this book and in her own novel, Reclaiming Conversation: The Power of Talk in a Digital Age, addressing the loss of features of interactions, relationships and developments that make us uniquely human as technology use increases. I am wary, not of machines of artificial intelligence turning on humans, but of the negative impacts that further increases in human reliance on and trust in technology and machines will cause for the future of humankind. The author did not discuss this consequence nearly as much as I would have liked, but instead focused more on the emergence of robotics in industries, and the effects that would be observed for companies, employed workers, consumers, and the economy.
Markoff does an excellent job of presenting the work of numerous machine intelligence contributers and voices in the computer science realm, including those of Sherry Turkle and Ray Kurzweil. Additionally, he ties multiple aspects of technology impacts, including discussing the topics of social media, the “job apocalypse” and the movie Transcendence. To anyone interested in the exponential growth of advancing technologies, especially in the work realm, I would highly recommend this book for its insightfulness, its substantial offering of varying views and interpretations, and the authors well-explained means for the future and what may lie ahead of us.
Not a book of philosophy, Markoff instead illustrates the changing face of AI-based tech by tracing the evolving professional trajectories of both major AI luminaries and their offspring, many of whom have shifted their focus toward using computers and mobile devices better rather than merely as a future job killer. A second primary thread throughout the book is IA, or intelligence augmentation, where the innovation focuses more on the *way* a user interacts with machines. Beginning with Licklider and Engelbart, Markoff traces the rise of innovative computing interfaces (e.g. the mouse and GUIs, Xerox Star, Macintosh, iPhone, iPod, Siri, IBM Watson, and virtual reality), tying IA together with AI into a fusion of novelty which will inextricably interact in years to come.
I came at this book after over 20 years working in or at the margins of AI. I'd hoped it would help me better understand the current state of the field and better anticipate near term job prospects. It has. Thoroughly researched. Highly recommended.
Top reviews from other countries
His book is a well written summary of the history of AI and the key questions which decide our future.
The following is my summary -some key messages I have taken from the reading.
The main projects are financed and carried out by DARPA, Pentagon, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. The outcome is modest. In 2015 the idea of autonomous vehicles without human beings failed.
Generally one can divide the world of AI in two parts. First is the strong AI systems where in regards of robotic: robots could move around freely and make their own decisions. The other part is the weak AI. Here, robots are just tools or assisting systems. The system control remains in the hands of humans.
Today we have the drones in this debate. should drones be enabled to kill people by their own decision? An ethical and political debated question, still open.
This Grande Challenges of autonomous cars developed by German car manufactures like BMW, Audi and Mercedes are gone a first step towards autonomous driving. There are still technological limits and law caveats.
In complex traffic situation where several traffic lights are signaling and concurrently policemen with indicating traffic rule orders by hands, the autonomous car has not shown the best behavior. Once AI caused accident the legal trouble occurs. The achievement are assistance systems that servers the human driver for example at parking, secure driving and distance holding in traffic jams.
Slow moving is reachable. Google cars driving around on the company area achieve 25 miles per hour. This is reasonable and beneficial in cities where on average the cars are not achieve more than 20 – 30 miles per hours due traffic jams.
The competing point is the interface between humans and computers. Today, it is not a single computer, it can be seen as the knowledge in cloud accessing by computer interface.
in 2013 BRAIN project by Obama targeted the research on coupling neurons in human brain to an AI machine or AI cloud-based system. We are far away of success, but we can imagine what implication such endeavors can have for the mankind. We must consider ethical frames which we should not leave on the grounds of utilitarian thinking.
Marvin Minsky deeply dived into human being thinking. It is highly complex and not just logical but as well full of emotions and embedded in social contexts.
Today, machines can displace intellectual labor. In 1990 to 2010 the work force in US increase 21 percent. So, what will be coming in the next two decades? It is certain that we will have a shift from blue collar to white collar regarding the implication of AI or IA assisting systems. Digitalization with AI elements will be more affecting clerks then production workers. We have to assess the chances and the risks related to the nee kind of digitalization.
In Keynesian view technology eliminates Jobs, not work. This means we have other work for the humans that production work or administrative work. We need people in health care, elderly care and other service-oriented areas. Often, these jobs are not considered yet, as payable jobs.
Nevertheless, there will be a skill mismatch over a certain time. Temporal divergence is always critical for individuals. Re-skilling take time. Who cares for people who get displaced and need training, motivation and integration into new professional tasks?
We observed the displacement of jobs during Web 2.0 Digitalization where many clerical Jobs were obsolete due the usage of ATM instead of bank teller or clerks at airports which are redundant with the introduction of online check-in features by airlines.
We key question by Wiener in 1964 was: what can be done by machine, what can be left by or to human beings?
Some examples describe the AI versus IA Position. In law the law decision must be done by human beings. The preparational work for suits and litigation can be done with AI features – or IA – Intelligent Augmentation features, like e-discovery, scanning documents and searching keywords, analyzing, qualifying documents. This work is better to assign the IA systems then to assign it to one or often many 400 US$ per hour paid lawyers.
Limits for AI systems are discovered in Toyota kaizen quality assurance processes. Here, craft and creativity are needed. Robotics are not able to kaizen, only humans. They have the capability to design thinking, context thinking, adapting experience of the past under new changed conditions, out bounding the present horizons.
The controversy AI vs. IA is also mirrored by McCarthy versus Minsky.
Minsky: Intelligence roots are human experiences not mathematical-logical ways to model the human mind.
McCarthy: computers can sometimes reach the level of human capability. In the Dartmouth summer project in 1956, McCarthy coins the term “artificial intelligence” and distancing machine from human behavior with this definition.
Marvin Minsky perceives technology for augmenting humans. Human should partner with intelligent machine.
The controversy is perceived in this central question:
AI machines replace humans or humans use machines to augment the human mind.
The dual use technology like we know it from nuclear power which can be used for electricity in a peaceful way or can be used as atomic weapon in a dead bringing way can not be applied for autonomous AI systems. Here we have the threat that the autonomous system removes the human decision entirely. We remain behind as slaves of an artificial master system we have crafted intentionally or unintentionally. So, we should carefully think about the future of AI systems: The future of human mind is on edge. Do we want to support intelligence-based systems which augment our creativity, or do we want systems which take over the human decision making and control our future? Dr. Norbert Wiener warned us for the intellectual laziness. We need to think about changes and risks. What should be done by machines and what must be left to human beings.
Limits for AI systems are discovered in Toyota kaizen quality assurance processes. Here, craft and creativity are needed. Robotics are not able to kaizen, only humans. They have the capability to design thinking, context thinking, adapting experience of the past under new changed conditions, out bounding the present horizons.
The controversy AI vs. IA is also mirrored by McCarthy versus Minsky.
Minsky: Intelligence roots are human experiences not mathematical-logical ways to model the human mind. Marvin Minsky deeply dived into human being thinking. It is high-complex and not just logical but as well full of emotions and embedded in social contexts.
McCarthy: computers can sometimes reach the level of human capability. In the Dartmouth summer project in 1956, McCarthy coins the term “artificial intelligence” and distancing machine from human behavior with this definition.
Marvin Minsky perceives technology for augmenting humans. Human should partner with intelligent machine.
The controversy is perceived in this central question:
AI machines replace humans or humans use machines to augment the human mind.
The dual use technology like we know it from nuclear power which can be used for electricity in a peaceful way or can be used as atomic weapon in a dead bringing way can not be applied for autonomous AI systems. Here we have the threat that the autonomous system removes the human decision entirely. We remain behind as slaves of an artificial master system we have crafted intentionally or unintentionally. So, we should carefully think about the future of AI systems: The future of human mind is on edge. Do we want to support intelligence-based systems which augment our creativity, or do we want systems which take over the human decision making and control our future? Dr. Norbert Wiener warned us for the intellectual laziness. We need to think about changes and risks. What should be done by machines and what must be left to human beings.
Then, in the middle of chapter 3, suddenly the book veers off on a tirade against the apparently religious, misguided "Singularitarians". These reviled individuals believe that AI capabilities will run away from humans as it reaches and then exceeds our intelligence through self-improvement (an event known as a technological singularity). According to Markoff, this goes hand-in-hand with an associated religious belief that robotics will have some effect on human employment (depending upon the paragraph, seems they believe it will be good, or they believe it will be bad). But aha! Then Robert J Gordon is introduced, who stands against the Singularitarians and is clearly the good guy of the chapter, in Markoff's opinion. He shows that technology may be bad for employment! Take that, Singulariatarians! Err, ok, so how does that disagree with the Singularitarians? I thought that some of them also considered that technology could make humans redundant? The whole thing smacks of setting up straw men.
Is the book being sarcastic? I have no idea. There is too much of a waffle of confused arguments for me even follow who the sides are, and what they believe. I've flicked back and forth trying to piece together what Markoff is getting at.
All in all, as an interested person who is not in the field but has a good academic background, I rather expected to get more from this book. I appreciate the detail, which is a more common criticism of the book. That's not the problem. For me the problem is that these details are disjointed and sporadic. Sorry, but this book could really do with another edit.
Gives brief outlines of the people and their developments from which you can research more if you want to.
Does not mention the late Stafford Beer who was the modern father of cybernetics, building on the work of Norbert Wiener




