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Manning Marable

Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention Hardcover – April 4, 2011

by Manning Marable (Author)

4.7 749 ratings

Goodreads Choice Award nominee

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Years in the making--the definitive biography of the legendary black activist.

Of the great figure in twentieth-century American history perhaps none is more complex and controversial than Malcolm X. Constantly rewriting his own story, he became a criminal, a minister, a leader, and an icon, all before being felled by assassins' bullets at age thirty-nine. Through his tireless work and countless speeches he empowered hundreds of thousands of black Americans to create better lives and stronger communities while establishing the template for the self-actualized, independent African American man. In death he became a broad symbol of both resistance and reconciliation for millions around the world.

Manning Marable's new biography of Malcolm is a stunning achievement. Filled with new information and shocking revelations that go beyond the Autobiography, Malcolm X unfolds a sweeping story of race and class in America, from the rise of Marcus Garvey and the Ku Klux Klan to the struggles of the civil rights movement in the fifties and sixties. Reaching into Malcolm's troubled youth, it traces a path from his parents' activism through his own engagement with the Nation of Islam, charting his astronomical rise in the world of Black Nationalism and culminating in the never-before-told true story of his assassination. Malcolm X will stand as the definitive work on one of the most singular forces for social change, capturing with revelatory clarity a man who constantly strove, in the great American tradition, to remake himself anew.

Print length

608 pages
Language

English
Publisher

Viking
Publication date

April 4, 2011
Dimensions

6.5 x 2 x 9.75 inches
ISBN-10

0670022209
ISBN-13

978-0670022205
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Editorial Reviews

Review

“Malcolm X is etched in the American imagination—and the American psyche—in the particular and unyielding terms of radical and militant… Marable brings a lifetime of study to this biography, which is the crowning achievement of a magnificent career.” — Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Harvard University

“Manning Marable is the exemplary black scholar of radical democracy and black freedom in our time. His long-awaited magisterial book on Malcolm X is the definitive treatment of the greatest black radical voice and figure of the mid-twentieth century. Glory Hallelujah!” — Cornel West, Princeton University

“Manning Marable’s Malcolm X is his magnum opus, a work of extraordinary rigor and intellectual beauty … This majestic and eloquent tour de force will stand for some time as the definitive work on as enigmatic and electrifying a leader as has ever sprung from American soil.” — Michael Eric Dyson, Georgetown University, author of April 4, 1968

“It will be difficult for anyone to better this book... It is a work of art, a feast that combines genres skillfully: biography, true-crime, political commentary. It gives us Malcolm X in full gallop, a man who died for his belief in freedom.” — The Washington Post

“In his revealing and prodigiously researched new biography. . . Mr. Marable artfully strips away the layers and layers of myth that have been lacquered onto his subject’s life — first by Malcolm himself in that famous memoir, and later by both supporters and opponents after his assassination.” — Michiko Kakutani, The New York Times

“Unlike Bruce Perry’s 1991 biography, Malcolm, which entertained the most outlandish stories in an attempt to present a comprehensive portrait, Marable’s biography judiciously sifts fact from myth.” — The Atlantic

“Magisterial…Marable’s biography is an exceedingly brave as well as a major intellectual accomplishment.” — Boston Globe

“Marable has crafted an extraordinary portrait of a man and his time…A masterpiece.” — San Francisco Chronicle

“This book is a must read.” — Ebony

“Thankfully, we have Manning Marable's new biography, Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention — which is, simply put, a stunning achievement — to help us better understand Malcolm’s complex life.” — The Philadelphia Tribune

“The book also has much to recommend it for its history of orthodox Islam, the perspective it offers on the black political movements of the 1950s and 1960s that changed America, and its insights into the development and inner workings of the Nation of Islam.” — The Financial Times

“Manning Marable’s scholarship was as provocative and profound as it was prodigious.” — Newsday

“[Marable] devoted his magnificent career—more than most scholars do—to living what he wrote and what he thought. His commitment not only to equality of opportunity but also to the exposure of falsehood and hypocrisy was a hallmark of his pathbreaking work.” — The Chronicle of Higher Education

“Marable accomplishes the difficult task of showing the bad boy of the civil rights era as an actual human being . . . Each page almost secretes the formidable research into hard facts. Marable lets the chips fall where they may because he is interested in the humanity of Malcolm X, as all true scholars should be.” — New York Daily News

“This is history at its finest—written with passion and attention and drive. It is a fitting testament to the lives and the legacies of both subject and author.” — TheBarnesandNobleReview.com

“Marable’s definitive biography is now the standard by which scholars can evaluate, not just what Malcolm X said, but what generations of others have said about him.” — The National

“This book is not the only representation of Manning's brilliance… it is a culmination of a lifetime of scholarship and activism, a larger project devoted to telling the stories of a people engaged in an epic, painful and beautiful struggle for freedom.” — BlackVoices.com

“This superbly perceptive and resolutely honest book will long endure as a definitive treatment of Malcolm’s life, if not of the actors complicit in his death.” — The Wilson Quarterly

“The book is cause for celebration . . . The book is full of revelations, big and small, and amounts to a full-on reconsideration of Malcolm’s life and death.” — VeryShortList.com

“As Malcolm lived on through his best-selling autobiography, so will Marable, through his unmatched body of writing, his educational contributions, his illuminations on Malcolm X's legacy and his devoted students.” — CNN.Com

“Manning was an unflinching and breathtakingly prolific scholar whose commitments to racial, economic, gender, and international justice were unparalleled . . . That we will have his long-anticipated, great and final work even as he leaves us is so classically, tragically appropriate.” — The Nation

“While Marable himself is irreplaceable, he has provided a foundation for future generations and will continue to shape our understanding of social change and justice.” — TheRoot.com

“A prolific scholar.” — The Columbia Record

About the Author

Manning Marable, Professor of History and director of the Institute for African-American Studies at Columbia University, has written features in the New York Times and the Nation. His books include Race, Reform, and Rebellion; Beyond Black and White; and Speaking Truth to Power. His public affairs commentary series, "Along the Color Line," is featured in more than 275 newspapers and is broadcast by eighty radio stations in the U.S. and internationally.

Product details

Publisher ‏ : ‎ Viking; First Edition (April 4, 2011)
Language ‏ : ‎ English
Hardcover ‏ : ‎ 608 pages
ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0670022209
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0670022205
Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 5.1 pounds
Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6.5 x 2 x 9.75 inches

Best Sellers Rank: #164,617 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #627 in Black & African American Biographies
- #654 in African American Demographic Studies (Books)
- #1,163 in United States Biographies

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4.7 749 ratings

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Olimba Smith

Informative Book

Reviewed in the United States on June 25, 2023

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I love reading anything about Malcolm X. I love the details and everything about this book. A lot of people suggest to fact find this book. I just love reading and learning. I know who Malcolm X is and what his true legacy is. This is a must read book and I highly recommend it.

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Jonathan Washburn

A fuller picture of a man ahead of his time. 2 stars for the Kindle edition.

Reviewed in the United States on April 18, 2011

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With no hyperbole Marable's last book provides a transformative view of Malcolm X ranging from little details to large consequential facts and events previously unknown to even a close follower of Malcolm X. Marable's years of research and scholarship is on full display with this, at times challenging, biography. It provides a greater breadth and understanding of the man who has become an international symbol and multicultural hero. During that myth building process the flesh and blood man was obscured. This book will help to reverse this dynamic by presenting several different sides to his personality, character and actions; none of which I will spoil in this review. As equally important, the reader is also given an understanding of why the image we have of Malcolm was developed. Why for example the old line that towards the end Malcolm X's and Martin Luther King Jr.'s thinking were gravitating towards each other is not especially accurate.

Mr. Marable's reasonable conclusions, especially within the last chapters, are a welcome addition to this already groundbreaking work. There are however a few instances in which his opinion seem not only unsupported by the facts but come out of left field.

Malcolm's evolving views on race are well known but just as interesting were his changing views about women. By the time he returned to Harlem from the Hajj his political and social views were in a state of flux that would continue until his murder. At that point the people that followed him out of the Nation of Islam had more in common with the Nation than they had with him. One difference in particular was his belief for a more inclusive role for women. This was one of the first stumbling points he faced when trying to build a working relationship between the members of his MMI mosque and secular civil rights organizations. Marable mentions Malcolm's deep affinity for the philosophy of Georg W. F. Hegel. Understandably than he wanted to synthesize these cultural differences and devise a workable situation. His inability to do this set the stage that led to his murder.

I think it's fair to say whatever form of Islam Malcolm practiced throughout his life; it had the effect for him as a liberating consciousness. It was a medium he wanted to use to uplift people, work thorough their differences, soothe their anger and alienation with the aim of creating coherent moral and ethical societies. When traveling in the Middle East and Africa he met with groups that ran the religious and political spectrum within the Muslim community that often were openly hostile to each other. His attempt to meet with these various groups was not just for support of his goals of demanding human rights for African Americans but to replicate his American goals for synthesis but on an international scale.

The fact of the matter is though many of his positions, but in particular his views about the role of women, were far more progressive than many Sunni Islamic communities that exist today. Were he to live longer he might have come across analogous problems on the international stage as the ones he faced in Harlem.

He was very simply a man ahead of his time. This biography's disclosure of some pointed shortcomings makes his ability, as the title suggests, to continually reinvent himself all the more admirable.

While the New York City Police Department and the FBI do not come off very well despite Marable's even handed assessment, it is the the Nation of Islam that rightfully comes under the most scrutiny. If Marable's years of research and numerous interviews with formerly unwilling subjects about the Nation are true than he has brought forth a devastating indictment against the Nation. Not simply that it isn't a Islamic organization (at times the followers prayed towards Chicago instead of Mecca) and that its idiosyncratic tenants are ludicrous on its face and are tantamount to a cult. But far worse their institutionalized culture of physically, sexually and monetarily exploiting it's members while doling out severe violent penalties for even minor infractions.

It's undeniably true the Nation succeeded in instilling a sense of pride, purpose and responsibility within its members. It appears though the Nation exploited that sense of pride within its members for its own short sighted aims. Marable's research explains how the Nation's leadership is as responsible for the murder as the individual members that carried it out.

The Nation's positions have been shown repeatedly to be on the wrong side of history. What else needs to be said about an outfit that found common cause with neo-Nazi groups and the Klu Klux Klan?

Read the book. It will stay with you.

I was however disappointed with the Kindle edition. It's not just that there are no links to the footnotes/endnotes in the text, but no footnotes/endnotes at all.

23 people found this helpful

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Nomadic

An informative but flawed account

Reviewed in the United States on January 8, 2012

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I have to preface this review with a little information about my own background. At one time my parents were members of the Nation of Islam. Their active involvement with the Nation had ceased by the time I was four or so, which was also around the time that my parents separated, so I have very little memory of any direct experience with the Nation's activities. Nevertheless, the Nation's teachings affected my life in subtle and profound ways. Although I didn't understand it at the time, my father's involvement with the Nation was one of several factors that contributed to the deep tension between him and my grandmother, who is a staunch Baptist. Oftentimes, perhaps most of the time, that tension was palpable, as my grandmother lived with me and my father for a good portion of my childhood, and was deeply involved in my upbringing. His experience with the Nation also fueled his deep inner turmoil to a great extent, although I didn't understand that at the time either. It wasn't until I got older and began to study the history of the Nation of Islam that my father's paranoid ramblings about FBI bugs in our house and recordings of my mother's voice being played on television, which completely mystified me as child, were put into context. That history also helped me to make sense of the divergence between my mother's and my own views on race when I was an adolescent. Studying that history helped me to make sense of my upbringing and my place in a world in which I often felt, and at times still do feel, alienated and displaced. So naturally, as I grew up, I eagerly devoured whatever I was able to understand about the Nation. And most of what I learned was and is centered in the figure of Malcolm X. When Spike Lee's "X" was first released, I think I saw it at least three times in one week. Over the years, I read collections of his speeches and immersed myself in recordings of his talks. I began to appreciate more deeply the many ways in which Malcolm's life and teachings intersected with and indelibly touched my own, from his status as a symbol of courageous manhood and personal dignity for the men of my family, particularly my older brother, to my status as his namesake, Malik. For me, Malcolm's story was and always will be profoundly personal. Perhaps that sense of personal connection is part of the reason that I am somewhat disappointed with Dr. Marable's work.

The book has many strengths. It does an excellent job of situating Malcolm's life and teachings in the broader historical context of his times. I have to note that there seem to be some factual inaccuracies in his discussion of the history of Islam, but on the whole I believe it's reasonably accurate. And the book provides a fuller account of Malcolm's life and death than some of the more hagiographic works written about him. But that valuable accomplishment is overshadowed and diminished by speculation and salacious innuendo that has no place in a scholarly account. Beginning with the opening chapters of the book, Dr. Marable consistently advances speculative theories about malcolm's inner motives and state of mind. This would be reasonable if he consistently qualified his hypotheses as such, and supported them with corroborating evidence. But over and over again, Dr. Marable advances naked speculation as conclusive fact. One the most egregious and controversial examples of this tendency is Dr. Marable's claim that Malcolm was involved in homosexual prostitution as a youth. Given the circumstances of Malcolm's life at that time, that would not be particularly surprising. He would have been neither the first nor the last destitute and drug-addicted youth to prostitute himself to anyone who could offer some ready cash. However, Dr. Marable offers no evidence for the one incident of prostitution that he alleges took place other than hearsay from two of Malcolm's acquaintances that appears in secondary sources. That's far from conclusive, or even persuasive. However, Dr. Marable treats the allegation as practically incontrovertible, despite the admittedly circumstantial evidence supporting the claim. He goes so far as to assert that the alleged incident was a basic element of Malcolm's identity at the time:

"Malcolm-Detroit Red, Satan, hustler, onetime pimp, drug addict and drug dealer, homosexual lover, ladies man, numbers racketeer, burglar, Jack Carlton, and convicted thief. . ."

Whatever Malcolm's sexual habits may or may not have been, Dr. Marable's failure to convincingly support this much-hyped claim smacks of crass sensationalism. Equally troubling is Dr. Marable's habit of psychoanalyzing his subjects and ascribing to them motives that he could not possibly discern and advances no evidence for, claiming for instance that Malcolm subliminally incorporated jazz rhythms into his speaking style, and asserting that the Nation of Islam's success in converting Black prisoners was due to the fact that, "the depression caused by long confinement made inmates particularly vulnerable." Those things may very well be true. And they may very well be false. But true or not, they are without question nothing more than sheer speculation, and represent the author's own assumptions rather than historical fact, or even reasoned argumentation. What is most unfortunate about these speculative digressions is that they are almost wholly tangential to the central events and influences in Malcolm's life, and only serve to distract from the well-documented history that Dr. Marable took such pains to reconstruct.

Added to all of this is a significant amount of critical editorial comment on Malcolm's early beliefs and decisions. Malcolm himself admitted-indeed stressed-in no uncertain terms that his early beliefs were immature, destructive, and uncritically dogmatic. It is unedifying to witness his biographer harangue him nearly 50 years after his death for mistakes that he himself unreservedly confessed to and repented of during his own lifetime.

My personal impression, and it is simply my personal impression, is that out of a desire to be iconoclastic, Dr. Marable perhaps took a degree of creative and editorial license, which is distressing to see in connection with a topic of such deep historical and cultural significance. The book is very valuable as a work of history, but as a historical portrait of a life, it perhaps reflects in some respects too much of the mind of the painter, obscuring to a degree the subject being portrayed.

As an aside, it is extremely difficult to correlate the citations in the copious endnotes with the text being referenced, as the hardback first edition inexplicably omits in-text endnote numbers, which is a significant problem in and of itself.

Despite all this, on the whole the book is a fascinating and lavishly detailed account of Malcolm's meteoric rise and tragic end that deserves close attention. It is regrettable that in chronicling Malcolm's "reinvention", Dr. Marable does some reinventing of his own, but the magnitude of what he accomplished in authoring a comprehensive and meticulously documented account of the entirety of Malcolm's life has to be recognized.

Ultimately, I can only suggest what I imagine Malcolm himself would have advised. Read the book for yourself and draw your own conclusions.

263 people found this helpful

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Hollis Byfield

An absorbing and rewarding study of a remarkable life

Reviewed in the United Kingdom on July 20, 2011

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Though I am white, was born in the UK and still only a child when Malcolm X was gunned down, his words, his rise to prominence and his brutal killing made a powerful impression upon me at the time. Even then, I somehow sensed and understood that he was not the one dimensional demonic figure that the media made him out to be. This book is both a revealing biography and a searching critique of the representation and portrayal of Malcolm X - including his portrayal of himself - both during his lifetime and in the decades since his death.

Manning Marable has skilfully crafted a book that is both a highly researched and scholarly text and a gripping read. The historical context of the rise of the Nation of Islam is explained in a way that, for me, powerfully evokes the feeling of ferment of the time - a mixture of great trepidation and huge possibility. I came away from this book not only understanding more about Malcolm X but also about the long history of racial politics of which he was an almost inevitable product. It is a great pity that Manning Marable died close to the time of this book's publication. It feels like a labour of love and it would have been fascinating to hear him speak about the writing of it. A very rewarding book indeed.

2 people found this helpful

Dwight Braxton

Not quite the definitive study

Reviewed in the United Kingdom on July 14, 2012

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Firstly, Marable's book is very clearly a labour of love in the face of adversity: not only did it take him many years to complete, but the writing was done at a time when Marable was very ill, and - poignantly - he died just the day before the book was published. It's hard not to be affected by the fact that Marable clearly struggled through poor health to get the book, his life's work, completed before he died.

Secondly, this is a biographical history which is both highly readable and rich with research, much of which has never seen the light of day before. If you have any interest in Malcolm X, then it is to be highly recommended. You will learn a lot and certainly emerge with a clear view of Malcolm's evolving reinvention of his beliefs and opinions as he matured and developed more of a world view.

Thirdly, however, the book is not without flaws, and I do wonder whether they would have arisen if Marable had been in better health and able to spend more time finessing the book. For example, there are numerous examples of Marable's conjecture that Malcolm "may have met" someone or "might have" done something - sometimes the footnotes back up the conjecture with evidence of one or more third parties stating this, but not always. This is just sloppy. Furthermore, the context for some of the narrative might have been better explained - for instance, some more detail on how the Nation of Islam operated would have helped my understanding, with particular focus on why there was so much petty and gratuitous violence associated with the NOI.

Other reviewers have commented on the fact that the book discusses Malcolm's sex life, and I don't have a problem with this: it is instructive to the narrative and helps the reader understand just what sort of person Malcolm was.

All in all, this is a very scholarly account with some mild flaws, which is an essential book for any reader with an interest in Malcolm X / El Hajj Malik el Shabazz, who continues to inspire and intrigue in equal measure nearly 50 years after his death.

One person found this helpful

Ahmad al-Mardaawi

Such a trouble but powerful man in the end died in the only pair of clothes he owned and they had smelled like smoke from the house fire he dodged a week ...

Reviewed in the United Kingdom on January 12, 2018

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I had no idea about this book until I saw a PBS special on Manning Marable and then started searching around. All I can say is that I now know why they destroyed/censored the Autobiography of Malcolm X. I didn't even know that Malcolm had a gay past or that his marriage was in trouble. Such a trouble but powerful man in the end died in the only pair of clothes he owned and they had smelled like smoke from the house fire he dodged a week ago. Sad and also powerful.

2 people found this helpful

DJ Burn

Excellent

Reviewed in Canada on December 25, 2018

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Superb in every respect... insightful, engaging and rigorous intellectually. An essential counterbalance to Alex Haley’s book.

One person found this helpful

K. A. Gyimah

Simply Brilliant!

Reviewed in the United Kingdom on July 5, 2013

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A well written book, highly insightful writing regarding an exceptional man and a true leader who died before his time. A man who spoke the truth and stuck up for his people during such treacherous times for the African American. A man who stuck to righteous principles, simply a brilliant biography.

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